梨果实生物活性物质含量与大棚梨生长发育特性的研究
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摘要
本文采用高效液相色谱法系统分析了白梨、秋子梨、砂梨、新疆梨等35个品种梨果实中的熊果苷、没食子酸、咖啡酸、绿原酸、柚皮苷、儿茶素、表儿茶素、芦丁和槲皮素等生物活性物质组分的含量,并对大棚内外环境因子与梨树生长发育的关系、大棚栽培条件下‘早生新水’梨树冠层特征、果实品质形成特性进行了研究。主要研究结果如下：
不同种、品种间梨果实中的生物活性物质含量差异显著。不同种间,白梨果实中生物活性物质的含量普遍较高,其次为秋子梨、新疆梨和砂梨。生物活性物质中熊果苷含量最高,其中白梨中的蜜酥梨果实中熊果苷含量达489.33μg/g,其次为儿茶素和表儿茶素、柚皮苷、绿原酸、芦丁、槲皮素、咖啡酸,没食子酸含量在9种生物活性物质组分中含量最低。
大棚内的环境因子与露天条件下有较大差别,主要表现为：在相同物候期下,大棚中的温度、湿度都较露天的高,尤以早期明显。梨树大棚栽培明显提早了物候期,但从初花期经盛花期到落花期,总花期动态变化基本上一致的。大棚栽培与露地栽培的梨新梢生长发育的总时间相近,但大棚栽培的新梢生长量明显高于露地。在果实发育早期,两品种叶片叶绿素a含量大棚的明显比露地的高；果实发育膨大期,两品种露地和大棚叶片叶绿素a含量进一步增加,叶绿素a也相继达到峰值。叶片叶绿素b含量的变化趋势同叶绿素a含量的相似,只是含量没有叶绿素a的高,叶绿素b含量达到峰值时间和也和叶绿素a含量的相似。叶绿素总量的变化趋势也同叶绿素a的变化趋势一致。两品种无论大棚与露地,ch1(a/b)比值约为3：1。果实发育早期大棚‘雪青’叶片类胡萝卜素含量,大棚与露地的叶片类胡萝卜素含量接近。
大棚栽培的梨果实发育过程与露地栽培情况基本一致。前期果实生长速度缓慢,在果实膨大期,大棚果实的生长速率明显高于露地果实；发育过程中果实的可溶性总糖含量总体呈上升趋势,成熟时略有下降,而露地果实成熟时的可溶性糖含量高于大棚；可滴定酸含量变化总体上呈“升-降-平稳”趋势,成熟时大棚的可滴定酸含量比露地的高；Vc含量呈“先升高后降低”趋势,含量低,成熟时Vc露地果实含量高于大棚果实；发育过程中果实硬度比露地的低,成熟时露地和大棚差异不大；果实发育过程中可溶性固形物含量与可溶性糖的含量变化相一致。总体来说,大棚栽培梨果实的品质是下降的。大棚栽培的冠层开度小、冠层总光合光量子通量密度低,也就是棚内光照强度低,是大棚梨果实品质降低的主要因素之一,大棚内过高的温度和湿度容易造成树体的营养生长,对于果实中可溶性固形物、可溶性糖等物质的积累来说是不利的,也是影响大棚梨果实品质的重要因素。
In this paper, the contents of major bioactive substances including arbutin, gallic acid, coffee acid,chlorogenic acid, aurantiamarin, catethin, epicatechin, rutin, quercetin were systematically determined and analysized by high performance liquid chromatography in the fresh fruit of 35 pear cultivars;And study on the relationship between the environmental factors and development of pear tree, the canopy characteristic and the formation of fruit quality characteristics of'Zaosheng xinshui'in greenhouse. the results as followings:
The contents of bioactive substances differed among different varieties and different cultivars of pear fruit. The contents of bioactive substances in P. bretschnrideri Rehd fruits were generally relatively high, followed by in P. ussuriensis Msxim, P. pyrifolia Burm Nakai, and P. sinkiangensis Yu fruits. Among different kinds of bioactive substances, arbutin content was the highest in fruits,and the'misu' of P.bretschnrideri Rehd contains arbutin up to 489.33μg/g, followed by catethin, epicatechin, aurantiamarin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercetin, coffee acid contend; Gallic acid content was the lowest in fruits among the 9 bioactive substances.
