母源性leptin对肉鸡子代早期生长和肝脏脂肪代谢的影响
|
摘要
本文以三黄肉鸡为实验对象,在研究母鸡日粮添喂半胱胺影响子代生长的过程中,首次在蛋中检测到leptin的存在,发现半胱胺导致母鸡leptin合成和分泌的改变,并使蛋中leptin沉积显著增加。因此,提出leptin可能作为一种信号物质介导半胱胺对肉鸡子代生长程序化影响的假说,认为蛋中沉积的leptin会改变子代肝脏leptin合成及其功能,并影响子代生长早期肝脏脂肪酸合成关键因子的表达,从而改变子代早期的生长和代谢模式。为验证这一假说,设计了蛋内注射leptin的试验,观察对胚胎、新生雏鸡和出雏后快速生长期肉鸡生长的影响,研究肝脏leptin含量及其受体表达的变化,并比较肝脏脂肪酸合成关键因子表达的差异,以探讨母源性leptin对肉鸡子代早期生长和脂肪代谢的影响,为揭示母源性leptin对禽类程序化影响的机制提供实验证据。1半胱胺对肉种鸡产蛋性能和对子代早期生长的影响及leptin勺介导作用
本实验选用67周龄产蛋后期三黄肉种鸡480只,随机分为两组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加400 mg/kg半胱胺制剂CT2000,连续饲喂8周。结果显示：饲喂半胱胺对母鸡体重没有影响,试验组母鸡产蛋率升高2.24%(P<0.01),破蛋率降低40.55%(P<0.01),而畸蛋率升高20.15%(P<0.05)；对平均蛋重、种蛋率、种蛋受精率和孵化率均无显著影响；显著增加蛋壳重量和降低蛋清重量(P<0.05)。随机选取种蛋在相同条件下孵化,子代在相同条件下饲养,结果显示：试验组子代出雏重显著降低,特别是试验组雌性子代出雏重显著低于对照组,并且生长迟缓,体重显著低于对照组,一直持续到42天。用Western blot芳法检测发现鸡蛋蛋黄和蛋清抽提物中含有leptin,试验组母鸡肝脏中leptin含量升高(P<0.05)。用放射免疫分析法检测发现试验组母鸡血清中leptin和T4水平下降(P<0.01),而肝脏(P<0.01)、种蛋蛋黄(P<0.01)和蛋清(P<0.05)leptin水平升高。另外,发现试验组子代12胚龄卵黄囊上LEPR mRNA水平显著下调(P<0.05)。以上结果提示：肉种鸡饲喂半胱胺后,母鸡肝脏分泌和鸡蛋中沉积的leptin含量增加,卵黄囊上LEPR mRNA表达下调,说明leptin可能作为信号物质介导了半胱胺对肉种鸡产蛋性能的影响和对肉鸡子代早期生长发育的程序化作用,并呈现性别特异性。
2蛋内注射leptin对肉鸡胚胎发育和新生雏鸡肝脏脂肪代谢的影响
为研究蛋内沉积的leptin对肉鸡胚胎发育的影响,本实验将三黄肉鸡种蛋随机分为两组,对照组在蛋清内注射100μL溶剂(PBS),实验组注射100μL含0.5μg重组小鼠leptin的PBS。分别于12、17胚龄和出雏当天(0日龄)称重并采取血样及肝脏组织样品。用放射免疫分析法测定血清和肝脏leptin浓度,实时荧光RT-PCR定量肝脏LEPR和脂肪代谢相关基因,用Western blot测定肝脏LEPR蛋白含量。结果表明,leptin处理组出雏重极显著降低(P=0.000),而肝体指数显著升高(P=0.018),特别是雌性差异极显著(出雏重和肝体指数均为P=0.000)。12胚龄和0日龄试验组肝脏leptin含量显著高于对照组(P=0.053,0.041),同时伴随0日龄试验组血清中leptin的含量极显著升高(P=0.009),然而0日龄时肝脏LEPR的mRNA表达和蛋白含量均未发现显著差异。试验组肝脏TG和Tch含量显著下降,而血清中TG和Tch浓度却显著升高,血清ApoB的水平升高,提示脂质转运出肝加强；试验组肝脏中ACC和FAS mRNA的表达没有差异,但是SREBP-1 mRNA的表达显著升高,提示肝脏脂肪酸合成潜力增强。并且这些肝脏脂质代谢指标的变化也表现性别特异性,leptin对雌性的影响更为显著。以上结果提示：蛋内注射leptin抑制肉鸡胚胎发育,降低出雏重,提高胚胎发育过程中肝脏leptin含量和血清leptin浓度,并影响新生雏鸡肝脏脂质代谢。
3蛋内注射leptin对肉鸡出雏后早期生长和肝脏脂肪代谢的影响
为了探讨母源性leptin对三黄肉鸡孵化后早期生长发育的影响及其剂量依赖关系,本实验挑选蛋重相近的三黄肉鸡种蛋,随机分为三组：对照组(control, Con)在蛋清内注射100μL溶剂(PBS), leptin处理组分别注射0.5μg/100μL PBS(低剂量组,LL)和5.0μg/100μL PBS(高剂量组,HL)的重组小鼠leptin,出雏后饲养至21日龄时采取肝脏和血清样品。用放射免疫分析法测定肝脏和血清中leptin和甲状腺激素的浓度,用Western blot测定雏鸡肝脏LEPR蛋白含量,实时荧光RT-PCR定量肝脏LEPR和脂肪代谢相关基因表达。结果表明,蛋内注射leptin影响肉鸡出雏后早期生长,并呈现性别特异性和剂量依赖性。无论低剂量还是高剂量,leptin处理组肉鸡的出雏重均低于对照组(P=0.042,0.154),低剂量组差异显著,并且主要针对雌性(P=0.005,0.094)。然而,两个处理组出雏后生长速度均高于对照组。21日龄时,蛋内注射leptin的肉鸡体重均显著高于对照组(P=0.042,0.003)。此外,HL组雄性肉鸡肌间脂肪带宽度显著增加(P=0.018),同时伴随肝脏leptin (P=0.036)、血清leptin (P=0.053)、FT3 (P=0.021)和T3(P=0.034)水平显著升高,肝脏与血清中Tch浓度升高,同时肝脏中SREBP-1、ACC、ApoB、GHR和IGF-I的表达均显著上调(P=0.052,0.017,0.010,0.028,0.020)。以上结果提示：蛋内注射leptin抑制肉鸡胚胎发育,但是出雏后生长速度加快,肝脏脂肪代谢模式发生改变,并且leptin对胚胎发育的影响以低剂量显著,主要针对雌性,而对出雏后生长的影响却主要表现在高剂量,主要针对雄性,说明不同剂量leptin的作用存在不同的时效性和性别特异性。此外,蛋内注射leptin影响出雏后肉鸡生长和代谢的机制可能有甲状腺激素和生长轴基因的参与。
The present study was initiated upon the finding that dietary supplementation of cysteamine to Sanhuang broiler breeder hens affected offspring growth during early posthatch development, accompanied with significant alterations in leptin secretion in hens. The existence of leptin in the egg was proved and the yolk and albumin contents of leptin were found to be modified by cysteamine. We therefore put forward a hypothesis that leptin may be involved in mediating the maternal effect of cysteamine on offspring growth in broiler chickens, probably through modifying hepatic leptin synthesis and action, and altering mRNA expression of key factors involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. Leptin in ovo administration was employed then to verify the hypothesis. The effects of leptin in ovo administration on embryonic development, hatch weight, early posthatch growth rate were observed. The alterations in metabolic and endocrine parameters, hepatic leptin and LEPR expression, as well as the mRNA expression profiles for the key factors involved in lipid metabolism, including SREBP, FAS, ACC and ApoB, were characterized.
1 Leptin is involved in the effect of cysteamine on egg laying of hens and posthatch growth of broiler offspring
Cysteamine has been reported to modulate lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis and exert significant growth promoting effects on broiler chickens. However, little is known concerning its effects on egg production of hens and the growth rate of their offspring. In the present study,67-week-old broiler breeder hens were allotted at random to control and cysteamine-supplemented (400 mg/Kg) groups for 8 weeks. The hatchlings were fed under the same condition till 6 weeks of age. Cysteamine significantly increased the average laying rate by 2.24%(P<0.01), decreased dramatically the percentage of the broken eggs by 40.55%(P< 0.01), while increased that of the abnormal eggs by 20.15%(P<0.05). Cysteamine did not alter the egg weight, egg quality, fertility or hatchability, but significantly increased eggshell weight (P<0.05) and decreased albumin weight (P<0.05). Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4) (P<0.01) and leptin (P<0.01) were significantly lower in cysteamine-treated hens, while triiodothyronine (T3), free T3 and glucagon were not affected. Western blot analysis with leptin-specific antibody detected a band of approximately 15-16 KDa in egg yolk and albumin extracts as well as liver homogenates of hens. Cysteamine did not affect the yolk content of T3, T4, E2 or glucagon, but significantly increased leptin content in liver of hens (P<0.05), as well as in yolk (P<0.05) and albumin (P<0.05) of eggs. These changes were accompanied by a significant down-regulation of leptin receptor mRNA expression(P<0.05) in yolk sac of day 12 embryos. Female offspring hatched from cysteamine-treated eggs demonstrated significantly lower body weight at hatching (P<0.01) and 42 days of age (P<0.01). The results indicate that cysteamine improves laying performance of hens and affects the early posthatch growth of broiler offspring, in a gender-specific fashion. The modified leptin secretion and egg deposition, together with altered yolk sac leptin receptor expression may be involved in such an effect.
2 Effects of in ovo leptin administration on embryo development and hepatic lipid metabolism in newly hatched broiler chickens
Leptin in ovo administration was used in the present study to investigate the effect of leptin deposited in eggs on embryonic development and hepatic lipid metabolism in the chicken. Eggs purchased from Sanhuang broiler breeding farm were injected with either 0.5μg of recombinant mice leptin in 100μL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or 100μL PBS before incubation. Serum and liver samples were taken and fetal body weights were recorded on embryonic days 12 (E12) and E17 as well as at hatching (DO). Serum concentration of leptin was measured with radioimmunoassay. Hepatic expressions of leptin receptor and lipid metabolic genes were determined with Real-time RT-PCR, and LEPR protein content was detected with Western blot analysis. Chicks hatched from leptin-treated eggs showed lower hatch weight but higher liver index than the control group (P=0.000,0.018). Hepatic leptin content was increased in E12 and DO and so was the serum leptin concentration in DO. However, no differences were found in hepatic LEPR expression at either mRNA or protein levels. Liver contents of TG and Tch were decreased, whereas the opposite was true for serum levels of TG and Tch. This, combined with higher serum level of ApoB, suggests higher lipid transport from liver in leptin-treated group. Hepatic expression of ACC and FAS mRNA was not altered, but SREBP-1 mRNA expression was up-regulated significantly, suggesting a potential increase of fatty acid synthesis in the liver. It was noteworthy that in ovo leptin injection affected female chicks more significantly. These results suggest that in ovo leptin injection inhibits embryo development and decreases hatch weight, which may be associated with alterations in hepatic leptin synthesis and secretion, as well as hepatic lipid metabolism in newly hatched broiler chickens.
3 Effect of in ovo leptin administration on early posthatch growth and hepatic lipid metabolism in broiler chickens
Leptin in ovo administration was employed to investigate the dose-dependent effect of leptin deposited in eggs on early posthatch growth and hepatic lipid metabolism in the chicken. Breeder eggs were allocated to three groups and injected with 0.5μg (low leptin, LL),5.0μg (high leptin, HL) of recombinant mice leptin in 100μL of PBS or 100μL PBS (Control, Con) before incubation. The hatchings were raised under the same condition till 21 days (D21) of age when serum and liver samples were taken for analysis. Serum concentrations of leptin and thyroid hormones were measured with radioimmunoassay, hepatic expression of leptin receptor and lipid metabolic genes were determined with Real-time RT-PCR, and LEPR protein content was detected with Western blot analysis. Chicks treated with high or low doses of leptin in ovo had lower hatch weight than the control group, the differences being more significant in LL group and female chicks being more susceptible (P=0.042). However, the posthatch growth rate was higher in both leptin-treated groups compared to control group. At D21, chicks treated with leptin in ovo demonstrated significantly higher body weight than control group (P=0.042,0.003). Furthermore, male chickens in HL group showed higher width of intermuscular fat cingulum, which was accompanied with significantly higher hepatic and serum leptin (P= 0.036,0.053), increased serum FT3 (P=0.021) and T3 (P=0.034), as well as elevated hepatic and serum Tch. Hepatic expressions of SREBP-1, ACC, ApoB, GHR and IGF-I mRNA were found significantly up-regulated in male chickens of HL group (P=0.052, 0.017,0.010,0.028,0.020). These results indicate that in ovo administration of leptin inhibits embryo development but increase posthatch growth rate in broiler chickens with modifications in hepatic lipid metabolism. These effects were dependent on dose, gender and developmental stage. The females were more susceptible to low dose of leptin and affected more significantly before hatching, while the males were more susceptible to high dose of leptin and the effect were more pronounced after hatching. In addition, thyroid hormones and growth axis genes may be involved in the mechanism of leptin's effects on posthatch growth and hepatic lipid metabolism in the chicken.
