高填方涵洞土压力计算方法的试验研究
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摘要
涵洞是埋设在填土下的建筑物,它在水利、交通、供排水工程中被广泛使用。目前,虽然国内外对涵洞土压力的计算理论有很多,但是有关高填方涵洞的研究成果报道不多,更多的是低填方涵洞或明涵的试验与研究成果。高填方涵洞的土压力计算的研究大多都处于解决施工应用问题的水平,对涉及高填方涵洞设计核心的土压力计算理论的研究成果并不多。高填方涵洞(尤其是填土高度20m以上的高填方涵洞)尚缺乏合适的土压力计算方法,使高填方涵洞在设计和应用中产生各种问题,包括给工程造价带来浪费和给涵洞结构的安全性带来隐患。
本论文通过室内模型试验研究了高填方涵洞土压力随填土高度变化的规律,以及高填方涵洞的拱效应。试验结果表明,涵顶填土达到一定高度以后,在涵顶上方将产生拱效应,使涵洞实测土压力小于理论计算值。但由于高填方涵洞上方路基填料的特点,这种拱效应具有不稳定性,使涵洞土压力随填土高度成非线性变化。根据模型试验观测结果与理论计算结果对比分析,并考虑高填方涵洞的土压力变化规律及拱效应特点,提出了计算高填方涵洞土压力的合理计算理论和方法,使高填方涵洞设计的土压力与实际受力相近,避免对土压力过高或过低计算,使高填方涵洞结构设计安全可靠,经济合理。
本论文的研究路线与提出的高填方涵洞土压力计算方法对高填方涵洞土压力计算、结构设计具有参考价值。
Culvert is the structure under filling soil. It was widely used in the hydropower engineering, the transportation engineering and the water supplied and drainage engineering. At present, there are various theories on earth pressure at home and abroad, but they are non-uniform and have shortcomings. The research results are mainly about the low filling culverts, less about the high filling culverts. While“The General Specification on Highway Bridge”stipulates that the Soil Column Method is adopted to calculate the vertical earth pressure above culverts, but it doesn’t illustrate the applicable height. Now, the Soil Column Method is used to calculate the vertical earth pressure above culverts whose height is less than 20m, however there isn’t explanation about high filling culvert whose height is more than 20m. Because of the complex relationship between the terrain conditions, the geological conditions, the structure, the construction process, and the settlement and deformation of the road embankment, the soil column method only considered some factors that made the high filling culverts have emerged various problems including the project cost waste and the structure security risk. Since the earth pressure theory on high filling culverts has deficiencies, it is necessary to re-examine calculation methods in order to make high filling culverts be security and economic rationality.
By analyzing the existing earth pressure theories, basing on the similarity principle, this paper has taken on the indoor model test in the earth pressure theory on high filling culverts, done a series of studies and achieved some conclusions.
(1) Designing on the experimental model and the experimental program. Basing on the similarity principle, have simulated the culvert structure, the culvert material and the earth pressure around the culvert, and have determined the experimental model which met the test needs. By choosing the test equipment and making the test procedure, have designed the reasonable and effective test program. The construction, loading and testing of the model have provided a basis for finding out the reasonable earth pressure theory and calculation method on high filling culverts.
(2) The test shows: the earth pressure of high filling culvert doesn’t linear with the filling height (h), and is non-linear. When the filling height is low, the earth pressure increases with the filling height, is a similar straight line and could be calculated by the Soil Column Method (σ=γh). While the filling height is high, the earth pressure gently increases with the filling height, is a curve and is obvious smaller than the result by calculating with the Soil Column method. Aiming at ensuring the security and economic rationality, should adopt the Limit Equilibrium method which has considered arching effect to calculate the earth pressure.
(3) The soil arching exists above the culvert. It has obvious soil arching effect and instability. With the growth of filling soil height, a part of the earth pressure also is transmited to the top of the culvert that makes the earth pressure increase with the filling soil height on the top of the culvert, but the rate decrease and the pressure curve become more and more gentle. This instability is the main feature of the soil arching on the top of the high filling culvert.
Through the indoor model test, this paper researched the regulation that the earth pressure changes with the growth of the filling height on the top of the culvert, and the arching effect. Basing on the results of the model test and the theory calculation has provided the reasonable calculation method on the earth pressure of high filling culverts. It makes the designed earth pressure be close to the actual earth pressure, which ensures the security and economic rationality of high filling culvert. This paper has provided the reference value of the earth pressure calculation and the structure design.
