氯虫苯甲酰胺等药剂对双季水稻主要捕食性天敌影响研究
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摘要
化学杀虫剂由于其经济、方便、简单和速效的特点,被广泛使用于害虫治理中,甚至在特别强调生态环境平衡与保护的今天,仍然不得不承认它是害虫综合治理中的必要手段。然而长期大量单一使用化学杀虫剂不仅破坏了有害生物种群的自然调控,而且影响生态系统的平衡。因此合理高效使用杀虫剂、协调化学防治与生物防治等综合防治手段对天敌自然控害功能的发挥具有显著和长远的作用。本试验通过在室内毒力测定和大田试验,研究了氯虫苯甲酰胺等杀虫剂对二种优势种蜘蛛的室内毒力以及对双季稻田中主要捕食性天敌昆虫数量及群落多样性的影响。主要研究结果如下：
1.采用管壁药膜法进行的室内毒力测定表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺对稻田蜘蛛毒力很小,对大型蜘蛛毒性更小,阿维菌素则对捕食性天敌蜘蛛毒性相对较大。阿维菌素对拟环纹豹蛛最高毒力较氯虫苯甲酰胺同期(同为药后14d)高7.7倍,最低毒力较氯虫苯甲酰胺相应比较高13.8倍。
2.大田试验中,双季早、晚稻田共7次用药,在水稻生育期内用氯虫苯甲酰胺处理稻区主要捕食性天敌蜘蛛、宽黾蝽、瓢虫、隐翅虫和黑肩绿盲蝽的种群数量影响均很小,和清水对照处理相近,用阿维菌素处理的影响则相对较显著。
3.通过田间定期定点调查表明,湘阴县双季稻田捕食性天敌中主要有蜘蛛13科41种,主要优势种是拟环纹豹蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛、类水狼蛛、八斑鞘腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、园尾肖蛸、锥腹肖蛸、拟水狼蛛、粽管巢蛛等9种；其他昆虫天敌优势种4种,分别是瓢虫、宽黾蝽、隐翅虫和黑肩绿盲蝽。用阿维菌素对捕食性天敌种群数量消长影响相对较显著,用氯虫苯甲酰胺则影响很小。以群落多样性指数、均匀度和丰富度等生态学常用特征参数衡量不同处理对蜘蛛及天敌群落的影响表明,用阿维菌素处理使丰富度和多样性指数均下降,对群落稳定性的干扰强,用氯虫苯甲酰胺处理则影响很小,其参数和清水对照处理的接近。
Instead of natural control to the pests, long-term and frequent application of chemical insecticides had destroyed the balance of ecosystem. Due to the advantages of convenience, simplification and economization, chemical insecticides was widely used and regarded as an important means of pest management at present when environment protection was stressed deeply. It was significant to harmonize chemical management and bio-control for the function of natural enemies. This paper was divided into three parts:PartⅠtested the toxicity of 3 insecticides, which were Chlorantraniliprole Metaflumizone and Avermectins, to two kinds of spiders; PartⅡcontained the effects of 3 kinds of insecticides on main predatory natural enemies; In partⅢwe had discussed the effects of those different insecticides on community diversity of main predatory natural enemies. The results were summarized as follows:
1. The results of the toxicity of 3insecticides, which were Chlorantraniliprole Metaflumizone and Avermectins, to two kinds of spiders showed that the toxicity of Chlorantraniliprole to spiders was very small, and even smaller to large spiders; Avermectins had great toxic on spiders. The highest toxicity of Avermectins to Pirata subiraticus was 7.7 times higher than that of Chlorantraniliprole (in the same period of 14d). The lowest toxicity of deltamethrin to Pirata subiraticus was 13.8 times higher than that of Chlorantraniliprole (in the same period).
2. There were seven times using of insecticides in the double-cropping paddy field. Chlorantraniliprole had low effect on the population of main predatory natural enemies, such as spiders, Coccinellidae sp., Microvelia sp., Paederus sp., Cyrtorrhinus sp. in rice growth stages, which was similar to those of contrast. The had high effect on the population of main predatory natural enemies.
3. Based on preliminary investigation in fixed position in Xiangyin,41 species 13 families of spiders and 4 other main species of insect natural enemies were found in the community of predatory natural enemies of double-cropping paddy fields. The dominant of the spider community were Pardosa Pseudaannulata, Pirata Subiraticus, Pirata Pibberum, and so on. The 4 other main species of insect natural enemies were Coccinellidae sp., Microvelia sp., Paederus sp. Cyrtorrhinus sp,. The Avermectins had high effect on the population dynamics of main predatory natural enemy community, and Chlorantraniliprole had low effect on it. The ecological parameters, diversity index, richness and evenness, were used to evaluate effects of two sorts of insecticides on predatory natural enemy community. The results showed that the Avermectins decreased diversity index and richness, and had strong interference on the stability of predatory natural enemy community. Chlorantraniliprole had very low influence on predatory natural enemy community, and its parameters were similar to those of contrast.