本实验选用67周龄产蛋后期三黄肉种鸡480只,随机分为两组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加400 mg/kg半胱胺制剂CT2000,连续饲喂8周。结果显示：饲喂半胱胺对母鸡体重没有影响,试验组母鸡产蛋率升高2.24%(P<0.01),破蛋率降低40.55%(P<0.01),而畸蛋率升高20.15%(P<0.05)；对平均蛋重、种蛋率、种蛋受精率和孵化率均无显著影响；显著增加蛋壳重量和降低蛋清重量(P<0.05)。随机选取种蛋在相同条件下孵化,子代在相同条件下饲养,结果显示：试验组子代出雏重显著降低,特别是试验组雌性子代出雏重显著低于对照组,并且生长迟缓,体重显著低于对照组,一直持续到42天。用Western blot芳法检测发现鸡蛋蛋黄和蛋清抽提物中含有leptin,试验组母鸡肝脏中leptin含量升高(P<0.05)。用放射免疫分析法检测发现试验组母鸡血清中leptin和T4水平下降(P<0.01),而肝脏(P<0.01)、种蛋蛋黄(P<0.01)和蛋清(P<0.05)leptin水平升高。另外,发现试验组子代12胚龄卵黄囊上LEPR mRNA水平显著下调(P<0.05)。以上结果提示：肉种鸡饲喂半胱胺后,母鸡肝脏分泌和鸡蛋中沉积的leptin含量增加,卵黄囊上LEPR mRNA表达下调,说明leptin可能作为信号物质介导了半胱胺对肉种鸡产蛋性能的影响和对肉鸡子代早期生长发育的程序化作用,并呈现性别特异性。
2蛋内注射leptin对肉鸡胚胎发育和新生雏鸡肝脏脂肪代谢的影响
为研究蛋内沉积的leptin对肉鸡胚胎发育的影响,本实验将三黄肉鸡种蛋随机分为两组,对照组在蛋清内注射100μL溶剂(PBS),实验组注射100μL含0.5μg重组小鼠leptin的PBS。分别于12、17胚龄和出雏当天(0日龄)称重并采取血样及肝脏组织样品。用放射免疫分析法测定血清和肝脏leptin浓度,实时荧光RT-PCR定量肝脏LEPR和脂肪代谢相关基因,用Western blot测定肝脏LEPR蛋白含量。结果表明,leptin处理组出雏重极显著降低(P=0.000),而肝体指数显著升高(P=0.018),特别是雌性差异极显著(出雏重和肝体指数均为P=0.000)。12胚龄和0日龄试验组肝脏leptin含量显著高于对照组(P=0.053,0.041),同时伴随0日龄试验组血清中leptin的含量极显著升高(P=0.009),然而0日龄时肝脏LEPR的mRNA表达和蛋白含量均未发现显著差异。试验组肝脏TG和Tch含量显著下降,而血清中TG和Tch浓度却显著升高,血清ApoB的水平升高,提示脂质转运出肝加强；试验组肝脏中ACC和FAS mRNA的表达没有差异,但是SREBP-1 mRNA的表达显著升高,提示肝脏脂肪酸合成潜力增强。并且这些肝脏脂质代谢指标的变化也表现性别特异性,leptin对雌性的影响更为显著。以上结果提示：蛋内注射leptin抑制肉鸡胚胎发育,降低出雏重,提高胚胎发育过程中肝脏leptin含量和血清leptin浓度,并影响新生雏鸡肝脏脂质代谢。
3蛋内注射leptin对肉鸡出雏后早期生长和肝脏脂肪代谢的影响
为了探讨母源性leptin对三黄肉鸡孵化后早期生长发育的影响及其剂量依赖关系,本实验挑选蛋重相近的三黄肉鸡种蛋,随机分为三组：对照组(control, Con)在蛋清内注射100μL溶剂(PBS), leptin处理组分别注射0.5μg/100μL PBS(低剂量组,LL)和5.0μg/100μL PBS(高剂量组,HL)的重组小鼠leptin,出雏后饲养至21日龄时采取肝脏和血清样品。用放射免疫分析法测定肝脏和血清中leptin和甲状腺激素的浓度,用Western blot测定雏鸡肝脏LEPR蛋白含量,实时荧光RT-PCR定量肝脏LEPR和脂肪代谢相关基因表达。结果表明,蛋内注射leptin影响肉鸡出雏后早期生长,并呈现性别特异性和剂量依赖性。无论低剂量还是高剂量,leptin处理组肉鸡的出雏重均低于对照组(P=0.042,0.154),低剂量组差异显著,并且主要针对雌性(P=0.005,0.094)。然而,两个处理组出雏后生长速度均高于对照组。21日龄时,蛋内注射leptin的肉鸡体重均显著高于对照组(P=0.042,0.003)。此外,HL组雄性肉鸡肌间脂肪带宽度显著增加(P=0.018),同时伴随肝脏leptin (P=0.036)、血清leptin (P=0.053)、FT3 (P=0.021)和T3(P=0.034)水平显著升高,肝脏与血清中Tch浓度升高,同时肝脏中SREBP-1、ACC、ApoB、GHR和IGF-I的表达均显著上调(P=0.052,0.017,0.010,0.028,0.020)。以上结果提示：蛋内注射leptin抑制肉鸡胚胎发育,但是出雏后生长速度加快,肝脏脂肪代谢模式发生改变,并且leptin对胚胎发育的影响以低剂量显著,主要针对雌性,而对出雏后生长的影响却主要表现在高剂量,主要针对雄性,说明不同剂量leptin的作用存在不同的时效性和性别特异性。此外,蛋内注射leptin影响出雏后肉鸡生长和代谢的机制可能有甲状腺激素和生长轴基因的参与。
The present study was initiated upon the finding that dietary supplementation of cysteamine to Sanhuang broiler breeder hens affected offspring growth during early posthatch development, accompanied with significant alterations in leptin secretion in hens. The existence of leptin in the egg was proved and the yolk and albumin contents of leptin were found to be modified by cysteamine. We therefore put forward a hypothesis that leptin may be involved in mediating the maternal effect of cysteamine on offspring growth in broiler chickens, probably through modifying hepatic leptin synthesis and action, and altering mRNA expression of key factors involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. Leptin in ovo administration was employed then to verify the hypothesis. The effects of leptin in ovo administration on embryonic development, hatch weight, early posthatch growth rate were observed. The alterations in metabolic and endocrine parameters, hepatic leptin and LEPR expression, as well as the mRNA expression profiles for the key factors involved in lipid metabolism, including SREBP, FAS, ACC and ApoB, were characterized.
1 Leptin is involved in the effect of cysteamine on egg laying of hens and posthatch growth of broiler offspring
Cysteamine has been reported to modulate lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis and exert significant growth promoting effects on broiler chickens. However, little is known concerning its effects on egg production of hens and the growth rate of their offspring. In the present study,67-week-old broiler breeder hens were allotted at random to control and cysteamine-supplemented (400 mg/Kg) groups for 8 weeks. The hatchlings were fed under the same condition till 6 weeks of age. Cysteamine significantly increased the average laying rate by 2.24%(P<0.01), decreased dramatically the percentage of the broken eggs by 40.55%(P< 0.01), while increased that of the abnormal eggs by 20.15%(P<0.05). Cysteamine did not alter the egg weight, egg quality, fertility or hatchability, but significantly increased eggshell weight (P<0.05) and decreased albumin weight (P<0.05). Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4) (P<0.01) and leptin (P<0.01) were significantly lower in cysteamine-treated hens, while triiodothyronine (T3), free T3 and glucagon were not affected. Western blot analysis with leptin-specific antibody detected a band of approximately 15-16 KDa in egg yolk and albumin extracts as well as liver homogenates of hens. Cysteamine did not affect the yolk content of T3, T4, E2 or glucagon, but significantly increased leptin content in liver of hens (P<0.05), as well as in yolk (P<0.05) and albumin (P<0.05) of eggs. These changes were accompanied by a significant down-regulation of leptin receptor mRNA expression(P<0.05) in yolk sac of day 12 embryos. Female offspring hatched from cysteamine-treated eggs demonstrated significantly lower body weight at hatching (P<0.01) and 42 days of age (P<0.01). The results indicate that cysteamine improves laying performance of hens and affects the early posthatch growth of broiler offspring, in a gender-specific fashion. The modified leptin secretion and egg deposition, together with altered yolk sac leptin receptor expression may be involved in such an effect.
2 Effects of in ovo leptin administration on embryo development and hepatic lipid metabolism in newly hatched broiler chickens
Leptin in ovo administration was used in the present study to investigate the effect of leptin deposited in eggs on embryonic development and hepatic lipid metabolism in the chicken. Eggs purchased from Sanhuang broiler breeding farm were injected with either 0.5μg of recombinant mice leptin in 100μL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or 100μL PBS before incubation. Serum and liver samples were taken and fetal body weights were recorded on embryonic days 12 (E12) and E17 as well as at hatching (DO). Serum concentration of leptin was measured with radioimmunoassay. Hepatic expressions of leptin receptor and lipid metabolic genes were determined with Real-time RT-PCR, and LEPR protein content was detected with Western blot analysis. Chicks hatched from leptin-treated eggs showed lower hatch weight but higher liver index than the control group (P=0.000,0.018). Hepatic leptin content was increased in E12 and DO and so was the serum leptin concentration in DO. However, no differences were found in hepatic LEPR expression at either mRNA or protein levels. Liver contents of TG and Tch were decreased, whereas the opposite was true for serum levels of TG and Tch. This, combined with higher serum level of ApoB, suggests higher lipid transport from liver in leptin-treated group. Hepatic expression of ACC and FAS mRNA was not altered, but SREBP-1 mRNA expression was up-regulated significantly, suggesting a potential increase of fatty acid synthesis in the liver. It was noteworthy that in ovo leptin injection affected female chicks more significantly. These results suggest that in ovo leptin injection inhibits embryo development and decreases hatch weight, which may be associated with alterations in hepatic leptin synthesis and secretion, as well as hepatic lipid metabolism in newly hatched broiler chickens.
3 Effect of in ovo leptin administration on early posthatch growth and hepatic lipid metabolism in broiler chickens
Leptin in ovo administration was employed to investigate the dose-dependent effect of leptin deposited in eggs on early posthatch growth and hepatic lipid metabolism in the chicken. Breeder eggs were allocated to three groups and injected with 0.5μg (low leptin, LL),5.0μg (high leptin, HL) of recombinant mice leptin in 100μL of PBS or 100μL PBS (Control, Con) before incubation. The hatchings were raised under the same condition till 21 days (D21) of age when serum and liver samples were taken for analysis. Serum concentrations of leptin and thyroid hormones were measured with radioimmunoassay, hepatic expression of leptin receptor and lipid metabolic genes were determined with Real-time RT-PCR, and LEPR protein content was detected with Western blot analysis. Chicks treated with high or low doses of leptin in ovo had lower hatch weight than the control group, the differences being more significant in LL group and female chicks being more susceptible (P=0.042). However, the posthatch growth rate was higher in both leptin-treated groups compared to control group. At D21, chicks treated with leptin in ovo demonstrated significantly higher body weight than control group (P=0.042,0.003). Furthermore, male chickens in HL group showed higher width of intermuscular fat cingulum, which was accompanied with significantly higher hepatic and serum leptin (P= 0.036,0.053), increased serum FT3 (P=0.021) and T3 (P=0.034), as well as elevated hepatic and serum Tch. Hepatic expressions of SREBP-1, ACC, ApoB, GHR and IGF-I mRNA were found significantly up-regulated in male chickens of HL group (P=0.052, 0.017,0.010,0.028,0.020). These results indicate that in ovo administration of leptin inhibits embryo development but increase posthatch growth rate in broiler chickens with modifications in hepatic lipid metabolism. These effects were dependent on dose, gender and developmental stage. The females were more susceptible to low dose of leptin and affected more significantly before hatching, while the males were more susceptible to high dose of leptin and the effect were more pronounced after hatching. In addition, thyroid hormones and growth axis genes may be involved in the mechanism of leptin's effects on posthatch growth and hepatic lipid metabolism in the chicken.