本论文通过室内模型试验研究了高填方涵洞土压力随填土高度变化的规律,以及高填方涵洞的拱效应。试验结果表明,涵顶填土达到一定高度以后,在涵顶上方将产生拱效应,使涵洞实测土压力小于理论计算值。但由于高填方涵洞上方路基填料的特点,这种拱效应具有不稳定性,使涵洞土压力随填土高度成非线性变化。根据模型试验观测结果与理论计算结果对比分析,并考虑高填方涵洞的土压力变化规律及拱效应特点,提出了计算高填方涵洞土压力的合理计算理论和方法,使高填方涵洞设计的土压力与实际受力相近,避免对土压力过高或过低计算,使高填方涵洞结构设计安全可靠,经济合理。
本论文的研究路线与提出的高填方涵洞土压力计算方法对高填方涵洞土压力计算、结构设计具有参考价值。
Culvert is the structure under filling soil. It was widely used in the hydropower engineering, the transportation engineering and the water supplied and drainage engineering. At present, there are various theories on earth pressure at home and abroad, but they are non-uniform and have shortcomings. The research results are mainly about the low filling culverts, less about the high filling culverts. While“The General Specification on Highway Bridge”stipulates that the Soil Column Method is adopted to calculate the vertical earth pressure above culverts, but it doesn’t illustrate the applicable height. Now, the Soil Column Method is used to calculate the vertical earth pressure above culverts whose height is less than 20m, however there isn’t explanation about high filling culvert whose height is more than 20m. Because of the complex relationship between the terrain conditions, the geological conditions, the structure, the construction process, and the settlement and deformation of the road embankment, the soil column method only considered some factors that made the high filling culverts have emerged various problems including the project cost waste and the structure security risk. Since the earth pressure theory on high filling culverts has deficiencies, it is necessary to re-examine calculation methods in order to make high filling culverts be security and economic rationality.
By analyzing the existing earth pressure theories, basing on the similarity principle, this paper has taken on the indoor model test in the earth pressure theory on high filling culverts, done a series of studies and achieved some conclusions.
(1) Designing on the experimental model and the experimental program. Basing on the similarity principle, have simulated the culvert structure, the culvert material and the earth pressure around the culvert, and have determined the experimental model which met the test needs. By choosing the test equipment and making the test procedure, have designed the reasonable and effective test program. The construction, loading and testing of the model have provided a basis for finding out the reasonable earth pressure theory and calculation method on high filling culverts.
(2) The test shows: the earth pressure of high filling culvert doesn’t linear with the filling height (h), and is non-linear. When the filling height is low, the earth pressure increases with the filling height, is a similar straight line and could be calculated by the Soil Column Method (σ=γh). While the filling height is high, the earth pressure gently increases with the filling height, is a curve and is obvious smaller than the result by calculating with the Soil Column method. Aiming at ensuring the security and economic rationality, should adopt the Limit Equilibrium method which has considered arching effect to calculate the earth pressure.
(3) The soil arching exists above the culvert. It has obvious soil arching effect and instability. With the growth of filling soil height, a part of the earth pressure also is transmited to the top of the culvert that makes the earth pressure increase with the filling soil height on the top of the culvert, but the rate decrease and the pressure curve become more and more gentle. This instability is the main feature of the soil arching on the top of the high filling culvert.
Through the indoor model test, this paper researched the regulation that the earth pressure changes with the growth of the filling height on the top of the culvert, and the arching effect. Basing on the results of the model test and the theory calculation has provided the reasonable calculation method on the earth pressure of high filling culverts. It makes the designed earth pressure be close to the actual earth pressure, which ensures the security and economic rationality of high filling culvert. This paper has provided the reference value of the earth pressure calculation and the structure design.
引文
[1]王秉勇.涵洞顶填土压力的讨论及计算[J].铁道工程学报,2002,6(2):50-54.
[2]高大钊.岩土工程的回顾与前瞻[J].北京:人民交通出版社,2001.6.
[3]顾安全.上埋式管道及洞室垂直土压力的研究[J].岩土工程学报,1981,3(1):3-15.
[4] Abdel-Karim, Ahmad M. Structurt response of full-scale concrete box culvert[J]. Journal of structural Engineering,1993,11.
[5] Stone, K.J.L. Hensley, P.J. Taylor, R.N Centrifuge study of rectangular box culverts[C]. Proceedings of the in-ternational Conference Centrifugue,Jun 13-14 1991 Publ by A.A.Balkema 107.
[6]г.K.克列因著,陈万佳译.散粒体结构力学[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1983.
[7] Tadros, Maher K. Benak, Joseph V.. Abdel-karim, Ahmad.M. Bexten,Karen A. Field testing of a box culvert Transportation Research Record[R]. 1989: 49-55 0361-1981.
