节理裂隙岩体隧道爆破有限元分析
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摘要
钻爆法是山岭隧道施工采用的主要方法,由于岩体中节理裂隙纵横交错,对爆破产生非常重要的影响,导致超挖和欠挖现象时常发生。由于节理裂隙加剧了岩体爆破的复杂性,目前对爆破影响范围的确定一般只能采用事后测试手段,而测试条件又有很多局限性和狭隘性。研究节理裂隙岩体在爆破作用下的破碎机理,分析节理裂隙特征和岩体自身特性对爆破效果的影响,确定合理的爆破参数,减少超欠挖现象和塌方事故,得到最佳隧道轮廓,一直是国内外岩体力学界关注的重点课题。本文将采用有限元方法对节理裂隙岩体的爆破进行分析研究。
本文首先分析研究了节理裂隙岩体的物理力学特征及其对爆破的影响规律;依此在ANSYS/LS-DYNA中建立了岩体爆破模拟模型、炸药模型,并确定了岩体破坏准则及空气状态方程;最后利用模型对完整岩体爆破过程、节理方位、强度、宽度对爆破效果的影响进行了研究,并获得了初步结论,为进一步深入研究奠定了基础。
The complexity of rock mass blasting is aggravated by Joints. At present, the determination of blasting influence scope is generally tested by afterwards means, and the test condition has many limitations and parochialisms. Study the mechanics of jointed rock under blasting and analysis the property of joint and rock affecting on blasting result to get rational blasting parameter and decrease overbreak and underbreak for fine profile of tunnel, which is paid attention in rock mechanics academic circle home and abroad, and is also the purpose and meaning of this paper.
Because theory calculation needs lots of simplifies and the cost of experiment research is much too high, numerical analog method has become the main tool to resolve science and technology problems with the quick development and extensive application of computers. Numerical analog method also has been successfully applied in blasting area. It makes numerical analog of dynamic damage phenomenon of materials by mathematical physics that approaches actual conditions, in order to show the whole process of rock mass blasting and its effect. Therefore, it helps to deeply understand the mechanics of rock mass blasting and attack damage. Besides, it can be checked mutually with the theory calculation and experiment research, so as to provide better service for actual engineering.
This paper studies the effect of geometric and mechanical characters of joint rock mass to blasting effect. It uses ANSYS/LS-DYNA dynamic finite element code to analog the cracking process of joint rock mass under blasting loads, and analyzes the blasting rule. It establishes blasting rock mass model, damage rule, explosion model and state equation by the character of rock mass blasting. The paper makes numerical analog of rock mass blasting on tunnel face that has many kinds of joint, gets effective stress and maximum shearing stress when the rock mass is blasting, and analyzes the influence rule of joints to blasting effect. The process of building model in ANSYS/LS-DYNA has been shown simply, and non-reflecting boundary has been applied in simulating endless rack mass. Good results have been gained by adding non-reflecting to the model of 3D multi-layer mesh.
As for the study subject in this paper, there are two algorithms to be chosen, Lagrange and ALE. In order to determine which is better, two kinds of blasting hole axial direction numerical model in tunnel face has been built and the result indicated that the blasting effect with Lagrange method is more close to the practice and more convenient to build model. Therefore, Lagrange method has been used in the simulation and analysis in this paper.
The failure character of rock mass under dynamical load is unclear,which is at a controversial stage, in the other words, there is a distance to the stage of accurate mathematics description. For avoiding the unfavorable factor and ensuring the reliability of modeling process and the conclusion, the constitutive property of material has been simplified, with assumption that rock mass belongs to elastic-plastic medium. Using Mises yield condition, the change of effective stress of elements has been used to describe the failure property of rock mass, and then the influence of joints on the rock mass by blasting can be analyzed.
Builting 3D numerical model of intact rock mass by blasting and axial direction charge structure model, the dynamical process of rock mass by blasting has been gained and pave the way for further study. The models of decoupling charge and coupling charge in radial direction have been built respectively to analysis the blasting effect of the two models. The result shows that decoupling charge can produce sound simulation of blasting process. so that the models in this paper will adopt decoupling charge.
Discuss the influence of joints direction on the blasting effects: 1)The position of Joints to the tunnel excavation boundary has affect on the blasting effects that overbreak will appear when the joint is between the blasting hole and tunnel excavation boundary, while underbreak would appear when the joint is out of the excavation boundary.
2)Build the model of jointed rock mass by blasting with single joint which has intersection angle 45°and 60°with the horizontal line。The results show that there appear overbreak and underbreak. Advise to increase the number of blasting hole to solve the problem of underbreak and to drill empty hole to solve the problem of overbreak.