引文
[1]Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994;372(6505):425-32.
[2]He Y, Chen H, Quon MJ, Reitman M. The mouse obese gene. Genomic organization, promoter activity, and activation by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha. J Biol Chem 1995;270(48): 28887-91.
[3]Gong DW, Bi S, Pratley RE, Weintraub BD. Genomic structure and promoter analysis of the human obese gene. J Biol Chem 1996; 271(8):3971-4.
[4]Neuenschwander S, Rettenberger G, Meijerink E, Jorg H, Stranzinger G. Partial characterization of porcine obesity gene (OBS) and its localization to chromosome 18 by somatic cell hybrids. Anim Genet 1996; 27(4):275-8.
[5]Keisler DH, Daniel JA, Morrison CD. The role of leptin in nutritional status and reproductive function. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1999;54:425-35.
[6]Bado A, Levasseur S, Attoub S, Kermorgant S, Laigneau JP, Bortoluzzi MN et al. The stomach is a source of leptin. Nature 1998;394(6695):790-3.
[7]Hoggard N, Hunter L, Duncan JS, Williams LM, Trayhurn P, Mercer JG. Leptin and leptin receptor mRNA and protein expression in the murine fetus and placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94(20):11073-8.
[8]Henson MC, Swan KF, O'Neil JS. Expression of placental leptin and leptin receptor transcripts in early pregnancy and at term. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92(6):1020-8.
[9]Umemoto Y, Tsuji K, Yang FC, Ebihara Y, Kaneko A, Furukawa S, Nakahata T. Leptin stimulates the proliferation of murine myelocytic and primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 1997; 90(9):3438-43.
[10]Estienne MJ, Harper AF, Barb CR, Azain MJ. Concentrations of leptin in serum and milk collected from lactating sows differing in body condition. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2000; 19(4):275-80.
[11]Taouis M, Chen JW, Daviaud C, Dupont J, Derouet M, Simon J. Cloning the chicken leptin gene. Gene 1998;208:239-42.
[12]戴汉川.鸭肥胖基因的分子克隆序列分析及原核表达.畜牧兽医学报2005；36(7)：641-7.
[13]Richards MP, Ashwell CM, McMurtry JP. Quantitative analysis of leptin mRNA using competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2000; 21(4):792-8.
[14]Ashwell CM, Richards MP, McMurtry JP. The ontogeny of leptin mRNA expression in growing broilers and its relationship to metabolic body weight. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2001;21(3): 161-8.
[15]Friedman-Einat M, Boswell T, Horev G, Girishvarma G, Dunn IC, Talbot RT, Sharp PJ. The chicken leptin gene:has it been cloned? Gen Comp Endocrinol 1999; 115:354-63.
[16]Iwase M, Kimura K, Sasaki N, Komagome R, Ishioka K, Morimatsu M et al. Canine leptin:cDNA cloning, expression and activity of recombinant protein. Res Vet Sci 2000; 68(2):109-14.
[17]Rock FL, Altmann SW, van HM, Kastelein RA, Bazan JF. The leptin haemopoietic cytokine fold is stabilized by an intrachain disulfide bond. Horm Metab Res 1996; 28(12):649-52.
[18]Kochan Z, Karbowska J, Meissner W. Leptin is synthesized in the liver and adipose tissue of the dunlin (Calidris alpina). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 148 (3):336-9.
[19]Zhang F, Basinski MB, Beals JM, Briggs SL, Churgay LM, Clawson DK et al. Crystal structure of the obese protein leptin-E100. Nature 1997;387(6629):206-9.
[20]Amico JA, Thomas A, Crowley RS, Burmeister LA. Concentrations of leptin in the serum of pregnant, lactating, and cycling rats and of leptin messenger ribonucleic acid in rat placental tissue. Life Sci 1998; 63(16):1387-95.
[21]Smith JT, Waddell BJ. Leptin receptor expression in the rat placenta:changes in ob-ra, ob-rb, and ob-re with gestational age and suppression by glucocorticoids. Biol Reprod 2002; 67(4):1204-10.
[22]Smith JT, Waddell BJ. Leptin distribution and metabolism in the pregnant rat:transplacental leptin passage increases in late gestation but is reduced by excess glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 2003; 144(7):3024-30.
[23]Devaskar SU, Anthony R, Hay W, Jr. Ontogeny and insulin regulation of fetal ovine white adipose tissue leptin expression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 282(2):R431-R438.
[24]Chen X, Lin J, Hausman DB, Martin RJ, Dean RG, Hausman GJ. Alterations in fetal adipose tissue leptin expression correlate with the development of adipose tissue. Biol Neonate 2000; 78(1): 41-7.
[25]Yuen BS, Owens PC, McFarlane JR, Symonds ME, Edwards LJ, Kauter KG, McMillen IC. Circulating leptin concentrations are positively related to leptin messenger RNA expression in the adipose tissue of fetal sheep in the pregnant ewe fed at or below maintenance energy requirements during late gestation. Biol Reprod 2002;67(3):911-6.
[26]Gemmell RT, Alexander G Ultrastructural development of adipose tissue in foetal sheep. Aust J Biol Sci 1978;31(5):505-15.
[27]Yuen BS, Owens PC, Muhlhausler BS, Roberts CT, Symonds ME, Keisler DH et al. Leptin alters the structural and functional characteristics of adipose tissue before birth. FASEB J 2003;17(9): 1102-4.
[28]Muhlhausler BS, Roberts CT, McFarlane JR, Kauter KG, McMillen IC. Fetal leptin is a signal of fat mass independent of maternal nutrition in ewes fed at or above maintenance energy requirements. Biol Reprod 2002;67(2):493-9.
[29]Thomas L, Wallace JM, Aitken RP, Mercer JG, Trayhurn P, Hoggard N. Circulating leptin during ovine pregnancy in relation to maternal nutrition, body composition and pregnancy outcome. J Endocrinol 2001;169(3):465-76.
[30]Ehrhardt RA, Bell AW, Boisclair YR. Spatial and developmental regulation of leptin in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002;282(6):R1628-R1635.
[31]La CA, Matarese G. The weight of leptin in immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2004;4(5):371-9.
[32]Dridi S, Williams J, Bruggeman V, Onagbesan M, Raver N, Decuypere E et al. A chicken leptin-specific radioimmunoassay. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2000; 18(3):325-35.
[33]Horev G, Einat P, Aharoni T, Eshdat Y, Friedman-Einat M. Molecular cloning and properties of the chicken leptin-receptor (CLEPR) gene. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2000; 162(1-2):95-106.
[34]Tartaglia LA. The leptin receptor. J Biol Chem 1997; 272(10):6093-6.
[35]Tartaglia LA, Dembski M, Weng X, Deng N, Culpepper J, Devos R et al. Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R. Cell 1995; 83(7):1263-71.
[36]Ohkubo T, Nishio M, Tsurudome M, Ito M, Ito Y. Existence of leptin receptor protein in chicken tissues:isolation of a monoclonal antibody against chicken leptin receptor. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007;151(3):269-73.
[37]Emilsson V, Liu YL, Cawthorne MA, Morton NM, Davenport M. Expression of the functional leptin receptor mRNA in pancreatic islets and direct inhibitory action of leptin on insulin secretion. Diabetes 1997;46(2):313-6.
[38]Chen SC, Cunningham JJ, Smeyne RJ. Expression of OB receptor splice variants during prenatal development of the mouse. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2000; 20(1):87-103.
[39]Huang XF, Koutcherov I, Lin S, Wang HQ, Storlien L. Localization of leptin receptor mRNA expression in mouse brain. Neuroreport 1996;7(15-17):2635-8.
[40]Mercer JG, Hoggard N, Williams LM, Lawrence CB, Hannah LT, Trayhurn P. Localization of leptin receptor mRNA and the long form splice variant (Ob-Rb) in mouse hypothalamus and adjacent brain regions by in situ hybridization. FEBS Lett 1996; 387(2-3):113-6.
[41]Hoggard N, Mercer JG, Rayner DV, Moar K, Trayhurn P, Williams LM. Localization of leptin receptor mRNA splice variants in murine peripheral tissues by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;232(2):383-7.
[42]Lee GH, Proenca R, Montez JM, Carroll KM, Darvishzadeh JG, Lee JI, Friedman JM. Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature 1996; 379(6566):632-5.
[43]Liu X, Dunn IC, Sharp PJ, Boswell T. Molecular cloning and tissue distribution of a short form chicken leptin receptor mRNA. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2007 Apr;32 (3):155-66 Epub 2006 Mar 2 2007;32:155-66.
[44]Kubo M, Hanada T, Yoshimura A. Suppressors of cytokine signaling and immunity. Nat Immunol 2003;4(12):1169-76.
[45]Adachi H, Takemoto Y, Bungo T, Ohkubo T. Chicken leptin receptor is functional in activating JAK-STATpathway in vitro. J Endocrinol 2008; 197(2):335-42.
[46]Kim YB, Uotani S, Pierroz DD, Flier JS, Kahn BB. In vivo administration of leptin activates signal transduction directly in insulin-sensitive tissues:overlapping but distinct pathways from insulin. Endocrinology 2000; 141(7):2328-39.
[47]Attoub S, Noe V, Pirola L, Bruyneel E, Chastre E, Mareel M et al. Leptin promotes invasiveness of kidney and colonic epithelial cells via phosphoinositide 3-kinase-, rho-, and rac-dependent signaling pathways. FASEB J 2000; 14(14):2329-38.
[48]Martin-Romero C, Sanchez-Margalet V. Human leptin activates PI3K and MAPK pathways in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells:possible role of Sam68. Cell Immunol 2001;212(2): 83-91.
[49]Kellerer M, Koch M, Metzinger E, Mushack J, Capp E, Haring HU. Leptin activates PI-3 kinase in C2C12 myotubes via janus kinase-2 (JAK-2) and insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) dependent pathways. Diabetologia 1997; 40(11):1358-62.
[50]Sharp PA, Zamore PD. Molecular biology. RNA interference. Science 2000; 287(5462):2431-3.
[51]Simon MA, Dodson GS, Rubin GM. An SH3-SH2-SH3 protein is required for p21Ras1 activation and binds to sevenless and Sos proteins in vitro. Cell 1993;73(1):169-77.
[52]Spiegelman BM, Flier JS. Obesity and the regulation of energy balance. Cell 2001;104(4): 531-43.
[53]Harvey J, Ashford ML. Leptin in the CNS:much more than a satiety signal. Neuropharmacology 2003;44(7):845-54.
[54]Pelleymounter MA, Cullen MJ, Baker MB, Hecht R, Winters D, Boone T, Collins F. Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science 1995;269(5223):540-3.
[55]Taouis M, Dridi S, Cassy S, Benomar Y, Raver N, Rideau N et al. Chicken leptin:properties and actions. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2001; 21(4):319-27.
[56]Dridi S, Swennen Q, Decuypere E, Buyse J. Mode of leptin action in chicken hypothalamus. Brain Res 2005;1047(2):214-23.
[57]Dridi S, Williams J, Bruggeman V, Onagbesan M, Raver N, Decuypere E et al. A chicken leptin-specific radioimmunoassay. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2000; 8 (3):325-35.
[58]Denbow DM, Meade S, Robertson A, McMurtry JP, Richards M, Ashwell C. Leptin-induced decrease in food intake in chickens. Physiol Behav 2000; 9 (3):359-62.
[59]Lohmus M, Sundstrom LF, Silverin B. Chronic administration of leptin in Asian Blue Quail. J Exp Zoolog A Comp Exp Biol 2006;305(1):13-22.
[60]Jin L, Zhang S, Burguera BG, Couce ME, Osamura RY, Kulig E, Lloyd RV. Leptin and leptin receptor expression in rat and mouse pituitary cells. Endocrinology 2000; 141(1):333-9.