[8] Dasgupta,Abhijit(M.N.Dastur&CoLtd) Large Scale Model Test on Square Box Culvert Backfilled with Sand[J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 1991,117(1):156-161.
[9] Yang, Michael Zhiqiang Drumm, Eric C. Bennett, Richard M., Measurement of earth pressures on concrete box cul-verts under highway embankments[R]. ASTMspecial Technical Publication Jun, 1998:87-100.
[10] Stone, K.J.L. Hensley, P.J. Taylor, R.N Centrifuge study of rectangular box culverts[C]. Proceedings of the in-ternational Conference Centrifugue,Jun 13-14 1991 Publ by A.A.Balkema 107.
[11]刘全林,杨敏.上埋式管道上竖向土压力计算的探讨[J].岩土力学,2001.2:214-218.
[12]刘成志.涵洞上部填土的竖向土压力计算[M].林业建设,1996(6):36-37.
[13]冯忠居.路基中涵洞结构物土压力作用机理分析[J].内蒙古公路与运输,2000(1):17-19.
[14]冯忠居,张新占.涵洞土压力与填土沉降差关系分析[J].内蒙古公路与运输,2002(1):21-23.
[15]王秉勇.涵洞顶填土压力的讨论及计算[J].铁道工程学报,2002(2):50-54.
[16]林建凡.高填方上埋式结构垂直土压力研究与土体非线性有限元分析[D].福州大学,1996(5).
[17]吴文峰.地下涵管的受力分析及结构优化研究[D].河海大学,2001.
[18]李小山.上埋式地下管道横向力学现状研究[D].浙江大学,2003,2.
[19]刘静.高填方路堤下涵洞受力的数值仿真[C].岩土力学与工程学会第七次学术大会论文集,2002:302-305.
[20]顾安全.上埋式管道及洞室垂直土压力的研究[J].岩土工程学报,1981,3(1):3-15.
[21]黄清猷.填埋式地下圆形结构物周边土压力分布的有限元解[J].土木工程学报,1982,15(3):53-63.
[22]顾安全,王晓谋,折学森.上埋式管道及洞室垂直土压力的研究[C].海峡两岸土力学及基础工程研讨会论文集,1994.
[23]高磊.矿山岩石力学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1987.
[24]黄土地区公路特殊结构研究成果总报告[R].成都科技大学等,1993.
[25] Fenves GL.Object-oriented programming for engineering software development. Engineering with Computer. New York: Springer Verlag,1990.
[26] Owen D R J, Hinto E. Finite Elements in Plastic Theory and Practice. London: Pinerge Press, 1998.
[27]折学森.路基涵洞的土压力计算[J].中国公路学报,1992(3):72-79.
[28]张姝为.高填方路堤下涵洞垂直土压力性状试验研究[D].长安大学2001,1.
[29]刘静.高填方路堤下涵洞受力与结构形式研究[D].长安大学,2004.
[30] Mc Cirav-Hill. Hodge Y C Limted of structures[J]. New York, 1959.
[31] ANSYS.Inc.ANSYS Structrual Analysis Guide Release. Third Edition. SAS, IP.INC.
[32]顾安全,折学森,徐志飞等.高尾矿坝排洪管道垂直土压力的试验研究[C].第七届土力学及基础工程学术会议论文集,1994.
[33]梁东文.涵洞垂直土压力的试验研究[J].工程论坛:中国科技信息2005(4).
[34]李之光,相似与模化[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1982.
[35]徐挺.相似方法及其应用[M].南京:机械工业出版社,1995.
[36]周瑞忠.土工试验的模型相似律和应力比值法[J].福州大学学报(自然科学版),1997,25(2):80-85.
[37]陈成叠.秦沈客运专线涵洞洞顶不同填土厚度试验研究[D].西南交通大学,2004.
[38]钱征.简支膜钢弦式土压力盒[J].中国土木工程学会第六届与力学及蕲春工程学术会议论文集,1991:105-110.
[39]刘宝有.钢弦式传感器及其应用[M].北京:中国铁路出版社,1986.
[40]冯居忠,顾安全.西安市黑河饮水工程填埋式大型蛋形管道的测试研究[D].长安大学,1993.
[2]高大钊.岩土工程的回顾与前瞻[J].北京:人民交通出版社,2001.6.
[3]顾安全.上埋式管道及洞室垂直土压力的研究[J].岩土工程学报,1981,3(1):3-15.
[4] Abdel-Karim, Ahmad M. Structurt response of full-scale concrete box culvert[J]. Journal of structural Engineering,1993,11.