The environmental factors were very different in and out the greenhouse, the air temperature and air humidity were higher in the greenhouse than that in the open field at the same time, especially in the early period. The phonological period significantly earlier in greenhouse than in field, but from early blooming stage to after flowering stage, The dynamic changes of total flowering stage are basically same.The time of shoot development in greenhouse and out are closely, but the rate of shoot in greenhouse significantly higher than field. In the early stage of fruit development, chlorophyll a content of two cultivars were in greenhouse higher than in field; in the fruit enlargement period, chlorophyll a content of two cultivars in greenhouse and out were further increase, chlorophyll a have also reach its peak. The shape curve changes of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in lamina were consistent each other; and chlorophyll b content was lower than chlorophyll a. No matter in greenhouse or in field, the ratio of chlorophyll a to b of'Zaosheng xinshui' or'Xueqing' lamina was 3 to 1. Lamina carotenoid content was almost the same both in greenhouse and in field.
The process of fruit development planted in greenhouse and open field were basically the same.Fruit growth was slow in early period, in the fruit enlargement period, the rate of fruit growth in greenhouse was higher than that in open field; The soluble sugar content of fruit presented a trend of upward in the process of development, and decrease a little in mature, and the soluble sugar content of fruit in field was higher than that in greenhouse; Changes of the titratable acid content presented a "up-down-smooth" trend, the titratable acid contents of fruit in greenhouse was higher than those in open field; The vitamin C content of fruit presented a trend of firstly increasing and then decreasing, which was low, The vitamin C content of ripe fruit in open field was higher than that in greenhouse; The hardness of fruit in greenhouse was lower than that in open field before ripe in, but the hardness of ripe fruit in greenhouse and in open field was not significantly. Change of the soluble solids content was liked the soluble sugars content in the process of fruit development. In generally, the quality of pear fruit in Greenhouse was decline. More smaller canopy openness and more lower total PPFDs, the Low light intensity was one of main factor to the quality of pear fruit, too higher temperature and humidity easily lead to the growth of tree nutrition, impact on accumulation of soluble sugar content, soluble solids content in fruits, which were main factors of pear fruits quality in greenhouse.
不同种、品种间梨果实中的生物活性物质含量差异显著。不同种间,白梨果实中生物活性物质的含量普遍较高,其次为秋子梨、新疆梨和砂梨。生物活性物质中熊果苷含量最高,其中白梨中的蜜酥梨果实中熊果苷含量达489.33μg/g,其次为儿茶素和表儿茶素、柚皮苷、绿原酸、芦丁、槲皮素、咖啡酸,没食子酸含量在9种生物活性物质组分中含量最低。
大棚内的环境因子与露天条件下有较大差别,主要表现为：在相同物候期下,大棚中的温度、湿度都较露天的高,尤以早期明显。梨树大棚栽培明显提早了物候期,但从初花期经盛花期到落花期,总花期动态变化基本上一致的。大棚栽培与露地栽培的梨新梢生长发育的总时间相近,但大棚栽培的新梢生长量明显高于露地。在果实发育早期,两品种叶片叶绿素a含量大棚的明显比露地的高；果实发育膨大期,两品种露地和大棚叶片叶绿素a含量进一步增加,叶绿素a也相继达到峰值。叶片叶绿素b含量的变化趋势同叶绿素a含量的相似,只是含量没有叶绿素a的高,叶绿素b含量达到峰值时间和也和叶绿素a含量的相似。叶绿素总量的变化趋势也同叶绿素a的变化趋势一致。两品种无论大棚与露地,ch1(a/b)比值约为3：1。果实发育早期大棚‘雪青’叶片类胡萝卜素含量,大棚与露地的叶片类胡萝卜素含量接近。
大棚栽培的梨果实发育过程与露地栽培情况基本一致。前期果实生长速度缓慢,在果实膨大期,大棚果实的生长速率明显高于露地果实；发育过程中果实的可溶性总糖含量总体呈上升趋势,成熟时略有下降,而露地果实成熟时的可溶性糖含量高于大棚；可滴定酸含量变化总体上呈“升-降-平稳”趋势,成熟时大棚的可滴定酸含量比露地的高；Vc含量呈“先升高后降低”趋势,含量低,成熟时Vc露地果实含量高于大棚果实；发育过程中果实硬度比露地的低,成熟时露地和大棚差异不大；果实发育过程中可溶性固形物含量与可溶性糖的含量变化相一致。总体来说,大棚栽培梨果实的品质是下降的。大棚栽培的冠层开度小、冠层总光合光量子通量密度低,也就是棚内光照强度低,是大棚梨果实品质降低的主要因素之一,大棚内过高的温度和湿度容易造成树体的营养生长,对于果实中可溶性固形物、可溶性糖等物质的积累来说是不利的,也是影响大棚梨果实品质的重要因素。