[61]Karlsson C, Lindell K, Svensson E, Bergh C, Lind P, Billig H et al. Expression of functional leptin receptors in the human ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82(12):4144-8.
[62]Strobel A, Issad T, Camoin L, Ozata M, Strosberg AD. A leptin missense mutation associated with hypogonadism and morbid obesity. Nat Genet 1998;18(3):213-5.
[63]Ahima RS, Dushay J, Flier SN, Prabakaran D, Flier JS. Leptin accelerates the onset of puberty in normal female mice. J Clin Invest 1997;99(3):391-5.
[64]Yu WH, Kimura M, Walczewska A, Karanth S, McCann SM. Role of leptin in hypothalamic-pituitary function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94(3):1023-8.
[65]Cheung CC, Thornton JE, Nurani SD, Clifton DK, Steiner RA. A reassessment of leptin's role in triggering the onset of puberty in the rat and mouse. Neuroendocrinology 2001; 74(1):12-21.
[66]Cheung CC, Thornton JE, Kuijper JL, Weigle DS, Clifton DK, Steiner RA. Leptin is a metabolic gate for the onset of puberty in the female rat. Endocrinology 1997; 138(2):855-8.
[67]McCann SM, Karanth S, Mastronardi CA, Dees WL, Childs G, Miller B et al. Control of gonadotropin secretion by follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing factor, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, and leptin. Arch Med Res 2001; 32(6):476-85.
[68]Sirotkin AV, Grossmann R. Leptin directly controls proliferation, apoptosis and secretory activity of cultured chicken ovarian cells. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 148(2): 422-9.
[69]Paczoska-Eliasiewicz HE, Gertler A, Proszkowiec M, Proudman J, Hrabia A, Sechman A et al. Attenuation by leptin of the effects of fasting on ovarian function in hens (Gallus domesticus). Reproduction 2003; 126 (6):739-51.
[70]Cassy S, Metayer S, Crochet S, Rideau N, Collin A, Tesseraud S. Leptin receptor in the chicken ovary:potential involvement in ovarian dysfunction of ad libitum-fed broiler breeder hens. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004; 2:72.
[71]Faggioni R, Feingold KR, Grunfeld C. Leptin regulation of the immune response and the immunodeficiency of malnutrition. FASEB J 2001;15(14):2565-71.
[72]Zhao Y, Sun R, You L, Gao C, Tian Z. Expression of leptin receptors and response to leptin stimulation of human natural killer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;300(2): 247-52.
[73]Dixit VD, Mielenz M, Taub DD, Parvizi N. Leptin induces growth hormone secretion from peripheral blood mononuclear cells via a protein kinase C- and nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Endocrinology 2003;144(12):5595-603.
[74]Lohmus M, Olin M, Sundstrom LF, Troedsson MH, Molitor TW, El HM. Leptin increases T-cell immune response in birds. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2004; 139(3):245-50.
[75]Kain ZN, Zimolo Z, Heninger G. Leptin and the perioperative neuroendocrinological stress response. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84(7):2438-42.
[76]Glasow A, Haidan A, Hilbers U, Breidert M, Gillespie J, Scherbaum WA et al. Expression of Ob receptor in normal human adrenals:differential regulation of adrenocortical and adrenomedullary function by leptin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83(12):4459-66.
[77]Marikovsky M, Rosenblum CI, Faltin Z, Friedman-Einat M. Appearance of leptin in wound fluid as a response to injury. Wound Repair Regen 2002;10(5):302-7.
[78]KENNEDY GC. The role of depot fat in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the rat. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1953;140(901):578-96.
[79]Roth H, Kom T, Rosenkranz K, Hinney A, Ziegler A, Kunz J et al. Transmission disequilibrium and sequence variants at the leptin receptor gene in extremely obese German children and adolescents. Hum Genet 1998;103(5):540-6.
[80]Friedman JM, Leibel RL. Tackling a weighty problem. Cell 1992;69(2):217-20.
[81]Briese E. Normal body temperature of rats:the setpoint controversy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1998; 22(3):427-36.
[82]Hynes GR, Jones PJ. Leptin and its role in lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2001; 12(3): 321-7.
[83]Peters A, Schweiger U, Pellerin L, Hubold C, Oltmanns KM, Conrad M et al. The selfish brain: competition for energy resources. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2004; 28(2):143-80.
[84]HERVEY GR. The effects of lesions in the hypothalamus in parabiotic rats. J Physiol 1959;145(2): 336-52.
[85]Vanderweele DA VITB. Sham feeding is inhibited by dietary-induced obesity in rats. Physiol Behav 1983;31(4):533-7.
[86]Coleman DL. Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice. Diabetologia 1973; 9(4):294-8.
[87]Speakman JR, Stubbs RJ, Mercer JG. Does body mass play a role in the regulation of food intake? Proc Nutr Soc 2002; 61(4):473-87.
[88]Arora S. Leptin and its metabolic interactions-an update. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008.
[89]Klingenspor M, Niggemann H, Heldmaier G. Modulation of leptin sensitivity by short photoperiod acclimation in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus. J Comp Physiol [B] 2000;170(1): 37-43.
[90]Aubert ML, Pierroz DD, Gruaz NM, d'Alleves V, Vuagnat BA, Pralong FP et al. Metabolic control of sexual function and growth:role of neuropeptide Y and leptin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1998; 140(1-2):107-13.
[91]Fekete C, Sarkar S, Rand WM, Harney JW, Emerson CH, Bianco AC et al. Neuropeptide Y1 and Y5 receptors mediate the effects of neuropeptide Y on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Endocrinology 2002;143(12):4513-9.
[92]Wauters M, Considine RV, Van Gaal LF. Human leptin:from an adipocyte hormone to an endocrine mediator. Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 143(3):293-311.
[93]Ahima RS, Prabakaran D, Mantzoros C, Qu D, Lowell B, Maratos-Flier E, Flier JS. Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature 1996; 382(6588):250-2.
[94]Glasow A, Haidan A, Hilbers U, Breidert M, Gillespie J, Scherbaum WA et al. Expression of Ob receptor in normal human adrenals:differential regulation of adrenocortical and adrenomedullary function by leptin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83(12):4459-66.
[95]Cocchi D, De GC, V, Bagnasco M, Bonacci D, Muller EE. Leptin regulates GH secretion in the rat by acting on GHRH and sornatostatinergic functions. J Endocrinol 1999;162(1):95-9.
[96]Carro E, Senaris R, Considine RV, Casanueva FF, Dieguez C. Regulation of in vivo growth hormone secretion by leptin. Endocrinology 1997;138(5):2203-6. [97] Carro E, Seoane LM, Senaris R, Casanueva FF, Dieguez C. Leptin increases in vivo GH responses to GHRH and GH-releasing peptide-6 in food-deprived rats. Eur J Endocrinol 2000;142(1): 66-70. [98] Madej T, Boguski MS, Bryant SH. Threading analysis suggests that the obese gene product may be a helical cytokine. FEBS Lett 1995;373(1):13-8. [99] Tannenbaum GS, Gurd W, Lapointe M. Leptin is a potent stimulator of spontaneous pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion and the GH response to GH-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 1998;139(9):3871-5.
[100]Roh S, Clarke IJ, Xu R, Goding J W, Loneragan K, Chen C. The in vitro effect of leptin on basal and growth hormone-releasing hormone-stimulated growth hormone secretion from the ovine pituitary gland. Neuroendocrinology 1998;68(6):361-4.
[101]LaPaglia N, Steiner J, Kirsteins L, Emanuele M, Emanuele N. Leptin alters the response of the growth hormone releasing factor- growth hormone--insulin-like growth factor-I axis to fasting. J Endocrinol 1998;159(1):79-83.
[102]Masuzaki H, Ogawa Y, Isse N, Satoh N, Okazaki T, Shigemoto M et al. Human obese gene expression. Adipocyte-specific expression and regional differences in the adipose tissue. Diabetes 1995; 44(7):855-8.
[103]Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D, Jr., Seeley RJ, Baskin DG Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 2000; 404(6778):661-71.
[104]Kulkarni RN, Wang ZL, Wang RM, Hurley JD, Smith DM, Ghatei MA et al. Leptin rapidly suppresses insulin release from insulinoma cells, rat and human islets and, in vivo, in mice. J Clin Invest 1997; 100(11):2729-36.
[105]Kieffer TJ, Heller RS, Leech CA, Holz GG, Habener JF. Leptin suppression of insulin secretion by the activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pancreatic beta-cells. Diabetes 1997; 46(6): 1087-93.
[106]Benomar Y, Rideau N, Crochet S, Derouet M, Taouis M. Leptin fully suppresses acetylcholine-induced insulin secretion and is reversed by tolbutamide in isolated perfused chicken pancreas. Horm Metab Res 2003;35 (2):81-5.
[107]Zhao AZ, Bornfeldt KE, Beavo JA. Leptin inhibits insulin secretion by activation of phosphodiesterase 3B. J Clin Invest 1998;102(5):869-73.
[108]Kieffer TJ, Habener JF. The adipoinsular axis:effects of leptin on pancreatic beta-cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 278(1):E1-E14.
[109]Dallman MF, Akana SF, Strack AM, Hanson ES, Sebastian RJ. The neural network that regulates energy balance is responsive to glucocorticoids and insulin and also regulates HPA axis responsivity at a site proximal to CRF neurons. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 771:730-42.
[110]Rodriguez A, Fortuno A, Gomez-Ambrosi J, Zalba G, Diez J, Fruhbeck G. The inhibitory effect of leptin on angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Endocrinology 2007; 148(1):324-31.
[Ill]Cao R, Brakenhielm E, Wahlestedt C, Thyberg J, Cao Y. Leptin induces vascular permeability and synergistically stimulates angiogenesis with FGF-2 and VEGF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98(11):6390-5.
[112]Muoio DM, Lynis DG. Peripheral metabolic actions of leptin. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 16(4):653-66.
[113]Kim JB, Sarraf P, Wright M, Yao KM, Mueller E, Solanes G et al. Nutritional and insulin regulation of fatty acid synthetase and leptin gene expression through ADD1/SREBP1. J Clin Invest 1998;101(1):1-9.
[114]Magana MM, Lin SS, Dooley KA, Osborne TF. Sterol regulation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase promoter requires two interdependent binding sites for sterol regulatory element binding proteins. J Lipid Res 1997; 38(8):1630-8.
[115]Moon YA, Shah NA, Mohapatra S, Warrington JA, Horton JD. Identification of a mammalian long chain fatty acyl elongase regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 2001; 276(48):45358-66.
[116]Horton JD, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. SREBPs:activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver. J Clin Invest 2002;109(9):1125-31.
[117]Yin L, Zhang Y, Hillgartner FB. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 interacts with the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor to enhance acetyl-CoA carboxylase-alpha transcription in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2002;277(22):19554-65.
[118]Kakuma T, Lee Y, Higa M, Wang Z, Pan W, Shimomura I, Unger RH. Leptin, troglitazone, and the expression of sterol regulatory element binding proteins in liver and pancreatic islets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97(15):8536-41.
[119]Fukuda H, Iritani N, Sugimoto T, Ikeda H. Transcriptional regulation of fatty acid synthase gene by insulin/glucose, polyunsaturated fatty acid and leptin in hepatocytes and adipocytes in normal and genetically obese rats. Eur J Biochem 1999; 260(2):505-11.
[120]McGarry JD, Brown NF. Reconstitution of purified, active and malonyl-CoA-sensitive rat liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase Ⅰ:relationship between membrane environment and malonyl-CoA sensitivity. Biochem J 2000; 349(Pt 1):179-87.
[121]Uotani S, Abe T, Yamaguchi Y. Leptin activates AMP-activated protein kinase in hepatic cells via a JAK2-dependent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351(1):171-5.
[122]Huang W, Dedousis N, Bandi A, Lopaschuk GD, O'Doherty RM. Liver triglyceride secretion and lipid oxidative metabolism are rapidly altered by leptin in vivo. Endocrinology 2006; 147(3): 1480-7.
[123]Zhou YT, Shimabukuro M, Koyama K, Lee Y, Wang MY, Trieu F et al. Induction by leptin of uncoupling protein-2 and enzymes of fatty acid oxidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94(12): 6386-90.
