遥感和地理信息系统在土壤侵蚀普查中的应用研究
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摘要
本文以黄河上游湟水沙塘川流域为研究范围，以Landsat TM卫星影像和数字化地图等为基本资料，以遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)为主要技术手段，结合传统理论和方法，研究土壤侵蚀普查问题，探求利用遥感和地理信息系统进行土壤侵蚀快速普查的一种途径。
本文首先运用遥感图像处理软件ERDAS IMAGINE对所选的TM遥感图像进行了几何纠正、图像增强、镶嵌和多波段合成，并分析比较了目前常用的遥感图像解译方法，选择计算机辅助目视解译作为可行的途径，对沙塘川流域TM遥感图像进行了解译分类，得到了流域下垫面参数。其次，基于ArcView GIS 3.2，建立了沙塘川流域数字高程模型(DEM)，并利用DEM进行了地形特征和水文特征分析，取得了沙塘川流域地形和河流水系特征；利用GIS的空间插值生成降水量等非遥感数据的流域降水量栅格图。再次，借鉴国内外基于GIS的土壤侵蚀模型，在分析流域土壤侵蚀影响因素的基础上，建立了基于GIS的规则模型和指标模型，两种模型不仅简单明了，而且集成运用了GIS技术，模型的结果较一致，而且符合流域土壤侵蚀的实际情况。最后，利用ArcView GIS进行了土壤侵蚀及影响因素的统计分析，制作输出了土壤侵蚀专题图。
In this paper, based on remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS), an approach of surveying soil erosion in Shatangchuan Basin, the upper of Yellow River, is presented. Landsat TM satellite images, digital maps and other data are used, besides the RS/GIS technology and traditional theory on soil and water erosion, the main content of the paper are as follows:
Firstly, TM images are rectified, enhanced, mosaic and composed by using ERDAS IMAGINE software, and computer-aided classification, which is assessed as an more efficient method, is applied in Shatangchuan Basin in order to achieve surface cover factors.
Secondly, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is generated in Shatangchuan Basin by using the ArcView GIS 3.2 software, which is used for performing the surface and hydrologic functions so that topographic and hydrologic features are achieved. Based on GIS and the sampling data in 5 rainfall stations in Shatangchuan Basin, the basin spatial surface grids of non-telemetric data such as rainfall are interpolated and established.
Thirdly, based on the existing erosion models in the world and the analysis of soil erosion in the basin, two soil erosion models, i. e.
rule-based model and factor model are developed in the platform of ArcView GIS 3. 2, which can not only be integrated with CIS successfully and concisely, and whose results are consistent with the erosion condition of Shatangchuan Basin.
Finally, both statistics and thematic maps of soil erosion and factors are presented in ArcView GIS.
本文首先运用遥感图像处理软件ERDAS IMAGINE对所选的TM遥感图像进行了几何纠正、图像增强、镶嵌和多波段合成，并分析比较了目前常用的遥感图像解译方法，选择计算机辅助目视解译作为可行的途径，对沙塘川流域TM遥感图像进行了解译分类，得到了流域下垫面参数。其次，基于ArcView GIS 3.2，建立了沙塘川流域数字高程模型(DEM)，并利用DEM进行了地形特征和水文特征分析，取得了沙塘川流域地形和河流水系特征；利用GIS的空间插值生成降水量等非遥感数据的流域降水量栅格图。再次，借鉴国内外基于GIS的土壤侵蚀模型，在分析流域土壤侵蚀影响因素的基础上，建立了基于GIS的规则模型和指标模型，两种模型不仅简单明了，而且集成运用了GIS技术，模型的结果较一致，而且符合流域土壤侵蚀的实际情况。最后，利用ArcView GIS进行了土壤侵蚀及影响因素的统计分析，制作输出了土壤侵蚀专题图。
In this paper, based on remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS), an approach of surveying soil erosion in Shatangchuan Basin, the upper of Yellow River, is presented. Landsat TM satellite images, digital maps and other data are used, besides the RS/GIS technology and traditional theory on soil and water erosion, the main content of the paper are as follows:
Firstly, TM images are rectified, enhanced, mosaic and composed by using ERDAS IMAGINE software, and computer-aided classification, which is assessed as an more efficient method, is applied in Shatangchuan Basin in order to achieve surface cover factors.