3)Build the tunnel rock mass blasting models with 0°、45°、90°and 135°joints, and by the method of effective stress analysis, the barrier of joints to the stress wave results in the problem of overbreak and underbreak in tunnel rock mass.
Through adopting the curve the change of the effective stress as time in several elements, study how the effective stress decays before and after improve the strength of joints. The result shows that the strength of joints is a very important factor to the stress wave decay.
Three rock mass blasting models have been built, with joint width 0.5cm, 1cm and 2cm, and the influence of the width of joints on the rock mass blasting effective has been discussed. The results show that the width of joints has not very much influence to the propagation of the stress wave.
本文首先分析研究了节理裂隙岩体的物理力学特征及其对爆破的影响规律;依此在ANSYS/LS-DYNA中建立了岩体爆破模拟模型、炸药模型,并确定了岩体破坏准则及空气状态方程;最后利用模型对完整岩体爆破过程、节理方位、强度、宽度对爆破效果的影响进行了研究,并获得了初步结论,为进一步深入研究奠定了基础。
The complexity of rock mass blasting is aggravated by Joints. At present, the determination of blasting influence scope is generally tested by afterwards means, and the test condition has many limitations and parochialisms. Study the mechanics of jointed rock under blasting and analysis the property of joint and rock affecting on blasting result to get rational blasting parameter and decrease overbreak and underbreak for fine profile of tunnel, which is paid attention in rock mechanics academic circle home and abroad, and is also the purpose and meaning of this paper.
Because theory calculation needs lots of simplifies and the cost of experiment research is much too high, numerical analog method has become the main tool to resolve science and technology problems with the quick development and extensive application of computers. Numerical analog method also has been successfully applied in blasting area. It makes numerical analog of dynamic damage phenomenon of materials by mathematical physics that approaches actual conditions, in order to show the whole process of rock mass blasting and its effect. Therefore, it helps to deeply understand the mechanics of rock mass blasting and attack damage. Besides, it can be checked mutually with the theory calculation and experiment research, so as to provide better service for actual engineering.
This paper studies the effect of geometric and mechanical characters of joint rock mass to blasting effect. It uses ANSYS/LS-DYNA dynamic finite element code to analog the cracking process of joint rock mass under blasting loads, and analyzes the blasting rule. It establishes blasting rock mass model, damage rule, explosion model and state equation by the character of rock mass blasting. The paper makes numerical analog of rock mass blasting on tunnel face that has many kinds of joint, gets effective stress and maximum shearing stress when the rock mass is blasting, and analyzes the influence rule of joints to blasting effect. The process of building model in ANSYS/LS-DYNA has been shown simply, and non-reflecting boundary has been applied in simulating endless rack mass. Good results have been gained by adding non-reflecting to the model of 3D multi-layer mesh.
As for the study subject in this paper, there are two algorithms to be chosen, Lagrange and ALE. In order to determine which is better, two kinds of blasting hole axial direction numerical model in tunnel face has been built and the result indicated that the blasting effect with Lagrange method is more close to the practice and more convenient to build model. Therefore, Lagrange method has been used in the simulation and analysis in this paper.
The failure character of rock mass under dynamical load is unclear,which is at a controversial stage, in the other words, there is a distance to the stage of accurate mathematics description. For avoiding the unfavorable factor and ensuring the reliability of modeling process and the conclusion, the constitutive property of material has been simplified, with assumption that rock mass belongs to elastic-plastic medium. Using Mises yield condition, the change of effective stress of elements has been used to describe the failure property of rock mass, and then the influence of joints on the rock mass by blasting can be analyzed.
Builting 3D numerical model of intact rock mass by blasting and axial direction charge structure model, the dynamical process of rock mass by blasting has been gained and pave the way for further study. The models of decoupling charge and coupling charge in radial direction have been built respectively to analysis the blasting effect of the two models. The result shows that decoupling charge can produce sound simulation of blasting process. so that the models in this paper will adopt decoupling charge.
Discuss the influence of joints direction on the blasting effects: 1)The position of Joints to the tunnel excavation boundary has affect on the blasting effects that overbreak will appear when the joint is between the blasting hole and tunnel excavation boundary, while underbreak would appear when the joint is out of the excavation boundary.
2)Build the model of jointed rock mass by blasting with single joint which has intersection angle 45°and 60°with the horizontal line。The results show that there appear overbreak and underbreak. Advise to increase the number of blasting hole to solve the problem of underbreak and to drill empty hole to solve the problem of overbreak.
3)Build the tunnel rock mass blasting models with 0°、45°、90°and 135°joints, and by the method of effective stress analysis, the barrier of joints to the stress wave results in the problem of overbreak and underbreak in tunnel rock mass.