[5] Stone, K.J.L. Hensley, P.J. Taylor, R.N Centrifuge study of rectangular box culverts[C]. Proceedings of the in-ternational Conference Centrifugue,Jun 13-14 1991 Publ by A.A.Balkema 107.
[6]г.K.克列因著,陈万佳译.散粒体结构力学[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1983.
[7] Tadros, Maher K. Benak, Joseph V.. Abdel-karim, Ahmad.M. Bexten,Karen A. Field testing of a box culvert Transportation Research Record[R]. 1989: 49-55 0361-1981.
[8] Dasgupta,Abhijit(M.N.Dastur&CoLtd) Large Scale Model Test on Square Box Culvert Backfilled with Sand[J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 1991,117(1):156-161.
[9] Yang, Michael Zhiqiang Drumm, Eric C. Bennett, Richard M., Measurement of earth pressures on concrete box cul-verts under highway embankments[R]. ASTMspecial Technical Publication Jun, 1998:87-100.
[10] Stone, K.J.L. Hensley, P.J. Taylor, R.N Centrifuge study of rectangular box culverts[C]. Proceedings of the in-ternational Conference Centrifugue,Jun 13-14 1991 Publ by A.A.Balkema 107.
[11]刘全林,杨敏.上埋式管道上竖向土压力计算的探讨[J].岩土力学,2001.2:214-218.
[12]刘成志.涵洞上部填土的竖向土压力计算[M].林业建设,1996(6):36-37.
[13]冯忠居.路基中涵洞结构物土压力作用机理分析[J].内蒙古公路与运输,2000(1):17-19.
[14]冯忠居,张新占.涵洞土压力与填土沉降差关系分析[J].内蒙古公路与运输,2002(1):21-23.
[15]王秉勇.涵洞顶填土压力的讨论及计算[J].铁道工程学报,2002(2):50-54.
[16]林建凡.高填方上埋式结构垂直土压力研究与土体非线性有限元分析[D].福州大学,1996(5).
[17]吴文峰.地下涵管的受力分析及结构优化研究[D].河海大学,2001.
[18]李小山.上埋式地下管道横向力学现状研究[D].浙江大学,2003,2.
[19]刘静.高填方路堤下涵洞受力的数值仿真[C].岩土力学与工程学会第七次学术大会论文集,2002:302-305.
[20]顾安全.上埋式管道及洞室垂直土压力的研究[J].岩土工程学报,1981,3(1):3-15.
[21]黄清猷.填埋式地下圆形结构物周边土压力分布的有限元解[J].土木工程学报,1982,15(3):53-63.
[22]顾安全,王晓谋,折学森.上埋式管道及洞室垂直土压力的研究[C].海峡两岸土力学及基础工程研讨会论文集,1994.
[23]高磊.矿山岩石力学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1987.
[24]黄土地区公路特殊结构研究成果总报告[R].成都科技大学等,1993.
[25] Fenves GL.Object-oriented programming for engineering software development. Engineering with Computer. New York: Springer Verlag,1990.
[26] Owen D R J, Hinto E. Finite Elements in Plastic Theory and Practice. London: Pinerge Press, 1998.
[27]折学森.路基涵洞的土压力计算[J].中国公路学报,1992(3):72-79.
[28]张姝为.高填方路堤下涵洞垂直土压力性状试验研究[D].长安大学2001,1.
[29]刘静.高填方路堤下涵洞受力与结构形式研究[D].长安大学,2004.
[30] Mc Cirav-Hill. Hodge Y C Limted of structures[J]. New York, 1959.
[31] ANSYS.Inc.ANSYS Structrual Analysis Guide Release. Third Edition. SAS, IP.INC.
[32]顾安全,折学森,徐志飞等.高尾矿坝排洪管道垂直土压力的试验研究[C].第七届土力学及基础工程学术会议论文集,1994.
[33]梁东文.涵洞垂直土压力的试验研究[J].工程论坛:中国科技信息2005(4).
[34]李之光,相似与模化[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1982.
[35]徐挺.相似方法及其应用[M].南京:机械工业出版社,1995.
[36]周瑞忠.土工试验的模型相似律和应力比值法[J].福州大学学报(自然科学版),1997,25(2):80-85.
[37]陈成叠.秦沈客运专线涵洞洞顶不同填土厚度试验研究[D].西南交通大学,2004.
[38]钱征.简支膜钢弦式土压力盒[J].中国土木工程学会第六届与力学及蕲春工程学术会议论文集,1991:105-110.
[39]刘宝有.钢弦式传感器及其应用[M].北京:中国铁路出版社,1986.
[40]冯居忠,顾安全.西安市黑河饮水工程填埋式大型蛋形管道的测试研究[D].长安大学,1993.