Secondly, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is generated in Shatangchuan Basin by using the ArcView GIS 3.2 software, which is used for performing the surface and hydrologic functions so that topographic and hydrologic features are achieved. Based on GIS and the sampling data in 5 rainfall stations in Shatangchuan Basin, the basin spatial surface grids of non-telemetric data such as rainfall are interpolated and established.
Thirdly, based on the existing erosion models in the world and the analysis of soil erosion in the basin, two soil erosion models, i. e.
rule-based model and factor model are developed in the platform of ArcView GIS 3. 2, which can not only be integrated with CIS successfully and concisely, and whose results are consistent with the erosion condition of Shatangchuan Basin.
Finally, both statistics and thematic maps of soil erosion and factors are presented in ArcView GIS.
引文
[1] 邬伦．地理信息系统：原理、方法和应用，科学出版社，2000．
[2] De Roo A. P. J., Modeling runoff and sediment transport in catchment using GIS, Hydrological Processes, 12(6), 1998.
[3] 黄诗峰等．基于GIS的流域土壤侵蚀量估算指标模型方法，水土保持学报，Vol．15，No．2，2001年6月．
[4] Brendan Belby, GIS Modeling of Soil Loss to Enhance Watershed Management Strategies.
[5] 马晓微等．基于GIS的中国潜在水土流失评价指标研究，水土保持通报，2001年4月．
[6] 游松财等．GIS支持下的土壤侵蚀量估算，GIS与遥感技术．
[7] EI-Awar F.A., Using GIS and hydrologic modeling for erosion hazard assessment in Lebanese mountainous areas, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 295-297 pp. 2001.
[8] Dominguez-Cortazar M. A., Estimating the risk of soil erosion in a semiarid watershed of central Mexico using a geographical information system., American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 703-705 pp. 2001.
[9] Sarangi A., Use of Geographical Information System (GIS) in assessing the erosion status of watersheds, Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 29(3), 190-195 pp.
[10] Jain S. K., Estimation of soil erosion for a Himalayan watershed using GIS technique, Water Resource Management, 15(1), 41-54 pp., 2001.
[11] Wilson C. J., A GIS-based hillslope erosion and sediment delivery model and its application in the Cerro Grande burn
area, Hydrological Process, 15(15), 2995-3010, 2001.
[12] Chang TsangJung, A GIS-assisted distributed watershed model for simulating flooding and inundation, American Water Resources Association Journal, 36(5), 975-988 pp., 2000.
[13] De Roo A. P. j., Modeling runoff and sediment transport in catchments using GIS, Hydrological Processes, 12(6), 905-922 pp., 1998.
[14] Stephan, Application of a Geographical Information System (CIS) for the determination of soil erosion risk in Franconian vineyards, northwestern Bavaria, Germany, the 3rd Congress on Regional Geographical Cartography and Information System, Munich, Oct. 2000.
[15] B.M. Mati, Assessment of erosion hazard with the USLE and GIS: A case study of the Upper Ewaso Ng' iro North basin of Kenya.
[16] D.C. Yoder, Evaluation of the RUSLE Soil Erosion Model.
[17] Van Remortel, R., Estimating the LS factor for RUSLE through iterative slope length processing of digital elevation data. Cartography, v. 30, no. 1, pp. 27-35.
[18] Millward A. A., Adapting the RUSLE to model soil erosion potential in a mountainous tropical watershed, Catena, 38(2), 109-129 pp. 1999.
[19] Pallavi Yadav, Soil erosion modeling through Morgan model using remote sensing and GIS technique.
[20] A. Veihe, Modeling of event-based soil erosion in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico: evaluation of the EUROSEM model.
[21] S.M. de Jong, Regional assessment of soil erosion using the
distributed model SEMMED and remotely sensed data.