In this paper, the contents of major bioactive substances including arbutin, gallic acid, coffee acid,chlorogenic acid, aurantiamarin, catethin, epicatechin, rutin, quercetin were systematically determined and analysized by high performance liquid chromatography in the fresh fruit of 35 pear cultivars;And study on the relationship between the environmental factors and development of pear tree, the canopy characteristic and the formation of fruit quality characteristics of'Zaosheng xinshui'in greenhouse. the results as followings:
The contents of bioactive substances differed among different varieties and different cultivars of pear fruit. The contents of bioactive substances in P. bretschnrideri Rehd fruits were generally relatively high, followed by in P. ussuriensis Msxim, P. pyrifolia Burm Nakai, and P. sinkiangensis Yu fruits. Among different kinds of bioactive substances, arbutin content was the highest in fruits,and the'misu' of P.bretschnrideri Rehd contains arbutin up to 489.33μg/g, followed by catethin, epicatechin, aurantiamarin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercetin, coffee acid contend; Gallic acid content was the lowest in fruits among the 9 bioactive substances.
The environmental factors were very different in and out the greenhouse, the air temperature and air humidity were higher in the greenhouse than that in the open field at the same time, especially in the early period. The phonological period significantly earlier in greenhouse than in field, but from early blooming stage to after flowering stage, The dynamic changes of total flowering stage are basically same.The time of shoot development in greenhouse and out are closely, but the rate of shoot in greenhouse significantly higher than field. In the early stage of fruit development, chlorophyll a content of two cultivars were in greenhouse higher than in field; in the fruit enlargement period, chlorophyll a content of two cultivars in greenhouse and out were further increase, chlorophyll a have also reach its peak. The shape curve changes of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in lamina were consistent each other; and chlorophyll b content was lower than chlorophyll a. No matter in greenhouse or in field, the ratio of chlorophyll a to b of'Zaosheng xinshui' or'Xueqing' lamina was 3 to 1. Lamina carotenoid content was almost the same both in greenhouse and in field.
The process of fruit development planted in greenhouse and open field were basically the same.Fruit growth was slow in early period, in the fruit enlargement period, the rate of fruit growth in greenhouse was higher than that in open field; The soluble sugar content of fruit presented a trend of upward in the process of development, and decrease a little in mature, and the soluble sugar content of fruit in field was higher than that in greenhouse; Changes of the titratable acid content presented a "up-down-smooth" trend, the titratable acid contents of fruit in greenhouse was higher than those in open field; The vitamin C content of fruit presented a trend of firstly increasing and then decreasing, which was low, The vitamin C content of ripe fruit in open field was higher than that in greenhouse; The hardness of fruit in greenhouse was lower than that in open field before ripe in, but the hardness of ripe fruit in greenhouse and in open field was not significantly. Change of the soluble solids content was liked the soluble sugars content in the process of fruit development. In generally, the quality of pear fruit in Greenhouse was decline. More smaller canopy openness and more lower total PPFDs, the Low light intensity was one of main factor to the quality of pear fruit, too higher temperature and humidity easily lead to the growth of tree nutrition, impact on accumulation of soluble sugar content, soluble solids content in fruits, which were main factors of pear fruits quality in greenhouse.
引文
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