工业无线mesh网络若干技术的研究
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摘要
作为微电子技术、嵌入式计算技术和无线通信技术快速发展的结晶,无线传感器网络成为了一种全新的信息获取与处理技术。无线传感器网络由大量传感器节点组成,通过多跳的无线通信的方式形成网络系统,对网络覆盖区域内的数据进行感知、采集和处理。无线传感器网络技术的迅速发展和完善为工业应用提供了实施的可行性,但由于工业现场环境复杂,使得无线技术在其中的应用一直备受挑战。因此,对适用于工业应用的相关无线协议和标准的研究一直在不间断地进行着,并有相关成果推出。
本文围绕适用于工业应用的无线协议进行研究,结合具体应用需求,提出了一种工业无线mesh协议的框架以及符合该协议框架的节点架构；针对mesh网络拓扑结构的特点,提出了一种能同时满足实时性和确定性数据传输的多路径路由算法；就MAC层的资源优化问题,提出了基于智能算法的TDMA优化方案以确保有效时槽调度。在此基础上,通过对符合工业无线mesh协议的网关、终端数据采集节点和无线适配器的研究开发,搭建了符合工业应用需求的无线控制网络实验平台,验证了该协议中路由算法、时间同步机制以及TDMA调度方案的可行性和有效性。
本文主要完成的研究工作和创新点如下：
1.通过对TSMP协议和ISA100.11a协议的剖析,结合工业应用需求,提出了一种适用于工业的无线mesh协议框架。该协议框架以OSI7层模型为基础,采用IEEE802.15.4-2006标准作为底层标准；数据链路层基于TDMA调度,建立同步和分时工作机制,并实现通信资源的分配；网络传输层负责节点间安全有效的通信,主要涉及到路由算法的实现；应用层则按照实际需求为用户提供服务。仿真实验和结果分析证明该工业无线(?)nesh协议框架能较好满足工业无线通信的低功耗、确定性、实时性和可靠性需求。
2.针对mesh拓扑结构中多路径路由引起的数据传输不确定性问题,提出了一种基于最短路径搜寻和路径信息扩散的路由建立和维护算法。该算法首先通过改进型Dijkstra算法寻找源节点到达目的节点的最短路径,然后在此基础上结合蚁群算法和AODV算法中路径信息扩散的思想,为源节点寻找到多条可行优化路径。以路径长度和相交链路数目作为路径选择的标准,并引入节点最低剩余能量约束,保证数据能在多条较优的路径上分散传输。同时就网络中的各种拓扑变化引起的路由变化情况,给出了相应的维护机制。仿真实验和结果分析验证了算法在路径长度、数据包成功到达率以及路由开销等方面的良好性能,为满足数据传输的实时性和确定性要求提供了理论依据和技术支持。
3.就工业无线(?)nesh网络中的时槽分配调度问题,根据不同优化目标的需求,分别提出了单目标TDMA调度算法和多目标TDMA调度算法。同时通过引入状态切换限制和休眠机制等关键技术,进一步降低了节点能耗,缩短了传输时延,可较好满足工业无线通信中节点低功耗和数据传输实时性的要求。对于单目标TDMA调度问题,通过将遗传算法和模拟退火算法有机结合,提出了一种GSA混合算法,并分别针对时槽分配、能耗和时延三个不同目标,通过仿真实验和结果分析,验证了GSA算法具有良好的求解性能。对于多目标TDMA问题,提出了基于NSGA-II算法的CNSGA-II算法,以节点能耗和平均端对端时延作为优化目标,理论分析和仿真结果表明该算法所得到的Pareto解集具有较好的相对覆盖率和整体前沿扩展性能,能在能耗和时延两个目标参数之间达到较好的平衡状态。
4.在上述研究的基础上,通过对符合工业无线1nesh协议的网关、终端数据采集节点和无线适配器的开发,以及对上位机软件的设计,搭建了符合工业应用需求的无线控制网络系统。采用已完成开发的网关节点、终端数据节点以及上位机软件构成了基于工业无线mesh协议的控制网络实验平台,在此平台上验证了路由建立和维护算法以及TDMA调度算法的有效性和适用性。
Due to the rapid development and integration of micro electronic technique, embedded computing technology and wireless communication technology, wireless sensor networks (WSN) is a novel information about acquiring and processing technology. WSN is composed of a large number of sensor nodes which are distributed randomly in monitoring regions, responsible for sensing, collecting, processing and transferring information of monitored objects for users. The rapid development of WSN technology provides the feasibility of implementation in industrial application. However, it is challenged by the harsh environment in industry field. Therefore, the related protocols and standards for industrial application are developed in recent years.
