线性工程路基岩溶土洞（塌陷）灾害防治综合研究
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摘要
岩溶土洞(塌陷)是岩溶区线性工程路基施工中的主要地质灾害,本文通过对广西桂林-阳朔高速公路、广州地铁2#延长段、广西贵港西气东输二线工程及辽宁鞍山哈尔滨-大连铁路客运专线等四个典型线性工程路基岩溶土洞(塌陷)的详细剖析,从形成演化机理试验研究、探测技术研究、监测预警技术研究和处置方法等四个方面,初步建立了较为有效的线性工程岩溶土洞(塌陷)灾害防治体系:
一、岩溶土洞的机理研究方面
通过四个典型区岩溶土洞的剖析和实验分析,揭示在岩溶土洞的形成演化过程中,地下水的渗透变形破坏、崩解效应起了重要作用,但在一定条件下,地下水对土体的溶滤作用不可忽视。
从勘探结果来看,土洞主要存在于两种土层结构模式中:有含水层的多元结构土层、无含水层的单一结构土层。多元结构土层中的土洞主要在基岩面附近。单一结构土层土洞主要发育在包气带内,这是土洞向上扩展的结果。
二、岩溶土洞(塌陷)的探测技术方面
通过高密度电法、浅层地震和地质雷达的现场对比试验,结果表明:具有连续测量特点的地质雷达是探测岩溶土洞的最佳方法。
三、岩溶土洞(塌陷)的监测预警方面
本次工作对同轴电缆时域反射(TDR)技术监测土洞的可行性和可靠性进行试验研究,表明具有分布式特点的TDR技术在线性工程岩溶土洞的空间定位方面具有极大的优势,能够有效确定土洞的空间位置,定位精度可达1.0m。
既是传输介质又是传感器的同轴电缆的埋设直接影响TDR监测预报岩溶土洞的效果,通过实体工程,对比了三种埋设方法,结果表明,在线性工程施工条件下,梁式胶结同轴电缆方式可以满足要求。
为了实现岩溶土洞形成演化过程的现场监测预报,本次研究在桂林-阳朔高速公路K14+550～K14+650长约100m路段建成了岩溶土洞(塌陷)监测预警站,首次采用综合监测方法,对岩溶土洞的动力条件(包括大气降雨、岩溶地下水动态)进行实时监测,监测土洞异常的TDR测量频率为每月1次,最后,通过地质雷达扫描,对异常进行复核。
四、岩溶土洞的处置方面
目前,岩溶土洞(塌陷)的处理多数采用开挖-换填法、注浆法。本次研究表明,在岩溶地下水位承压的条件下,局部开挖-换填法很容易在周围的土-石界面诱发更多的土洞,因此,应采用注浆方法填塞土洞,提高抗塌能力。此外,地质雷达扫描可有效地检测岩溶土洞(塌陷)注浆处理效果。
Subsurface soil-voids and sinkhole collapses are main geological hazards during linear engineering construction in the karst regions. In this research, four constructing linear engineering sites, the Guilin-Yangshuo Highway, Guangxi Province, the Extension Section of 2nd Line Subway in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, the Guiguang Section of the 2nd West-East Gas Pipeline, Guangxi Province, and the Anshan Section of the Express Railway from Harbin to Dalian, Liaoning Province, have been selected as typical sites. Through comprehensive analysis of the results of soil-void formation mechanism test, geophysical and drilling exploration, sinkhole monitoring and treatment, a primary system of soil-void prevention and treatment has been established.
1. The mechanism of soil-void formation
For mechanism analysis of soil-void formation, laboratory tests of undisturbed soil samples, including seepage deformation test, modified pinhole test, slaking test, and chemical composition test have been taken. The results show soil seepage failure and disintegration induced by groundwater flow play an important part in the process of soil-void formation, and lixiviation should not be neglected in some condition.
The exploration indicates soil-voids usually exist in two modes of soil structure, multi-layer with shallow aquifer and single-layer without shallow aquifer. In the multi-layers mode, most soil-voids locates nearby bedrock surface where is under groundwater table, and in the single layer mode, soil-voids are generally at the unsaturated zone, it should be the result of soil-cave development upward.
2. Exploration of subsurface soil voids
In order to select a suitable geophysical method to detect locations of subsurface soil-voids (potential sinkholes), Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Multi-electrode Electric Resistivity, and Shallow Seismic Reflection were used for survey in the research sites. Comparison of the three geophysical methods indicates that GPR can detect subsurface soil voids in a more effective and timely manner.
3. Monitoring of soil-voids (sinkholes) formation
Through the feasibility and reliability tests of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) monitoring soil-voids, it is proved that the TDR is effective to monitoring soil-voids and potential sinkholes along linear engineering, because of unique features such as distributed measurement, long distance range, high resolution, cost-effective and remote monitoring. The precise of soil-void location defined by TDR is about one meter.
The coaxial cable is both the transmission line and sensor, so coaxial cable installation will influence the validity of soil-void monitoring and forecasting. The tests of three different installation methods indicate that the coaxial cable beamy covered by cement-sands is the suitable way for soil-void monitoring under the linear engineering construction.
The station of long-term monitoring and forecasting of soil-void and potential sinkhole was established at Guilin-Yangshuo highway on Dec. 21, 2006. From the milestone K14+550 to K14+650, five parallel lines of coaxial cables, with a 3 meters space between, were installed on the subgrade. Additionally, a piezometer datalogger and a rain gauge were installed to measured groundwater pressure in karst opening and precipitation, and GPR was used to scan along the same lines to confirm the abnormity of TDR.