[124]Lee Y, Wang MY, Kakuma T, Wang ZW, Babcock E, McCorkle K et al. Liporegulation in diet-induced obesity. The antisteatotic role of hyperleptinemia. J Biol Chem 2001; 276(8): 5629-35.
[125]Dridi S, Swennen Q, Decuypere E, Buyse J. Mode of leptin action in chicken hypothalamus. Brain Res 2005; 1047(2):214-23.
[126]Honda K, Kamisoyama H, Saneyasu T, Sugahara K, Hasegawa S. Central administration of insulin suppresses food intake in chicks. Neurosci Lett 2007; 423(2):153-7.
[127]Ashwell CM, Czerwinski SM, Brocht DM, McMurtry JP. Hormonal regulation of leptin expression in broiler chickens. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:R226-R232.
[128]Ashwell CM, McMurtry JP, Wang XH, Zhou Y, Vasilatos-Younken R. Effects of growth hormone and pair-feeding on leptin mRNA expression in liver and adipose tissue. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1999; 17:77-84.
[129]Lamosova D, Zeman M. Effect of leptin and insulin on chick embryonic muscle cells and hepatocytes. Physiol Res 2001;50(2):183-9.
[130]Lamosova D, Macajova M, Zeman M, Mozes S, Jezova D. Effect of in ovo leptin administration on the development of Japanese quail. Physiol Res 2003; 52(2):201-9.
[131]Kamohara S, Burcelin R, Halaas JL, Friedman JM, Charron MJ. Acute stimulation of glucose metabolism in mice by leptin treatment. Nature 1997; 389(6649):374-7.
[132]Dridi S, Buyse J, Decuypere E, Taouis M. Potential role of leptin in increase of fatty acid synthase gene expression in chicken liver. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005; 29(4):646-60.
[133]Dridi S, Swennen Q, Decuypere E, Buyse J. Mode of leptin action in chicken hypothalamus. Brain Res 2005; 1047(2):214-23.
[134]Barker DJ, Osmond C. Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. Lancet 1986; 1(8489):1077-81.
[135]Taylor PD, Poston L. Developmental programming of obesity in mammals. Exp Physiol 2007; 92(2):287-98.
[136]Ozanne SE. Metabolic programming in animals. Br Med Bull 2001; 60:143-52.
[137]Lucas A. Programming by early nutrition in man. Ciba Found Symp 1991; 156:38-50.
[138]Parsons TJ, Power C, Manor O. Fetal and early life growth and body mass index from birth to early adulthood in 1958 British cohort:longitudinal study. BMJ 2001; 323(7325):1331-5.
[139]Loos RJ, Beunen G, Fagard R, Derom C, Vlietinck R. Birth weight and body composition in young adult men--a prospective twin study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25(10):1537-45.
[140]Loos RJ, Beunen G, Fagard R, Derom C, Vlietinck R. Birth weight and body composition in young women:a prospective twin study. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75(4):676-82.
[141]Singhal A, Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Lucas A. Early nutrition and leptin concentrations in later life. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75(6):993-9.
[142]Ozanne SE, Lewis R, Jennings BJ, Hales CN. Early programming of weight gain in mice prevents the induction of obesity by a highly palatable diet. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 106(2):141-5.
[143]Zambrano E, Bautista CJ, Deas M, Martinez-Samayoa PM, Gonzalez-Zamorano M, Ledesma H et al. A low maternal protein diet during pregnancy and lactation has sex-and window of exposure-specific effects on offspring growth and food intake, glucose metabolism and serum leptin in the rat. J Physiol 2006; 571(Pt 1):221-30.
[144]Vickers MH, Breier BH, Cutfield WS, Hofman PL, Gluckman PD. Fetal origins of hyperphagia, obesity, and hypertension and postnatal amplification by hypercaloric nutrition. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000;279(1):E83-E87.
[145]Vickers MH, Breier BH, McCarthy D, Gluckman PD. Sedentary behavior during postnatal life is determined by the prenatal environment and exacerbated by postnatal hypercaloric nutrition. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285(1):R271-R273.
[146]Venu L, Harishankar N, Prasanna KT, Raghunath M. Maternal dietary vitamin restriction increases body fat content but not insulin resistance in WNTN rat offspring up to 6 months of age. Diabetologia 2004; 47(9):1493-501.
[147]Greenwood PL, Bell AW. Consequences of intra-uterine growth retardation for postnatal growth, metabolism and pathophysiology. Reprod Suppl 2003;61:195-206.
[148]Stephens DN. Growth and the development of dietary obesity in adulthood of rats which have been undernourished during development. Br J Nutr 1980; 44(3):215-27.
[149]Jones AP, Assimon SA, Friedman MI. The effect of diet on food intake and adiposity in rats made obese by gestational undernutrition. Physiol Behav 1996; 37(3):381-6.
[150]Armitage JA, Khan IY, Taylor PD, Nathanielsz PW, Poston L. Developmental programming of the metabolic syndrome by maternal nutritional imbalance:how strong is the evidence from experimental models in mammals? J Physiol 2004;561(Pt 2):355-77.
[151]Guo F, Jen KL. High-fat feeding during pregnancy and lactation affects offspring metabolism in rats. Physiol Behav 1995; 57(4):681-6.
[152]Ferezou-Viala J, Roy AF, Serougne C, Gripois D, Parquet M, Bailleux V et al. Long-term consequences of maternal high-fat feeding on hypothalamic leptin sensitivity and diet-induced obesity in the offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007 Jun 6; 2007;
[153]Srinivasan M, Laychock SG, Hill DJ, Patel MS. Neonatal nutrition:metabolic programming of pancreatic islets and obesity. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228(1):15-23.
[154]Newbold RR, Padilla-Banks E, Snyder RJ, Phillips TM, Jefferson WN. Developmental exposure to endocrine disruptors and the obesity epidemic. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 23(3):290-6.
[155]Groothuis TGG, Muller W, von Engelhardt N, Carere C, Eising C. Maternal hormones as a tool to adjust offspring phenotype in avian species. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2005;In Press, Corrected Proof.
[156]Vickers MH, Gluckman PD, Coveny AH, Hofinan PL, Cutfield WS, Gertler A et al. Neonatal leptin treatment reverses developmental programming. Endocrinology 2005; 146(10):4211-6.
[157]Vickers MH. Developmental programming and adult obesity:the role of leptin. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007;14(1):17-22.
[158]Stocker CJ, Arch JR, Cawthorne MA. Fetal origins of insulin resistance and obesity. Proc Nutr Soc 2005; 64(2):143-51.
[159]Ahima RS, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2000; 11(8): 327-32.
[160]Breier BH, Vickers MH, Ikenasio BA, Chan KY, Wong WP. Fetal programming of appetite and obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 185(1-2):73-9.
[161]McMillen IC, Edwards LJ, Duffield J, Muhlhausler BS. Regulation of leptin synthesis and secretion before birth:implications for the early programming of adult obesity. Reproduction 2006; 131 (3):415-27.
[162]Oktem O, Dedeoglu N, Oymak Y, Sezen D, Koksal L, Pekin T et al. Maternal serum, amniotic fluid and cord leptin levels at term:their correlations with fetal weight. J Perinat Med 2004;32 (3):266-71.
[163]Woelfer B, Hafner E, Metzenbauer M, Schuchter K, Philipp K. The influence of leptin on placental and fetal volume measured by three-dimensional ultrasound in the second trimester. Placenta 2005; 26 (2-3):124-8.
[164]Koistinen HA, Koivisto VA, Andersson S, Karonen SL, Kontula K, Oksanen L, Teramo KA. Leptin concentration in cord blood correlates with intrauterine growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82(10):3328-30.
[165]Cetin I, Morpurgo PS, Radaelli T, Taricco E, Cortelazzi D, Bellotti M et al. Fetal plasma leptin concentrations:relationship with different intrauterine growth patterns from 19 weeks to term. Pediatr Res 2000;48(5):646-51.
[166]Tapanainen P, Leinonen E, Ruokonen A, Knip M. Leptin concentrations are elevated in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Horm Res 2001;55(4):185-90.
[167]Jaquet D, Leger J, Tabone MD, Czernichow P, Levy-Marchal C. High serum leptin concentrations during catch-up growth of children born with intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84(6):1949-53.
[168]Phillips DI, Fall CH, Cooper C, Norman RJ, Robinson JS, Owens PC. Size at birth and plasma leptin concentrations in adult life. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23(10):1025-9.
[169]Singhal A, Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Lucas A. Early nutrition and leptin concentrations in later life. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75(6):993-9.
[170]Edwards LJ, McFarlane JR, Kauter KG,McMillen IC. Impact of periconceptional nutrition on maternal and fetal leptin and fetal adiposity in singleton and twin pregnancies. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005;288(1):R39-R45.
[171]Bispham J, Gopalakrishnan GS, Dandrea J, Wilson V, Budge H, Keisler DH et al. Maternal endocrine adaptation throughout pregnancy to nutritional manipulation:consequences for maternal plasma leptin and cortisol and the programming of fetal adipose tissue development. Endocrinology 2003;144(8):3575-85.
[172]Muhlhausler BS, Roberts CT, Yuen BS, Marrocco E, Budge H, Symonds ME et al. Determinants of fetal leptin synthesis, fat mass, and circulating leptin concentrations in well-nourished ewes in late pregnancy. Endocrinology 2003;144(11):4947-54.
[173]Saladin R, De VP, Guerre-Millo M, Leturque A, Girard J, Staels B, Auwerx J. Transient increase in obese gene expression after food intake or insulin administration. Nature 1995;377(6549):527-9.
[174]Yura S, Itoh H, Sagawa N, Yamamoto H, Masuzaki H, Nakao K et al. Role of premature leptin surge in obesity resulting from intrauterine undernutrition. Cell Metab 2005;1(6):371-8.
[175]Nilsson C, Swolin-Eide D, Ohlsson C, Eriksson E, Ho HP, Bjorntorp P, Holmang A. Reductions in adipose tissue and skeletal growth in rat adult offspring after prenatal leptin exposure. J Endocrinol 2003;176(1):13-21.
[176]Stocker C, O'Dowd J, Morton NM, Wargent E, Sennitt MV, Hislop D et al. Modulation of susceptibility to weight gain and insulin resistance in low birthweight rats by treatment of their mothers with leptin during pregnancy and lactation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28(1): 129-36.
[177]Eriksson JG, Forsen T, Tuomilehto J, Jaddoe VW, Osmond C, Barker DJ. Effects of size at birth and childhood growth on the insulin resistance syndrome in elderly individuals. Diabetologia 2002; 45(3):342-8.
[178]Levy-Marchal C, Jaquet D, Czernichow P. Long-term metabolic consequences of being born small for gestational age. Semin Neonatol 2004; 9(1):67-74.
[179]Faust IM, Johnson PR, Stem JS, Hirsch J. Diet-induced adipocyte number increase in adult rats:a new model of obesity. Am J Physiol 1978;235(3):E279-E286.
[180]Corbett SW, Stern JS, Keesey RE. Energy expenditure in rats with diet-induced obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 44(2):173-80.
[181]Budge H, Gnanalingham MG, Gardner DS, Mostyn A, Stephenson T, Symonds ME. Maternal nutritional programming of fetal adipose tissue development:long-term consequences for later obesity. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2005;75(3):193-9.
[182]Symonds ME, Pearce S, Bispham J, Gardner DS, Stephenson T. Timing of nutrient restriction and programming of fetal adipose tissue development. Proc Nutr Soc 2004; 63(3):397-403.
[183]Hales CN, Barker DJ. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Br Med Bull 2001;60:5-20.
[184]Kwong WY, Wild AE, Roberts P, Willis AC, Fleming TP. Maternal undemutrition during the preimplantation period of rat development causes blastocyst abnormalities and programming of postnatal hypertension. Development 2000; 127(19):4195-202.
[185]Cripps RL, Martin-Gronert MS, Ozanne SE. Fetal and perinatal programming of appetite. Clin Sci (Lond)2005; 109(1):1-11.
[186]McMillen IC, Adam CL, Muhlhausler BS. Early origins of obesity:programming the appetite regulatory system. J Physiol 2005;565(Pt 1):9-17.
[187]McMillen IC, Edwards LJ, Duffield J, Muhlhausler BS. Regulation of leptin synthesis and secretion before birth:implications for the early programming of adult obesity. Reproduction 2006; 131(3):415-27.