[22] Peter Botterweg, The EUROSEM-GRIDSEM modeling system for erosion analyses under different natural and economic conditions, Ecological Modelling 108 (1998) 115-129.
[23] Da Ouyang and Jon Bartholic, Web-Based GIS Application for Soil Erosion Prediction, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 260-263 pp. 2001
[24] Helena Mitasova, Modeling soil detachment with RUSLE 3d using GIS.
[25] Ming-Shu Tsou, Sediment-yield Estimation in Cheney Watershed Using AnnAGNPS GIS Modeling System.
[26] Michael R. Kunzmann, ARC/INFO GIS Applications and Models for the Conservation of Fossil and Cultural Resources at Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona.
[27] Cochrane T. A., Assessing water erosion in small watersheds using WEPP with GIS and digital elevation models, Journal of Soil and water Conservation, 54(4), 1999.
[28] Dennis C. Flanagan, Application of the WEPP model with digital geographic information, the 4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling (GIS/EM4), September 2000.
[29] F.A. Fox, D.C. Flanagan, L.E. Wagner, L. Deer-Ascough, WEPS and WEPP Science Commonality Project, Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century, Proc. Int. Symp. January 2001.
[30] Flanagan D. C., Simulating small watersheds with water erosion prediction project technology, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 363-366 pp. 2001.
[31] Roode A P J, etal. Soil erosion modeling using "ANSWERS" and Geographical Information System. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 1989,14:517～532
[32] 陈一兵．土壤侵蚀建模中ANSWERS及地理信息系统ARC／INFO~R的应用研究．水土保持学报，1997，3(2)：1～13
[33] A. P. J. De Roo, LISEM: A Physically-based Hydrological and Soil Erosion Model Incorporated in a GIS, EGIS, 1994.
[34] I. Takken, Spatial evaluation of a physically-based distributed erosion model (LISEM).
[35] Johnson B. E., The two-dimensional upland erosion model CASC2D-SED, American Water Resources Association Journal, 36(1), 31-42 pp., 2000.
[36] J. Schmidt, Application of the EROSION 3D model to the CATSOP watershed, The Netherlands.
[37] A. Heilig, Testing a mechanistic soil erosion model with a simple experiment, Journal of Hydrology 244 (2001).
[38] Mohamed Rinos M. H., Empirical erosion modeling in GIS with multi-sensor and multi-temporal satellite data, Tropical Agricultural Research, 13, 2001.
[39] MARK BAMBURY, Development of a Conceptual Soil Erosion Model for Ghana.
[40] Jian Guo Liu, A RS/GIS study of rapid erosion in SE Spain using ERS SAR multitemporal interferometric coherence imagery.
[41] Krishna Pahari, Remote Sensing and GIS for sustainable watershed management: a study from nepal, the 4th International Symposium on High Mountain Remote Sensing
Cartography, Karlstad - Kiruna - Troms, August 19-29, 1996.
[42] Dr. Sohan Wijesekera, Extraction of parameters and modeling soil erosion using GIS in a grid environment, the 22nd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, 5-9 November 2001, Singapore.
[43] Jane R. Frankenberger, A GIS-based variable source area hydrology model, , Hydrol. Process. 13, (1999).
[44] Laura M. Brady, Spatial variability of sediment erosion processes using GIS analysis within watersheds in a historically mined region, Patagonia Mountains, Arizona.
[45] Kim S.J., Modeling approach for grid-based soil-water erosion and deposition using GIS and RS, Korean National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (KCID), B16P, 2001.
[46] Nadeem Hashem, High spatial resolution soil erosion modeling using remote sensing and GIS.
[47] 赵帮元，TM卫星图像几何纠正技术方法浅探，中国水土保持，2000年第6期；CASC2D-SE
[48] 李宏伟等，遥感图像信息处理与制图，中国人民解放军测绘学院，1998年6月；
[49] 朱述龙等，遥感图像获取与分析，科学出版社，2000年4月；
[50] ESRI, Using the ArcView Spatial Analysis, 1996.