Through adopting the curve the change of the effective stress as time in several elements, study how the effective stress decays before and after improve the strength of joints. The result shows that the strength of joints is a very important factor to the stress wave decay.
Three rock mass blasting models have been built, with joint width 0.5cm, 1cm and 2cm, and the influence of the width of joints on the rock mass blasting effective has been discussed. The results show that the width of joints has not very much influence to the propagation of the stress wave.
引文
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[3] Ash.R.L.,Pit and Quarry,1963,98-100
[4] Ash,R.L.,Ph.D.Symp.on Rock Mechanics, New YORK,1979,119-121
[5] Barker,D.B.,20thU.S..Symp.On Rock Mechanics, Austrain,1979,119-12
[6] Fourney, W.L. 1th Int. Symp. On Rock Frag. By Blasting, Lulea, Sweden,1983, 505-513
[7] Danell,R.E., 2th Int.Symp.On Rock Frag. By Blasting,U.S.,1987
[8] Ming Cai and Horii, H., Mechanics of Materials,1992,13,217-246
[9] Rossmanith,H.P.,Proc.Int.,Symp.On Fracture and Damage of Concrete and Rock,Vienna,London,1993,356-365
[10] 尚嘉兰,郭汉彦,岩体裂缝对应力波传播的影响[J],防护工程学术交流会议论文集,1979,91-98
[11] 王明洋,钱七虎,爆破应力波通过节理裂隙带的衰减规律[J],岩土工程学报,Vol.17,No.2, 42-46
[12] 李夕兵,论岩体软弱结构面对应力波传播的影响[J],爆炸与冲击,1993,Vol.13,No.4,334-342
[13] 张奇,高金石,爆破理论与爆破优化,西安地图出版社[M],1992
[14] 何思为,裂隙岩体爆破破碎的理论与应用研究[D],中国地质大学博士论文,1992
[15] 张继春,节理岩体爆破的块度研究[D],东北大学博士论文,1993
[16] Pyak-Nolte L J. Seismic visibility of fractures [D]. Department ofMaterials Science and Mineral Engineering, University of California,Berkeley,CA,1988
[17] Cai J G, Zhao J.Effects of multiple paral1el fracnires on apparent attenuation of stress waves in rock mass[J], International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2000,37
[18] Zhao J,Zhou Y X, Hefny AM.etc.Rock dynamic research related to cavern development for ammunition storage [J].Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,1999,14(4)
[19] Frazer L N. SH propagation in rocks with planar fractures [J]. Geophysical Jounal Intenational,1995,122(1)
[20] Pyrak-Nolte L J.Myer LR,Cook NGW.Anisotropy in Scismic velocities and amplitudes from multiple parallel fractures[J].Journal of Geophysical Reseach,1990,95(11)
[21] Zhao J,Cai J G..Transmission of elastic P-wave across single fracture with a nonlineare normal deformation behavior [J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2001,34(1).
[22] Cai J G,Zhao J.A study of UDEC modeling on effects of nonlinear deformational behavior of a fracture on P-Wave attenuation[J].International Conference on Geotech-nical &Geological Engineering. Melbourne, Austrilia Nov, 2001, 34(1).
[23] Chen S G,Zhao J.A study of UDEC modeling for blast Propagation in jointed rock masses[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1998.
[24] Chen S G,Cai J G,Zhao J.Discrete element modeling of an underground explosion in a jointed rock mass[J].Geotechnical and GeologicalEngineering ,2000,18.
[25] Chen S G,Jain M,Zhao J. etc.Considerations in discrete element modeling of explosion problems in rock masses[J].3th Asia-Pacific Conference on SHOCK &IMPACT LOADS ON STRUCTURES.Singapore: November,1999,24-26
[26] Chen S G,Cai J G,Zhao J.etc.3DEC modeling of a small-scale field explosion test[J].The 4th North American Rock Mechanics Symposium:USA: August 2000.
[27] 郭易圆,李世海,有限长岩柱中纵波传播规律的离散元数值分析[J],岩石力学与工程学报,21(8),2002
[28] 李宁,张平,段庆伟,Swoboda G,裂隙岩体的细观动力损伤模型[J],岩石力学与工程学报 21(8),2002
[29] 张志毅等,交通土建工程爆破工程师手册[M],人民交通出版社,2002,10
[30] 李世平.岩石力学简明教程[M].徐州,中国矿业大学出版社,1986
[31] 张强勇,多裂隙岩体三维加锚损伤断裂模型及其数值模拟与工程应用研究,中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所博士学位论文[D],1998
[32] 李先纬,岩体力学性质[M],北京,煤炭工业出版社,1990
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