This dissertation focuses on wireless protocol for industrial application. As starting with the frame introduction of industrial wireless mesh protocol according to application requirements, the architectures of two types of nodes are proposed. A hybrid routing algorithm is researched to build real-time and deterministic data transfer path. Simultaneously, the TDMA scheduling algorithm based on intelligence optimization techniques is studied for resource optimization. Furthermore, the industrial wireless mesh protocol is applied in industrial control systems based on theory research. The concrete contents of this dissertation are given in details as follows:
1. Meriting the mechanism of TSMP and ISA100.11a, the framework of industrial wireless mesh protocol is proposed according to application demands. The underlying standard takes OSI7layer model for the foundation and adopts IEEE802.15.4-2006standard. The MAC layer realizes TDMA scheduling, time synchronization and communication resource allocation. The network layer takes charge of the management of communication between nodes, routing algorithm, data transmission and encryption. The application layer is composed of large amount of commands which are set by actual requirements. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that this framework can meet the demand of time deterministic, energy-efficient and reliable transmission for industry application.
2. To alleviate the bad consequences caused by the transmission uncertainty, the routing construction algorithm and fault path maintenance strategy are presented. The hybrid routing algorithm is based on shortest route setup and route pheromone diffusion. The proposed algorithm adopts the enhanced Dijkstra's algorithm to search for the shortest route from the gateway to each end node for first route setup. And the multipath searching task is achieved by pheromone diffusion that is drew inspiration from AODV and ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms. The proposed routing algorithm takes the path length and the number of links shared by two paths as the evaluation criteria, and introduces the minimum surplus energy node restrictions, making the data transmission scattered over many good paths by certain probability. Aimed at different path faults, the hybrid algorithm provides the corresponding measures. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms traditional algorithms in terms of end-to-end delay, packet loss ratio and overhead in number of packets.
3.In order to solve the TDMA scheduling problem in industrial wireless mesh networks, a mono-objective optimization algorithm and a multi-objective optimization algorithm are proposed for different demands, respectively. Simultaneously, state switching restriction, sleep mode operation and some other critical techniques are also embedded into this algorithm. To minimize the number of time slots, to reduce energy consumption of the network, and to shorten end-to-end delay of the packets respectively, a hybrid algorithm which combines genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA) is proposed. The simulation results with different kinds of networks demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has good performance. To achieve a balance between energy consumption and end-to-end delay, the TDMA scheduling problem can be formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem. To solve the above problem, an improved algorithm based on NSGA-II algorithm is proposed. The simulation results with different kinds of networks demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms traditional algorithms, being able to satisfy the demands of industrial wireless mesh networks.
4. According to theoretical research, a feasible architecture of industrial wireless mesh network in industrial control systems is proposed through the development of wireless gateway, terminal data acquisition node, wireless adapter and upper computer software. The upper computer software, gateway and terminal data acquisition nodes have been developed. And these developed products constitute an experimental platform. Based on this platform, some parts of the routing algorithm and TDMA scheduling algorithm have been verified in this thesis finally.
本文围绕适用于工业应用的无线协议进行研究,结合具体应用需求,提出了一种工业无线mesh协议的框架以及符合该协议框架的节点架构；针对mesh网络拓扑结构的特点,提出了一种能同时满足实时性和确定性数据传输的多路径路由算法；就MAC层的资源优化问题,提出了基于智能算法的TDMA优化方案以确保有效时槽调度。在此基础上,通过对符合工业无线mesh协议的网关、终端数据采集节点和无线适配器的研究开发,搭建了符合工业应用需求的无线控制网络实验平台,验证了该协议中路由算法、时间同步机制以及TDMA调度方案的可行性和有效性。
本文主要完成的研究工作和创新点如下：
1.通过对TSMP协议和ISA100.11a协议的剖析,结合工业应用需求,提出了一种适用于工业的无线mesh协议框架。该协议框架以OSI7层模型为基础,采用IEEE802.15.4-2006标准作为底层标准；数据链路层基于TDMA调度,建立同步和分时工作机制,并实现通信资源的分配；网络传输层负责节点间安全有效的通信,主要涉及到路由算法的实现；应用层则按照实际需求为用户提供服务。仿真实验和结果分析证明该工业无线(?)nesh协议框架能较好满足工业无线通信的低功耗、确定性、实时性和可靠性需求。
2.针对mesh拓扑结构中多路径路由引起的数据传输不确定性问题,提出了一种基于最短路径搜寻和路径信息扩散的路由建立和维护算法。该算法首先通过改进型Dijkstra算法寻找源节点到达目的节点的最短路径,然后在此基础上结合蚁群算法和AODV算法中路径信息扩散的思想,为源节点寻找到多条可行优化路径。以路径长度和相交链路数目作为路径选择的标准,并引入节点最低剩余能量约束,保证数据能在多条较优的路径上分散传输。同时就网络中的各种拓扑变化引起的路由变化情况,给出了相应的维护机制。仿真实验和结果分析验证了算法在路径长度、数据包成功到达率以及路由开销等方面的良好性能,为满足数据传输的实时性和确定性要求提供了理论依据和技术支持。
3.就工业无线(?)nesh网络中的时槽分配调度问题,根据不同优化目标的需求,分别提出了单目标TDMA调度算法和多目标TDMA调度算法。同时通过引入状态切换限制和休眠机制等关键技术,进一步降低了节点能耗,缩短了传输时延,可较好满足工业无线通信中节点低功耗和数据传输实时性的要求。对于单目标TDMA调度问题,通过将遗传算法和模拟退火算法有机结合,提出了一种GSA混合算法,并分别针对时槽分配、能耗和时延三个不同目标,通过仿真实验和结果分析,验证了GSA算法具有良好的求解性能。对于多目标TDMA问题,提出了基于NSGA-II算法的CNSGA-II算法,以节点能耗和平均端对端时延作为优化目标,理论分析和仿真结果表明该算法所得到的Pareto解集具有较好的相对覆盖率和整体前沿扩展性能,能在能耗和时延两个目标参数之间达到较好的平衡状态。