[51] ESRI, Modeling Our World - The ESRI Guide to Geodatabase Design, 1999.
[52] Robert Hickey. Slope Angle and Slope Length Solutions for GIS, Cartography
[53] Hickey, R, A. Smith, and P. Jankowski, 1994, Slope length calculations from a DEM within ARC/INFO GRID, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, v. 18, no. 5.
[54] J. Adinarayana, A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment.
[55] Boggs G., GIS-based rapid assessment of erosion risk in a small catchment in the wet/dry tropics of Australia, Land Degradation and Development, 12(5), 2001.
[56] Rafaelli S. G., A comparison of thematic mapping of erosional intensity to GIS-driven process models in an Andean drainage basin, Journal of Hydrology, 244(1/2), 2001.
[57] Rodney R. White, Gis-based erosion management outreach program (SEMGIS II) for china: consolidation and training 1996-2001.
[58] Millward A. A., Conservation strategies for effective land management of protected areas using an erosion prediction information system (EPIS), Journal of Environmental Management, 2001, 61.
[59] Helena Mitasova, Erosion/deposition modeling with USPED using GIS.
[60] A. Pistocchi, G. Cassani and O. Zani, Use of the USPED model for mapping soil erosion and managing best land conservation practices.
[61] Matthew Dunn and Robert Hickey, The effect of slope algorithms on slope estimates within a GIS, Cartography.
[62] Jha Raghunath, Potential Erosion Map For Bagmati Basin Using GRASS GIS, Proceedings of the Open source GIS-GRASS users conference 2002 - Trento, Italy, 11-13 September 2002.
[63] Licciardello F., Runoff and soil erosion modeling in a small Sicilian watershed, American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, 298-301 pp. 2001.
[64] Duchemin M., Geomatic approach for simulating erosion and sediment transport at the small catchment scale, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, 36(3), 435-473 pp., 2001.
[65] Rankinen K., Modeling of vegetative filter strips in catchment scale erosion control, Agricultural and Food Science in Finland, 10(2), 99-112 pp., 2001.
[66] Bayat R., An investigation of EPM and MPSIAC Model efficiencies in estimating erosion and sediment yield of Taleghan watershed using GIS, Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(1), 203-217 pp., 2001.
[67] C.M. Mannaerts, A probabilistic approach for predicting rainfall soil erosion losses in semiarid areas.
[68] D. de la Rosa, Assessment of soil erosion vulnerability in western Europe and potential impact on crop productivity due to loss of soil depth using the ImpelERO model, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 81 (2000) 179-190.
[2] De Roo A. P. J., Modeling runoff and sediment transport in catchment using GIS, Hydrological Processes, 12(6), 1998.
[3] 黄诗峰等．基于GIS的流域土壤侵蚀量估算指标模型方法，水土保持学报，Vol．15，No．2，2001年6月．
[4] Brendan Belby, GIS Modeling of Soil Loss to Enhance Watershed Management Strategies.
[5] 马晓微等．基于GIS的中国潜在水土流失评价指标研究，水土保持通报，2001年4月．
[6] 游松财等．GIS支持下的土壤侵蚀量估算，GIS与遥感技术．
[7] EI-Awar F.A., Using GIS and hydrologic modeling for erosion hazard assessment in Lebanese mountainous areas, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 295-297 pp. 2001.
[8] Dominguez-Cortazar M. A., Estimating the risk of soil erosion in a semiarid watershed of central Mexico using a geographical information system., American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 703-705 pp. 2001.
[9] Sarangi A., Use of Geographical Information System (GIS) in assessing the erosion status of watersheds, Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 29(3), 190-195 pp.
[10] Jain S. K., Estimation of soil erosion for a Himalayan watershed using GIS technique, Water Resource Management, 15(1), 41-54 pp., 2001.
[11] Wilson C. J., A GIS-based hillslope erosion and sediment delivery model and its application in the Cerro Grande burn
area, Hydrological Process, 15(15), 2995-3010, 2001.