[188]Muhlhausler BS, Adam CL, Findlay PA, Duffield JA, McMillen IC. Increased maternal nutrition alters development of the appetite-regulating network in the brain. FASEB J 2006;20(8):1257-9.
[189]Plagemann A. Perinatal programming and functional teratogenesis:impact on body weight regulation and obesity. Physiol Behav 2005;86(5):661-8.
[190]Plagemann A. Perinatal nutrition and hormone-dependent programming of food intake. Horm Res 2006; 65 Suppl 3:83-9.
[191]Grove KL, Grayson BE, Glavas MM, Xiao XQ, Smith MS. Development of metabolic systems. Physiol Behav 2005;86(5):646-60.
[192]Grove KL, Smith MS. Ontogeny of the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y system. Physiol Behav 2003; 79(1):47-63.
[193]Bassett DR, Craig BW. Influence of early nutrition on growth and adipose tissue characteristics in male and female rats. J Appl Physiol 1988;64(3):1249-56.
[194]Plagemann A, Harder T, Rake A, Waas T, Melchior K, Ziska T et al. Observations on the orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptide Y-system in neonatally overfed weanling rats. J Neuroendocrinol 1999;11(7):541-6.
[195]Davidowa H, Plagemann A. Hypothalamic neurons of postnatally overfed, overweight rats respond differentially to corticotropin-releasing hormones. Neurosci Lett 2004; 371(1):64-8.
[196]Schmidt I, Fritz A, Scholch C, Schneider D, Simon E, Plagemann A. The effect of leptin treatment on the development of obesity in overfed suckling Wistar rats. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25(8):1168-74.
[197]Davidowa H, Plagemann A. Different responses of ventromedial hypothalamic neurons to leptin in normal and early postnatally overfed rats. Neurosci Lett 2000; 293(1):21-4.
[198]Kozak R, Burlet A, Burlet C, Beck B. Dietary composition during fetal and neonatal life affects neuropeptide Y functioning in adult offspring. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2000; 125(1-2):75-82.
[199]Muhlhausler BS, Adam CL, Marrocco EM, Findlay PA, Roberts CT, McFarlane JR et al. Impact of glucose infusion on the structural and functional characteristics of adipose tissue and on hypothalamic gene expression for appetite regulatory neuropeptides in the sheep fetus during late gestation. J Physiol 2005; 565(Pt 1):185-95.
[200]Bouret SG, Draper SJ, Simerly RB. Trophic action of leptin on hypothalamic neurons that regulate feeding. Science 2004; 304(5667):108-10.
[201]Bouret SG, Simerly RB. Developmental programming of hypothalamic feeding circuits. Clin Genet 2006; 70(4):295-301.
[202]Horvath TL, Bruning JC. Developmental programming of the hypothalamus:a matter of fat. Nat Med 2006; 12(1):52-3.
[203]Bouret SG, Draper SJ, Simerly RB. Trophic action of leptin on hypothalamic neurons that regulate feeding. Science 2004; 304(5667):108-10.
[204]Bouret SG, Draper SJ, Simerly RB. Trophic action of leptin on hypothalamic neurons that regulate feeding. Science 2004;304(5667):108-10.
[205]Greenwood PL, Hunt AS, Hermanson JW, Bell AW. Effects of birth weight and postnatal nutrition on neonatal sheep:I. Body growth and composition, and some aspects of energetic efficiency. J Anim Sci 1998; 76(9):2354-67.
[206]Bruggeman V, Onagbesan OM, Decuypere E. Body weight, fat content, liver weight and plasma leptin concentrations in broiler breeder females reared under ad libitum feeding, restricted feeding or combinations of both until age of first egg. British Poultry Science 2000; 41:57-9.
[207]Taouis M, Dridi S, Cassy S, Benomar Y, Raver N, Rideau N et al. Chicken leptin:properties and actions. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2001; 21(4):319-27.
[208]Cassy S, Derouet M, Crochet S, Dridi S, Taouis M. Leptin and insulin downregulate leptin receptor gene expression in chicken-derived leghorn male hepatoma cells. Poult Sci 2003; 82(10): 1573-9.
[209]Dridi S, Buyse J, Decuypere E, Taouis M. Potential role of leptin in increase of fatty acid synthase gene expression in chicken liver. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005; 29(4):646-60.
[210]Brown MR, Fisher LA, Sawchenko PE, Swanson LW, Vale WW. Biological effects of cysteamine: relationship to somatostatin depletion. Regul Pept 1983; 5:163-79.
[211]McLeod KR, Harmon DL, Schillo KK, Mitchell GE, Jr. Cysteamine-induced depletion of somatostatin in sheep:time course of depletion and changes in plasma metabolites, insulin, and growth hormone. J Anim Sci 1995;73:77-87.
[212]Rideau N, Karmann H, Simon J. Effects of cysteamine administration on plasma concentration of metabolites, pancreatic glucagon and insulin in the chicken. Comp Biochem Physiol A 1990; 96: 327-31.
[213]McLeod KR, Harmon DL, Schillo KK, Hileman SM, Mitchell GE, Jr. Effects of cysteamine on pulsatile growth hormone release and plasma insulin concentrations in sheep. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 112:523-33.
[214]Xiao D, Lin HR. Cysteamine-a somatostatin-inhibiting agent-induced growth hormone secretion and growth acceleration in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003; 134 (3):285-95.
[215]Tse MC, Cheng CH, Chan KM. Effects of chronic cysteamine treatment on growth enhancement and insulin-like growth factor I and II mRNA levels in common carp tissues. Br J Nutr 2006; 96 (4):650-9.
[216]Yang CM, Chen AG, Hong QH, Liu JX, Liu JS. Effects of cysteamine on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and metabolic hormones in broilers. Poult Sci 2006 Nov;85 (11):1912-62006; 85:1912-6.
[217]Gong JG. Influence of metabolic hormones and nutrition on ovarian follicle development in cattle: practical implications. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2002;23(1-2):229-41.
[218]Bedrak E, Harvey S, Chadwick A. Concentrations of pituitary, gonadal and adrenal hormones in serum of laying and broody white rock hens (Gallus domesticus). J Endocrinol 1981;89:197-204.
[219]Paczoska-Eliasiewicz HE, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M, Proudman J, Jacek T, Mika M, Sechman A et al. Exogenous leptin advances puberty in domestic hen. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2006; 31 (3):211-26.
[220]Hocking PM, Bernard R, Wilkie RS, Goddard C. Plasma growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations at the onset of lay in ad libitum and restricted broiler breeder fowl. Br Poult Sci 1994;35:299-308.
[221]Urdaneta A, Jimenez AR, Paramio MT, Izquierdo D. Cysteamine, glutathione and ionomycin treatments improve in vitro fertilization of prepubertal goat oocytes. Zygote 2004;12(4):277-84.
[222]de Matos DG, Furnus CC. The importance of having high glutathione (GSH) level after bovine in vitro maturation on embryo development effect of beta-mercaptoethanol, cysteine and cystine. Theriogenology 2000; 53 (3):761-71.
[223]Assadi FK, Mullin JJ, Beckman DA. Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental safety of cysteamine in the rat:effects on female reproduction and early embryonic development. Teratology 1998; 58:88-95.
[224]Beckman DA, Mullin JJ, Assadi FK. Developmental toxicity of cysteamine in the rat:effects on embryo-fetal development. Teratology 1998; 58:96-102.
[225]Rehfeldt C, Nissen PM, Kuhn G, Vestergaard M, Ender K, Oksbjerg N. Effects of maternal nutrition and porcine growth hormone (pGH) treatment during gestation on endocrine and metabolic factors in sows, fetuses and pigs, skeletal muscle development, and postnatal growth. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2004; 27(3):267-85.
[226]Seckl JR, Holmes MC. Mechanisms of disease:glucocorticoids, their placental metabolism and fetal 'programming' of adult pathophysiology. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3(6): 479-88.
[227]De PF, Roth J, Hernandez E, Pruss RM. Insulin is present in chicken eggs and early chick embryos. Endocrinology 1982; 111:1909-16.
[228]Wilson CM, McNabb FM. Maternal thyroid hormones in Japanese quail eggs and their influence on embryonic development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1997; 107:153-65.
[229]Eising CM, Muller W, Dijkstra C, Groothuis TGG. Maternal androgens in egg yolks:relation with sex, incubation time and embryonic growth. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2003; 132(2):241-7.
[230]Hayward LS, Wingfield JC. Maternal corticosterone is transferred to avian yolk and may alter offspring growth and adult phenotype. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2004; 135(3): 365-71.
[231]Li Y, Yuan L, Yang X, Ni Y, Xia D, Barth S et al. Effect of early feed restriction on myofibre types and expression of growth-related genes in the gastrocnemius muscle of crossbred broiler chickens. Br J Nutr 2007;98(2):310-9.
[232]Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 2001;25(4):402-8.
[233]Sekimoto K, Imai K, Suzuki M, Takikawa H, Hoshino N, Totsuka K. Thyroxine-induced molting and gonadal function of laying hens. Poult Sci 1987;66(4):752-6.
[234]Hoshino S, Suzuki M, Kakegawa T, Imai K, Wakita M, Kobayashi Y, Yamada Y. Changes in plasma thyroid hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, progesterone and corticosterone of laying hens during a forced molt. Comp Biochem Physiol A 1988;90(2):355-9.
[235]Paczoska-Eliasiewicz HE, Gertler A, Proszkowiec M, Proudman J, Hrabia A, Sechman A et al. Attenuation by leptin of the effects of fasting on ovarian function in hens (Gallus domesticus). Reproduction 2003;126(6):739-51.
[236]Shi ZD, Shao XB, Chen N, Yu YC, Bi YZ, Liang SD et al. Effects of immunisation against leptin on feed intake, weight gain, fat deposition and laying performance in chickens. Br Poult Sci 2006; 47 (1):88-94.
[237]Sun JM, Richards MP, Rosebrough RW, Ashwell CM, McMurtry JP, Coon CN. The relationship of body composition, feed intake, and metabolic hormones for broiler breeder females. Poult Sci 2006; 85 (7):1173-84.
[238]Adkins-Reagan, E.; Ottinger, M.A.; Park, J. Maternal transfer of estradiol to egg yolks alters sexual differentiation of avian offspring. J Exp Zool 1995; 271:466-470.
[239]Ashwell CM, Czerwinski SM, Brocht DM, McMurtry JP. Hormonal regulation of leptin expression in broiler chickens. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:R226-R232.
[240]Cioffi JA, Van BJ, Antczak M, Shafer A, Wittmer S, Snodgrass HR. The expression of leptin and its receptors in pre-ovulatory human follicles. Mol Hum Reprod 1997; 3(6):467-72.
[241]Wunder DM, Kretschmer R, Bersinger NA. Concentrations of leptin and C-reactive protein in serum and follicular fluid during assisted reproductive cycles. Hum Reprod 2005;20(5):1266-71.
[242]Cassy S, Metayer S, Crochet S, Rideau N, Collin A, Tesseraud S. Leptin receptor in the chicken ovary:potential involvement in ovarian dysfunction of ad libitum-fed broiler breeder hens. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004;2:72.
[243]Sirotkin AV, Grossmann R. Leptin directly controls proliferation, apoptosis and secretory activity of cultured chicken ovarian cells. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007;148(2): 422-9.
[244]Stepanyan Z, Kocharyan A, Behrens M, Koebnick C, Pyrski M, Meyerhof W. Somatostatin, a negative-regulator of central leptin action in the rat hypothalamus. J Neurochem 2007; 100(2): 468-78.
[245]Taouis M, Dridi S, Cassy S, Benomar Y, Raver N, Rideau N et al. Chicken leptin:properties and actions. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2001;21(4):319-27.
[246]Ashwell CM, McMurtry JP, Wang XH, Zhou Y, Vasilatos-Younken R. Effects of growth hormone and pair-feeding on leptin mRNA expression in liver and adipose tissue. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1999; 17(1):77-84.
[247]Xu NY, Chen XQ, Du JZ, Wang TY, Duan C. Intermittent hypoxia causes a suppressed pituitary growth hormone through somatostatin. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2004; 25 (5):361-7.
[248]Vickers MH, Gluckman PD, Coveny AH,. Hofman PL, Cutfield WS, Gertler A et al. Neonatal leptin treatment reverses developmental programming. Endocrinology 2005;146(10):4211-6.
[249]蒋晞东.鸡胚发育图谱.科学出版社1983.