4.在上述研究的基础上,通过对符合工业无线1nesh协议的网关、终端数据采集节点和无线适配器的开发,以及对上位机软件的设计,搭建了符合工业应用需求的无线控制网络系统。采用已完成开发的网关节点、终端数据节点以及上位机软件构成了基于工业无线mesh协议的控制网络实验平台,在此平台上验证了路由建立和维护算法以及TDMA调度算法的有效性和适用性。
Due to the rapid development and integration of micro electronic technique, embedded computing technology and wireless communication technology, wireless sensor networks (WSN) is a novel information about acquiring and processing technology. WSN is composed of a large number of sensor nodes which are distributed randomly in monitoring regions, responsible for sensing, collecting, processing and transferring information of monitored objects for users. The rapid development of WSN technology provides the feasibility of implementation in industrial application. However, it is challenged by the harsh environment in industry field. Therefore, the related protocols and standards for industrial application are developed in recent years.
This dissertation focuses on wireless protocol for industrial application. As starting with the frame introduction of industrial wireless mesh protocol according to application requirements, the architectures of two types of nodes are proposed. A hybrid routing algorithm is researched to build real-time and deterministic data transfer path. Simultaneously, the TDMA scheduling algorithm based on intelligence optimization techniques is studied for resource optimization. Furthermore, the industrial wireless mesh protocol is applied in industrial control systems based on theory research. The concrete contents of this dissertation are given in details as follows:
1. Meriting the mechanism of TSMP and ISA100.11a, the framework of industrial wireless mesh protocol is proposed according to application demands. The underlying standard takes OSI7layer model for the foundation and adopts IEEE802.15.4-2006standard. The MAC layer realizes TDMA scheduling, time synchronization and communication resource allocation. The network layer takes charge of the management of communication between nodes, routing algorithm, data transmission and encryption. The application layer is composed of large amount of commands which are set by actual requirements. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that this framework can meet the demand of time deterministic, energy-efficient and reliable transmission for industry application.
2. To alleviate the bad consequences caused by the transmission uncertainty, the routing construction algorithm and fault path maintenance strategy are presented. The hybrid routing algorithm is based on shortest route setup and route pheromone diffusion. The proposed algorithm adopts the enhanced Dijkstra's algorithm to search for the shortest route from the gateway to each end node for first route setup. And the multipath searching task is achieved by pheromone diffusion that is drew inspiration from AODV and ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms. The proposed routing algorithm takes the path length and the number of links shared by two paths as the evaluation criteria, and introduces the minimum surplus energy node restrictions, making the data transmission scattered over many good paths by certain probability. Aimed at different path faults, the hybrid algorithm provides the corresponding measures. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms traditional algorithms in terms of end-to-end delay, packet loss ratio and overhead in number of packets.
3.In order to solve the TDMA scheduling problem in industrial wireless mesh networks, a mono-objective optimization algorithm and a multi-objective optimization algorithm are proposed for different demands, respectively. Simultaneously, state switching restriction, sleep mode operation and some other critical techniques are also embedded into this algorithm. To minimize the number of time slots, to reduce energy consumption of the network, and to shorten end-to-end delay of the packets respectively, a hybrid algorithm which combines genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA) is proposed. The simulation results with different kinds of networks demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has good performance. To achieve a balance between energy consumption and end-to-end delay, the TDMA scheduling problem can be formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem. To solve the above problem, an improved algorithm based on NSGA-II algorithm is proposed. The simulation results with different kinds of networks demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms traditional algorithms, being able to satisfy the demands of industrial wireless mesh networks.
4. According to theoretical research, a feasible architecture of industrial wireless mesh network in industrial control systems is proposed through the development of wireless gateway, terminal data acquisition node, wireless adapter and upper computer software. The upper computer software, gateway and terminal data acquisition nodes have been developed. And these developed products constitute an experimental platform. Based on this platform, some parts of the routing algorithm and TDMA scheduling algorithm have been verified in this thesis finally.
引文
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