[12] Chang TsangJung, A GIS-assisted distributed watershed model for simulating flooding and inundation, American Water Resources Association Journal, 36(5), 975-988 pp., 2000.
[13] De Roo A. P. j., Modeling runoff and sediment transport in catchments using GIS, Hydrological Processes, 12(6), 905-922 pp., 1998.
[14] Stephan, Application of a Geographical Information System (CIS) for the determination of soil erosion risk in Franconian vineyards, northwestern Bavaria, Germany, the 3rd Congress on Regional Geographical Cartography and Information System, Munich, Oct. 2000.
[15] B.M. Mati, Assessment of erosion hazard with the USLE and GIS: A case study of the Upper Ewaso Ng' iro North basin of Kenya.
[16] D.C. Yoder, Evaluation of the RUSLE Soil Erosion Model.
[17] Van Remortel, R., Estimating the LS factor for RUSLE through iterative slope length processing of digital elevation data. Cartography, v. 30, no. 1, pp. 27-35.
[18] Millward A. A., Adapting the RUSLE to model soil erosion potential in a mountainous tropical watershed, Catena, 38(2), 109-129 pp. 1999.
[19] Pallavi Yadav, Soil erosion modeling through Morgan model using remote sensing and GIS technique.
[20] A. Veihe, Modeling of event-based soil erosion in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico: evaluation of the EUROSEM model.
[21] S.M. de Jong, Regional assessment of soil erosion using the
distributed model SEMMED and remotely sensed data.
[22] Peter Botterweg, The EUROSEM-GRIDSEM modeling system for erosion analyses under different natural and economic conditions, Ecological Modelling 108 (1998) 115-129.
[23] Da Ouyang and Jon Bartholic, Web-Based GIS Application for Soil Erosion Prediction, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 260-263 pp. 2001
[24] Helena Mitasova, Modeling soil detachment with RUSLE 3d using GIS.
[25] Ming-Shu Tsou, Sediment-yield Estimation in Cheney Watershed Using AnnAGNPS GIS Modeling System.
[26] Michael R. Kunzmann, ARC/INFO GIS Applications and Models for the Conservation of Fossil and Cultural Resources at Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona.
[27] Cochrane T. A., Assessing water erosion in small watersheds using WEPP with GIS and digital elevation models, Journal of Soil and water Conservation, 54(4), 1999.
[28] Dennis C. Flanagan, Application of the WEPP model with digital geographic information, the 4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling (GIS/EM4), September 2000.
[29] F.A. Fox, D.C. Flanagan, L.E. Wagner, L. Deer-Ascough, WEPS and WEPP Science Commonality Project, Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century, Proc. Int. Symp. January 2001.
[30] Flanagan D. C., Simulating small watersheds with water erosion prediction project technology, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 363-366 pp. 2001.
[31] Roode A P J, etal. Soil erosion modeling using "ANSWERS" and Geographical Information System. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 1989,14:517～532
[32] 陈一兵．土壤侵蚀建模中ANSWERS及地理信息系统ARC／INFO~R的应用研究．水土保持学报，1997，3(2)：1～13
[33] A. P. J. De Roo, LISEM: A Physically-based Hydrological and Soil Erosion Model Incorporated in a GIS, EGIS, 1994.
[34] I. Takken, Spatial evaluation of a physically-based distributed erosion model (LISEM).
[35] Johnson B. E., The two-dimensional upland erosion model CASC2D-SED, American Water Resources Association Journal, 36(1), 31-42 pp., 2000.
[36] J. Schmidt, Application of the EROSION 3D model to the CATSOP watershed, The Netherlands.
[37] A. Heilig, Testing a mechanistic soil erosion model with a simple experiment, Journal of Hydrology 244 (2001).
[38] Mohamed Rinos M. H., Empirical erosion modeling in GIS with multi-sensor and multi-temporal satellite data, Tropical Agricultural Research, 13, 2001.
[39] MARK BAMBURY, Development of a Conceptual Soil Erosion Model for Ghana.