[250]Dridi S, Williams J, Bruggeman V, Onagbesan M, Raver N, Decuypere E et al. A chicken leptin-specific radioimmunoassay. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2000;18(3):325-35.
[251]Vickers MH, Gluckman PD, Coveny AH, Hofman PL, Cutfield WS, Gertler A et al. The effect of neonatal leptin treatment on postnatal weight gain in male rats is dependent on maternal nutritional status during pregnancy. Endocrinology 2008;149(4):1906-13.
[252]Yura S, Itoh H, Sagawa N, Yamamoto H, Masuzaki H, Nakao K et al. Neonatal Exposure to Leptin Augments Diet-induced Obesity in Leptin-deficient Ob/Ob Mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16(6):1289-95.
[253]Narin F, Atabek ME, Karakukcu M, Narin N, Kurtoglu S, Gumus H et al. The association of plasma homocysteine levels with serum leptin and apolipoprotein B levels in childhood obesity. Ann Saudi Med 2005; 25(3):209-14.
[254]Kabir M, Oppert JM, Vidal H, Bruzzo F, Fiquet C, Wursch P et al. Four-week low-glycemic index breakfast with a modest amount of soluble fibers in type 2 diabetic men. Metabolism 2002; 51(7): 819-26.
[255]Kim JB, Sarraf P, Wright M, Yao KM, Mueller E, Solanes G et al. Nutritional and insulin regulation of fatty acid synthetase and leptin gene expression through ADD1/SREBP1. J Clin Invest 1998; 101(1):1-9.
[256]Magana MM, Lin SS, Dooley KA, Osborne TF. Sterol regulation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase promoter requires two interdependent binding sites for sterol regulatory element binding proteins. J Lipid Res 1997; 38(8):1630-8.
[257]Vickers MH, Gluckman PD, Coveny AH, Hofman PL, Cutfield WS, Gertler A et al. The effect of neonatal Ieptin treatment on postnatal weight gain in male rats is dependent on maternal nutritional status during pregnancy. Endocrinology 2008; 149(4):1906-13.
[258]Ozanne SE, Hales CN. Lifespan:catch-up growth and obesity in male mice. Nature 2004; 427(6973):411-2.
[259]Benedict C, Kern W, Schultes B, Born J, Hallschmid M. Differential-sensitivity of men and women to anorexigenic and memory-improving effects of intranasal insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(4):1339-44.
[260]Dridi S, Taouis M, Gertler A, Decuypere E, Buyse J. The regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene expression is tissue specific in chickens. J Endocrinol 2007;192(1):229-36.
[261]Souza-Mello V, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Aguila MB. Hepatic structural alteration in adult programmed offspring (severe maternal protein restriction) is aggravated by post-weaning high-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2007; 1-11.
[262]Goodridge AG, Crish JF, Hillgartner FB, Wilson SB. Nutritional and hormonal regulation of the gene for avian malic enzyme. J Nutr 1989;119(2):299-308.
[263]Balmir F, Staack R, Jeffrey E, Jimenez MD, Wang L, Potter SM. An extract of soy flour influences serum cholesterol and thyroid hormones in rats and hamsters. J Nutr 1996; 126(12):3046-53.
[264]Shin DJ, Osborne TF. Thyroid hormone regulation and cholesterol metabolism are connected through Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-2 (SREBP-2). J Biol Chem 2003;278(36): 34114-8.
[265]Iritani N. Nutritional and hormonal regulation of lipogenic-enzyme gene expression in rat liver. Eur J Biochem 1992;205(2):433-42.
[266]Yin L, Zhang Y, Hillgartner FB. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 interacts with the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor to enhance acetyl-CoA carboxylase-alpha transcription in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(22):19554-65.
[267]Florini JR, Ewton DZ, Coolican SA. Growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factor system in myogenesis. Endocr Rev 1996; 17(5):481-517.
[268]Cogburn LA, Liou SS, Rand AL, McMurtry JP. Growth, metabolic and endocrine responses of broiler cockerels given a daily subcutaneous injection of natural or biosynthetic chicken growth hormone. J Nutr 1989; 119(8):1213-22.
[269]Teruel T, Valverde AM, Benito M, Lorenzo M. Insulin-like growth factor I and insulin induce adipogenic-related gene expression in fetal brown adipocyte primary cultures. Biochem J 1996; 319 (Pt 2):627-32.
[270]Goodridge AG, Carpenter WR, Fisch JE, Goldman MJ, Kameda K, Stapleton SR. Structure and regulation of the avian gene for fatty acid synthase. Reprod Nutr Dev 1989; 29(3):359-75.
[271]Smith TM, Gilliland K, Clawson GA, Thiboutot D. IGF-1 induces SREBP-1 expression and lipogenesis in SEB-1 sebocytes via activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128(5):1286-93.
[272]N.Sellier 1JPBVDaMRB. Comparative Staging of Embryo Development in Chicken, Turkey, Duck, Goose, Guinea Fowl, and Japanese Quail Assessed from Five Hours After Fertilization Through Seventy-Two Hours of Incubation. J Appl Poult Res 2006; 15:219-28.
[2]He Y, Chen H, Quon MJ, Reitman M. The mouse obese gene. Genomic organization, promoter activity, and activation by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha. J Biol Chem 1995;270(48): 28887-91.
[3]Gong DW, Bi S, Pratley RE, Weintraub BD. Genomic structure and promoter analysis of the human obese gene. J Biol Chem 1996; 271(8):3971-4.
[4]Neuenschwander S, Rettenberger G, Meijerink E, Jorg H, Stranzinger G. Partial characterization of porcine obesity gene (OBS) and its localization to chromosome 18 by somatic cell hybrids. Anim Genet 1996; 27(4):275-8.
[5]Keisler DH, Daniel JA, Morrison CD. The role of leptin in nutritional status and reproductive function. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1999;54:425-35.
[6]Bado A, Levasseur S, Attoub S, Kermorgant S, Laigneau JP, Bortoluzzi MN et al. The stomach is a source of leptin. Nature 1998;394(6695):790-3.
[7]Hoggard N, Hunter L, Duncan JS, Williams LM, Trayhurn P, Mercer JG. Leptin and leptin receptor mRNA and protein expression in the murine fetus and placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94(20):11073-8.
[8]Henson MC, Swan KF, O'Neil JS. Expression of placental leptin and leptin receptor transcripts in early pregnancy and at term. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92(6):1020-8.
[9]Umemoto Y, Tsuji K, Yang FC, Ebihara Y, Kaneko A, Furukawa S, Nakahata T. Leptin stimulates the proliferation of murine myelocytic and primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 1997; 90(9):3438-43.
[10]Estienne MJ, Harper AF, Barb CR, Azain MJ. Concentrations of leptin in serum and milk collected from lactating sows differing in body condition. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2000; 19(4):275-80.
[11]Taouis M, Chen JW, Daviaud C, Dupont J, Derouet M, Simon J. Cloning the chicken leptin gene. Gene 1998;208:239-42.
[12]戴汉川.鸭肥胖基因的分子克隆序列分析及原核表达.畜牧兽医学报2005；36(7)：641-7.
[13]Richards MP, Ashwell CM, McMurtry JP. Quantitative analysis of leptin mRNA using competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2000; 21(4):792-8.
[14]Ashwell CM, Richards MP, McMurtry JP. The ontogeny of leptin mRNA expression in growing broilers and its relationship to metabolic body weight. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2001;21(3): 161-8.
[15]Friedman-Einat M, Boswell T, Horev G, Girishvarma G, Dunn IC, Talbot RT, Sharp PJ. The chicken leptin gene:has it been cloned? Gen Comp Endocrinol 1999; 115:354-63.
[16]Iwase M, Kimura K, Sasaki N, Komagome R, Ishioka K, Morimatsu M et al. Canine leptin:cDNA cloning, expression and activity of recombinant protein. Res Vet Sci 2000; 68(2):109-14.
[17]Rock FL, Altmann SW, van HM, Kastelein RA, Bazan JF. The leptin haemopoietic cytokine fold is stabilized by an intrachain disulfide bond. Horm Metab Res 1996; 28(12):649-52.
[18]Kochan Z, Karbowska J, Meissner W. Leptin is synthesized in the liver and adipose tissue of the dunlin (Calidris alpina). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 148 (3):336-9.
[19]Zhang F, Basinski MB, Beals JM, Briggs SL, Churgay LM, Clawson DK et al. Crystal structure of the obese protein leptin-E100. Nature 1997;387(6629):206-9.
[20]Amico JA, Thomas A, Crowley RS, Burmeister LA. Concentrations of leptin in the serum of pregnant, lactating, and cycling rats and of leptin messenger ribonucleic acid in rat placental tissue. Life Sci 1998; 63(16):1387-95.
[21]Smith JT, Waddell BJ. Leptin receptor expression in the rat placenta:changes in ob-ra, ob-rb, and ob-re with gestational age and suppression by glucocorticoids. Biol Reprod 2002; 67(4):1204-10.
[22]Smith JT, Waddell BJ. Leptin distribution and metabolism in the pregnant rat:transplacental leptin passage increases in late gestation but is reduced by excess glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 2003; 144(7):3024-30.
[23]Devaskar SU, Anthony R, Hay W, Jr. Ontogeny and insulin regulation of fetal ovine white adipose tissue leptin expression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 282(2):R431-R438.
[24]Chen X, Lin J, Hausman DB, Martin RJ, Dean RG, Hausman GJ. Alterations in fetal adipose tissue leptin expression correlate with the development of adipose tissue. Biol Neonate 2000; 78(1): 41-7.
[25]Yuen BS, Owens PC, McFarlane JR, Symonds ME, Edwards LJ, Kauter KG, McMillen IC. Circulating leptin concentrations are positively related to leptin messenger RNA expression in the adipose tissue of fetal sheep in the pregnant ewe fed at or below maintenance energy requirements during late gestation. Biol Reprod 2002;67(3):911-6.
[26]Gemmell RT, Alexander G Ultrastructural development of adipose tissue in foetal sheep. Aust J Biol Sci 1978;31(5):505-15.
[27]Yuen BS, Owens PC, Muhlhausler BS, Roberts CT, Symonds ME, Keisler DH et al. Leptin alters the structural and functional characteristics of adipose tissue before birth. FASEB J 2003;17(9): 1102-4.
[28]Muhlhausler BS, Roberts CT, McFarlane JR, Kauter KG, McMillen IC. Fetal leptin is a signal of fat mass independent of maternal nutrition in ewes fed at or above maintenance energy requirements. Biol Reprod 2002;67(2):493-9.
[29]Thomas L, Wallace JM, Aitken RP, Mercer JG, Trayhurn P, Hoggard N. Circulating leptin during ovine pregnancy in relation to maternal nutrition, body composition and pregnancy outcome. J Endocrinol 2001;169(3):465-76.
[30]Ehrhardt RA, Bell AW, Boisclair YR. Spatial and developmental regulation of leptin in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002;282(6):R1628-R1635.
[31]La CA, Matarese G. The weight of leptin in immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2004;4(5):371-9.
[32]Dridi S, Williams J, Bruggeman V, Onagbesan M, Raver N, Decuypere E et al. A chicken leptin-specific radioimmunoassay. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2000; 18(3):325-35.
[33]Horev G, Einat P, Aharoni T, Eshdat Y, Friedman-Einat M. Molecular cloning and properties of the chicken leptin-receptor (CLEPR) gene. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2000; 162(1-2):95-106.
[34]Tartaglia LA. The leptin receptor. J Biol Chem 1997; 272(10):6093-6.
[35]Tartaglia LA, Dembski M, Weng X, Deng N, Culpepper J, Devos R et al. Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R. Cell 1995; 83(7):1263-71.
[36]Ohkubo T, Nishio M, Tsurudome M, Ito M, Ito Y. Existence of leptin receptor protein in chicken tissues:isolation of a monoclonal antibody against chicken leptin receptor. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007;151(3):269-73.
[37]Emilsson V, Liu YL, Cawthorne MA, Morton NM, Davenport M. Expression of the functional leptin receptor mRNA in pancreatic islets and direct inhibitory action of leptin on insulin secretion. Diabetes 1997;46(2):313-6.
[38]Chen SC, Cunningham JJ, Smeyne RJ. Expression of OB receptor splice variants during prenatal development of the mouse. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2000; 20(1):87-103.
[39]Huang XF, Koutcherov I, Lin S, Wang HQ, Storlien L. Localization of leptin receptor mRNA expression in mouse brain. Neuroreport 1996;7(15-17):2635-8.