4. Treatment of soil-voids (potential sinkhole)
Excavation backfill and grouting are widely used to treat the soil-voids and sinkholes. This research indicates that excavation will create new soil-voids around the interface of soil and backfill block-stone if groundwater was confined, because the block-stone exists space and makes seepage deformation easily happen in circumjacent soil. So filling the soil-void with grout is a better way to treat soil-voids and potential sinkholes. For the very good reflection in the GPR image, GPR can also be used to verify grouting quality.
一、岩溶土洞的机理研究方面
通过四个典型区岩溶土洞的剖析和实验分析,揭示在岩溶土洞的形成演化过程中,地下水的渗透变形破坏、崩解效应起了重要作用,但在一定条件下,地下水对土体的溶滤作用不可忽视。
从勘探结果来看,土洞主要存在于两种土层结构模式中:有含水层的多元结构土层、无含水层的单一结构土层。多元结构土层中的土洞主要在基岩面附近。单一结构土层土洞主要发育在包气带内,这是土洞向上扩展的结果。
二、岩溶土洞(塌陷)的探测技术方面
通过高密度电法、浅层地震和地质雷达的现场对比试验,结果表明:具有连续测量特点的地质雷达是探测岩溶土洞的最佳方法。
三、岩溶土洞(塌陷)的监测预警方面
本次工作对同轴电缆时域反射(TDR)技术监测土洞的可行性和可靠性进行试验研究,表明具有分布式特点的TDR技术在线性工程岩溶土洞的空间定位方面具有极大的优势,能够有效确定土洞的空间位置,定位精度可达1.0m。
既是传输介质又是传感器的同轴电缆的埋设直接影响TDR监测预报岩溶土洞的效果,通过实体工程,对比了三种埋设方法,结果表明,在线性工程施工条件下,梁式胶结同轴电缆方式可以满足要求。
为了实现岩溶土洞形成演化过程的现场监测预报,本次研究在桂林-阳朔高速公路K14+550～K14+650长约100m路段建成了岩溶土洞(塌陷)监测预警站,首次采用综合监测方法,对岩溶土洞的动力条件(包括大气降雨、岩溶地下水动态)进行实时监测,监测土洞异常的TDR测量频率为每月1次,最后,通过地质雷达扫描,对异常进行复核。
四、岩溶土洞的处置方面
目前,岩溶土洞(塌陷)的处理多数采用开挖-换填法、注浆法。本次研究表明,在岩溶地下水位承压的条件下,局部开挖-换填法很容易在周围的土-石界面诱发更多的土洞,因此,应采用注浆方法填塞土洞,提高抗塌能力。此外,地质雷达扫描可有效地检测岩溶土洞(塌陷)注浆处理效果。
Subsurface soil-voids and sinkhole collapses are main geological hazards during linear engineering construction in the karst regions. In this research, four constructing linear engineering sites, the Guilin-Yangshuo Highway, Guangxi Province, the Extension Section of 2nd Line Subway in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, the Guiguang Section of the 2nd West-East Gas Pipeline, Guangxi Province, and the Anshan Section of the Express Railway from Harbin to Dalian, Liaoning Province, have been selected as typical sites. Through comprehensive analysis of the results of soil-void formation mechanism test, geophysical and drilling exploration, sinkhole monitoring and treatment, a primary system of soil-void prevention and treatment has been established.
1. The mechanism of soil-void formation
For mechanism analysis of soil-void formation, laboratory tests of undisturbed soil samples, including seepage deformation test, modified pinhole test, slaking test, and chemical composition test have been taken. The results show soil seepage failure and disintegration induced by groundwater flow play an important part in the process of soil-void formation, and lixiviation should not be neglected in some condition.
The exploration indicates soil-voids usually exist in two modes of soil structure, multi-layer with shallow aquifer and single-layer without shallow aquifer. In the multi-layers mode, most soil-voids locates nearby bedrock surface where is under groundwater table, and in the single layer mode, soil-voids are generally at the unsaturated zone, it should be the result of soil-cave development upward.
2. Exploration of subsurface soil voids
In order to select a suitable geophysical method to detect locations of subsurface soil-voids (potential sinkholes), Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Multi-electrode Electric Resistivity, and Shallow Seismic Reflection were used for survey in the research sites. Comparison of the three geophysical methods indicates that GPR can detect subsurface soil voids in a more effective and timely manner.
3. Monitoring of soil-voids (sinkholes) formation
Through the feasibility and reliability tests of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) monitoring soil-voids, it is proved that the TDR is effective to monitoring soil-voids and potential sinkholes along linear engineering, because of unique features such as distributed measurement, long distance range, high resolution, cost-effective and remote monitoring. The precise of soil-void location defined by TDR is about one meter.
The coaxial cable is both the transmission line and sensor, so coaxial cable installation will influence the validity of soil-void monitoring and forecasting. The tests of three different installation methods indicate that the coaxial cable beamy covered by cement-sands is the suitable way for soil-void monitoring under the linear engineering construction.
The station of long-term monitoring and forecasting of soil-void and potential sinkhole was established at Guilin-Yangshuo highway on Dec. 21, 2006. From the milestone K14+550 to K14+650, five parallel lines of coaxial cables, with a 3 meters space between, were installed on the subgrade. Additionally, a piezometer datalogger and a rain gauge were installed to measured groundwater pressure in karst opening and precipitation, and GPR was used to scan along the same lines to confirm the abnormity of TDR.
4. Treatment of soil-voids (potential sinkhole)
Excavation backfill and grouting are widely used to treat the soil-voids and sinkholes. This research indicates that excavation will create new soil-voids around the interface of soil and backfill block-stone if groundwater was confined, because the block-stone exists space and makes seepage deformation easily happen in circumjacent soil. So filling the soil-void with grout is a better way to treat soil-voids and potential sinkholes. For the very good reflection in the GPR image, GPR can also be used to verify grouting quality.
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