1.采用管壁药膜法进行的室内毒力测定表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺对稻田蜘蛛毒力很小,对大型蜘蛛毒性更小,阿维菌素则对捕食性天敌蜘蛛毒性相对较大。阿维菌素对拟环纹豹蛛最高毒力较氯虫苯甲酰胺同期(同为药后14d)高7.7倍,最低毒力较氯虫苯甲酰胺相应比较高13.8倍。
2.大田试验中,双季早、晚稻田共7次用药,在水稻生育期内用氯虫苯甲酰胺处理稻区主要捕食性天敌蜘蛛、宽黾蝽、瓢虫、隐翅虫和黑肩绿盲蝽的种群数量影响均很小,和清水对照处理相近,用阿维菌素处理的影响则相对较显著。
3.通过田间定期定点调查表明,湘阴县双季稻田捕食性天敌中主要有蜘蛛13科41种,主要优势种是拟环纹豹蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛、类水狼蛛、八斑鞘腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、园尾肖蛸、锥腹肖蛸、拟水狼蛛、粽管巢蛛等9种；其他昆虫天敌优势种4种,分别是瓢虫、宽黾蝽、隐翅虫和黑肩绿盲蝽。用阿维菌素对捕食性天敌种群数量消长影响相对较显著,用氯虫苯甲酰胺则影响很小。以群落多样性指数、均匀度和丰富度等生态学常用特征参数衡量不同处理对蜘蛛及天敌群落的影响表明,用阿维菌素处理使丰富度和多样性指数均下降,对群落稳定性的干扰强,用氯虫苯甲酰胺处理则影响很小,其参数和清水对照处理的接近。
Instead of natural control to the pests, long-term and frequent application of chemical insecticides had destroyed the balance of ecosystem. Due to the advantages of convenience, simplification and economization, chemical insecticides was widely used and regarded as an important means of pest management at present when environment protection was stressed deeply. It was significant to harmonize chemical management and bio-control for the function of natural enemies. This paper was divided into three parts:PartⅠtested the toxicity of 3 insecticides, which were Chlorantraniliprole Metaflumizone and Avermectins, to two kinds of spiders; PartⅡcontained the effects of 3 kinds of insecticides on main predatory natural enemies; In partⅢwe had discussed the effects of those different insecticides on community diversity of main predatory natural enemies. The results were summarized as follows:
1. The results of the toxicity of 3insecticides, which were Chlorantraniliprole Metaflumizone and Avermectins, to two kinds of spiders showed that the toxicity of Chlorantraniliprole to spiders was very small, and even smaller to large spiders; Avermectins had great toxic on spiders. The highest toxicity of Avermectins to Pirata subiraticus was 7.7 times higher than that of Chlorantraniliprole (in the same period of 14d). The lowest toxicity of deltamethrin to Pirata subiraticus was 13.8 times higher than that of Chlorantraniliprole (in the same period).
2. There were seven times using of insecticides in the double-cropping paddy field. Chlorantraniliprole had low effect on the population of main predatory natural enemies, such as spiders, Coccinellidae sp., Microvelia sp., Paederus sp., Cyrtorrhinus sp. in rice growth stages, which was similar to those of contrast. The had high effect on the population of main predatory natural enemies.
3. Based on preliminary investigation in fixed position in Xiangyin,41 species 13 families of spiders and 4 other main species of insect natural enemies were found in the community of predatory natural enemies of double-cropping paddy fields. The dominant of the spider community were Pardosa Pseudaannulata, Pirata Subiraticus, Pirata Pibberum, and so on. The 4 other main species of insect natural enemies were Coccinellidae sp., Microvelia sp., Paederus sp. Cyrtorrhinus sp,. The Avermectins had high effect on the population dynamics of main predatory natural enemy community, and Chlorantraniliprole had low effect on it. The ecological parameters, diversity index, richness and evenness, were used to evaluate effects of two sorts of insecticides on predatory natural enemy community. The results showed that the Avermectins decreased diversity index and richness, and had strong interference on the stability of predatory natural enemy community. Chlorantraniliprole had very low influence on predatory natural enemy community, and its parameters were similar to those of contrast.
引文
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