[40] Jian Guo Liu, A RS/GIS study of rapid erosion in SE Spain using ERS SAR multitemporal interferometric coherence imagery.
[41] Krishna Pahari, Remote Sensing and GIS for sustainable watershed management: a study from nepal, the 4th International Symposium on High Mountain Remote Sensing
Cartography, Karlstad - Kiruna - Troms, August 19-29, 1996.
[42] Dr. Sohan Wijesekera, Extraction of parameters and modeling soil erosion using GIS in a grid environment, the 22nd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, 5-9 November 2001, Singapore.
[43] Jane R. Frankenberger, A GIS-based variable source area hydrology model, , Hydrol. Process. 13, (1999).
[44] Laura M. Brady, Spatial variability of sediment erosion processes using GIS analysis within watersheds in a historically mined region, Patagonia Mountains, Arizona.
[45] Kim S.J., Modeling approach for grid-based soil-water erosion and deposition using GIS and RS, Korean National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (KCID), B16P, 2001.
[46] Nadeem Hashem, High spatial resolution soil erosion modeling using remote sensing and GIS.
[47] 赵帮元，TM卫星图像几何纠正技术方法浅探，中国水土保持，2000年第6期；CASC2D-SE
[48] 李宏伟等，遥感图像信息处理与制图，中国人民解放军测绘学院，1998年6月；
[49] 朱述龙等，遥感图像获取与分析，科学出版社，2000年4月；
[50] ESRI, Using the ArcView Spatial Analysis, 1996.
[51] ESRI, Modeling Our World - The ESRI Guide to Geodatabase Design, 1999.
[52] Robert Hickey. Slope Angle and Slope Length Solutions for GIS, Cartography
[53] Hickey, R, A. Smith, and P. Jankowski, 1994, Slope length calculations from a DEM within ARC/INFO GRID, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, v. 18, no. 5.
[54] J. Adinarayana, A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment.
[55] Boggs G., GIS-based rapid assessment of erosion risk in a small catchment in the wet/dry tropics of Australia, Land Degradation and Development, 12(5), 2001.
[56] Rafaelli S. G., A comparison of thematic mapping of erosional intensity to GIS-driven process models in an Andean drainage basin, Journal of Hydrology, 244(1/2), 2001.
[57] Rodney R. White, Gis-based erosion management outreach program (SEMGIS II) for china: consolidation and training 1996-2001.
[58] Millward A. A., Conservation strategies for effective land management of protected areas using an erosion prediction information system (EPIS), Journal of Environmental Management, 2001, 61.
[59] Helena Mitasova, Erosion/deposition modeling with USPED using GIS.
[60] A. Pistocchi, G. Cassani and O. Zani, Use of the USPED model for mapping soil erosion and managing best land conservation practices.
[61] Matthew Dunn and Robert Hickey, The effect of slope algorithms on slope estimates within a GIS, Cartography.
[62] Jha Raghunath, Potential Erosion Map For Bagmati Basin Using GRASS GIS, Proceedings of the Open source GIS-GRASS users conference 2002 - Trento, Italy, 11-13 September 2002.
[63] Licciardello F., Runoff and soil erosion modeling in a small Sicilian watershed, American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, 298-301 pp. 2001.
[64] Duchemin M., Geomatic approach for simulating erosion and sediment transport at the small catchment scale, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, 36(3), 435-473 pp., 2001.
[65] Rankinen K., Modeling of vegetative filter strips in catchment scale erosion control, Agricultural and Food Science in Finland, 10(2), 99-112 pp., 2001.
[66] Bayat R., An investigation of EPM and MPSIAC Model efficiencies in estimating erosion and sediment yield of Taleghan watershed using GIS, Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(1), 203-217 pp., 2001.
[67] C.M. Mannaerts, A probabilistic approach for predicting rainfall soil erosion losses in semiarid areas.
[68] D. de la Rosa, Assessment of soil erosion vulnerability in western Europe and potential impact on crop productivity due to loss of soil depth using the ImpelERO model, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 81 (2000) 179-190.