[40]Mercer JG, Hoggard N, Williams LM, Lawrence CB, Hannah LT, Trayhurn P. Localization of leptin receptor mRNA and the long form splice variant (Ob-Rb) in mouse hypothalamus and adjacent brain regions by in situ hybridization. FEBS Lett 1996; 387(2-3):113-6.
[41]Hoggard N, Mercer JG, Rayner DV, Moar K, Trayhurn P, Williams LM. Localization of leptin receptor mRNA splice variants in murine peripheral tissues by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;232(2):383-7.
[42]Lee GH, Proenca R, Montez JM, Carroll KM, Darvishzadeh JG, Lee JI, Friedman JM. Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature 1996; 379(6566):632-5.
[43]Liu X, Dunn IC, Sharp PJ, Boswell T. Molecular cloning and tissue distribution of a short form chicken leptin receptor mRNA. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2007 Apr;32 (3):155-66 Epub 2006 Mar 2 2007;32:155-66.
[44]Kubo M, Hanada T, Yoshimura A. Suppressors of cytokine signaling and immunity. Nat Immunol 2003;4(12):1169-76.
[45]Adachi H, Takemoto Y, Bungo T, Ohkubo T. Chicken leptin receptor is functional in activating JAK-STATpathway in vitro. J Endocrinol 2008; 197(2):335-42.
[46]Kim YB, Uotani S, Pierroz DD, Flier JS, Kahn BB. In vivo administration of leptin activates signal transduction directly in insulin-sensitive tissues:overlapping but distinct pathways from insulin. Endocrinology 2000; 141(7):2328-39.
[47]Attoub S, Noe V, Pirola L, Bruyneel E, Chastre E, Mareel M et al. Leptin promotes invasiveness of kidney and colonic epithelial cells via phosphoinositide 3-kinase-, rho-, and rac-dependent signaling pathways. FASEB J 2000; 14(14):2329-38.
[48]Martin-Romero C, Sanchez-Margalet V. Human leptin activates PI3K and MAPK pathways in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells:possible role of Sam68. Cell Immunol 2001;212(2): 83-91.
[49]Kellerer M, Koch M, Metzinger E, Mushack J, Capp E, Haring HU. Leptin activates PI-3 kinase in C2C12 myotubes via janus kinase-2 (JAK-2) and insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) dependent pathways. Diabetologia 1997; 40(11):1358-62.
[50]Sharp PA, Zamore PD. Molecular biology. RNA interference. Science 2000; 287(5462):2431-3.
[51]Simon MA, Dodson GS, Rubin GM. An SH3-SH2-SH3 protein is required for p21Ras1 activation and binds to sevenless and Sos proteins in vitro. Cell 1993;73(1):169-77.
[52]Spiegelman BM, Flier JS. Obesity and the regulation of energy balance. Cell 2001;104(4): 531-43.
[53]Harvey J, Ashford ML. Leptin in the CNS:much more than a satiety signal. Neuropharmacology 2003;44(7):845-54.
[54]Pelleymounter MA, Cullen MJ, Baker MB, Hecht R, Winters D, Boone T, Collins F. Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science 1995;269(5223):540-3.
[55]Taouis M, Dridi S, Cassy S, Benomar Y, Raver N, Rideau N et al. Chicken leptin:properties and actions. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2001; 21(4):319-27.
[56]Dridi S, Swennen Q, Decuypere E, Buyse J. Mode of leptin action in chicken hypothalamus. Brain Res 2005;1047(2):214-23.
[57]Dridi S, Williams J, Bruggeman V, Onagbesan M, Raver N, Decuypere E et al. A chicken leptin-specific radioimmunoassay. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2000; 8 (3):325-35.
[58]Denbow DM, Meade S, Robertson A, McMurtry JP, Richards M, Ashwell C. Leptin-induced decrease in food intake in chickens. Physiol Behav 2000; 9 (3):359-62.
[59]Lohmus M, Sundstrom LF, Silverin B. Chronic administration of leptin in Asian Blue Quail. J Exp Zoolog A Comp Exp Biol 2006;305(1):13-22.
[60]Jin L, Zhang S, Burguera BG, Couce ME, Osamura RY, Kulig E, Lloyd RV. Leptin and leptin receptor expression in rat and mouse pituitary cells. Endocrinology 2000; 141(1):333-9.
[61]Karlsson C, Lindell K, Svensson E, Bergh C, Lind P, Billig H et al. Expression of functional leptin receptors in the human ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82(12):4144-8.
[62]Strobel A, Issad T, Camoin L, Ozata M, Strosberg AD. A leptin missense mutation associated with hypogonadism and morbid obesity. Nat Genet 1998;18(3):213-5.
[63]Ahima RS, Dushay J, Flier SN, Prabakaran D, Flier JS. Leptin accelerates the onset of puberty in normal female mice. J Clin Invest 1997;99(3):391-5.
[64]Yu WH, Kimura M, Walczewska A, Karanth S, McCann SM. Role of leptin in hypothalamic-pituitary function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94(3):1023-8.
[65]Cheung CC, Thornton JE, Nurani SD, Clifton DK, Steiner RA. A reassessment of leptin's role in triggering the onset of puberty in the rat and mouse. Neuroendocrinology 2001; 74(1):12-21.
[66]Cheung CC, Thornton JE, Kuijper JL, Weigle DS, Clifton DK, Steiner RA. Leptin is a metabolic gate for the onset of puberty in the female rat. Endocrinology 1997; 138(2):855-8.
[67]McCann SM, Karanth S, Mastronardi CA, Dees WL, Childs G, Miller B et al. Control of gonadotropin secretion by follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing factor, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, and leptin. Arch Med Res 2001; 32(6):476-85.
[68]Sirotkin AV, Grossmann R. Leptin directly controls proliferation, apoptosis and secretory activity of cultured chicken ovarian cells. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 148(2): 422-9.
[69]Paczoska-Eliasiewicz HE, Gertler A, Proszkowiec M, Proudman J, Hrabia A, Sechman A et al. Attenuation by leptin of the effects of fasting on ovarian function in hens (Gallus domesticus). Reproduction 2003; 126 (6):739-51.
[70]Cassy S, Metayer S, Crochet S, Rideau N, Collin A, Tesseraud S. Leptin receptor in the chicken ovary:potential involvement in ovarian dysfunction of ad libitum-fed broiler breeder hens. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004; 2:72.
[71]Faggioni R, Feingold KR, Grunfeld C. Leptin regulation of the immune response and the immunodeficiency of malnutrition. FASEB J 2001;15(14):2565-71.
[72]Zhao Y, Sun R, You L, Gao C, Tian Z. Expression of leptin receptors and response to leptin stimulation of human natural killer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;300(2): 247-52.
[73]Dixit VD, Mielenz M, Taub DD, Parvizi N. Leptin induces growth hormone secretion from peripheral blood mononuclear cells via a protein kinase C- and nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Endocrinology 2003;144(12):5595-603.
[74]Lohmus M, Olin M, Sundstrom LF, Troedsson MH, Molitor TW, El HM. Leptin increases T-cell immune response in birds. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2004; 139(3):245-50.
[75]Kain ZN, Zimolo Z, Heninger G. Leptin and the perioperative neuroendocrinological stress response. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84(7):2438-42.
[76]Glasow A, Haidan A, Hilbers U, Breidert M, Gillespie J, Scherbaum WA et al. Expression of Ob receptor in normal human adrenals:differential regulation of adrenocortical and adrenomedullary function by leptin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83(12):4459-66.
[77]Marikovsky M, Rosenblum CI, Faltin Z, Friedman-Einat M. Appearance of leptin in wound fluid as a response to injury. Wound Repair Regen 2002;10(5):302-7.
[78]KENNEDY GC. The role of depot fat in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the rat. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1953;140(901):578-96.
[79]Roth H, Kom T, Rosenkranz K, Hinney A, Ziegler A, Kunz J et al. Transmission disequilibrium and sequence variants at the leptin receptor gene in extremely obese German children and adolescents. Hum Genet 1998;103(5):540-6.
[80]Friedman JM, Leibel RL. Tackling a weighty problem. Cell 1992;69(2):217-20.
[81]Briese E. Normal body temperature of rats:the setpoint controversy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1998; 22(3):427-36.
[82]Hynes GR, Jones PJ. Leptin and its role in lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2001; 12(3): 321-7.
[83]Peters A, Schweiger U, Pellerin L, Hubold C, Oltmanns KM, Conrad M et al. The selfish brain: competition for energy resources. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2004; 28(2):143-80.
[84]HERVEY GR. The effects of lesions in the hypothalamus in parabiotic rats. J Physiol 1959;145(2): 336-52.
[85]Vanderweele DA VITB. Sham feeding is inhibited by dietary-induced obesity in rats. Physiol Behav 1983;31(4):533-7.
[86]Coleman DL. Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice. Diabetologia 1973; 9(4):294-8.
[87]Speakman JR, Stubbs RJ, Mercer JG. Does body mass play a role in the regulation of food intake? Proc Nutr Soc 2002; 61(4):473-87.
[88]Arora S. Leptin and its metabolic interactions-an update. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008.
[89]Klingenspor M, Niggemann H, Heldmaier G. Modulation of leptin sensitivity by short photoperiod acclimation in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus. J Comp Physiol [B] 2000;170(1): 37-43.
[90]Aubert ML, Pierroz DD, Gruaz NM, d'Alleves V, Vuagnat BA, Pralong FP et al. Metabolic control of sexual function and growth:role of neuropeptide Y and leptin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1998; 140(1-2):107-13.
[91]Fekete C, Sarkar S, Rand WM, Harney JW, Emerson CH, Bianco AC et al. Neuropeptide Y1 and Y5 receptors mediate the effects of neuropeptide Y on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Endocrinology 2002;143(12):4513-9.
[92]Wauters M, Considine RV, Van Gaal LF. Human leptin:from an adipocyte hormone to an endocrine mediator. Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 143(3):293-311.
[93]Ahima RS, Prabakaran D, Mantzoros C, Qu D, Lowell B, Maratos-Flier E, Flier JS. Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature 1996; 382(6588):250-2.
[94]Glasow A, Haidan A, Hilbers U, Breidert M, Gillespie J, Scherbaum WA et al. Expression of Ob receptor in normal human adrenals:differential regulation of adrenocortical and adrenomedullary function by leptin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83(12):4459-66.
[95]Cocchi D, De GC, V, Bagnasco M, Bonacci D, Muller EE. Leptin regulates GH secretion in the rat by acting on GHRH and sornatostatinergic functions. J Endocrinol 1999;162(1):95-9.
[96]Carro E, Senaris R, Considine RV, Casanueva FF, Dieguez C. Regulation of in vivo growth hormone secretion by leptin. Endocrinology 1997;138(5):2203-6. [97] Carro E, Seoane LM, Senaris R, Casanueva FF, Dieguez C. Leptin increases in vivo GH responses to GHRH and GH-releasing peptide-6 in food-deprived rats. Eur J Endocrinol 2000;142(1): 66-70. [98] Madej T, Boguski MS, Bryant SH. Threading analysis suggests that the obese gene product may be a helical cytokine. FEBS Lett 1995;373(1):13-8. [99] Tannenbaum GS, Gurd W, Lapointe M. Leptin is a potent stimulator of spontaneous pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion and the GH response to GH-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 1998;139(9):3871-5.
[100]Roh S, Clarke IJ, Xu R, Goding J W, Loneragan K, Chen C. The in vitro effect of leptin on basal and growth hormone-releasing hormone-stimulated growth hormone secretion from the ovine pituitary gland. Neuroendocrinology 1998;68(6):361-4.
[101]LaPaglia N, Steiner J, Kirsteins L, Emanuele M, Emanuele N. Leptin alters the response of the growth hormone releasing factor- growth hormone--insulin-like growth factor-I axis to fasting. J Endocrinol 1998;159(1):79-83.
[102]Masuzaki H, Ogawa Y, Isse N, Satoh N, Okazaki T, Shigemoto M et al. Human obese gene expression. Adipocyte-specific expression and regional differences in the adipose tissue. Diabetes 1995; 44(7):855-8.
[103]Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D, Jr., Seeley RJ, Baskin DG Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 2000; 404(6778):661-71.
[104]Kulkarni RN, Wang ZL, Wang RM, Hurley JD, Smith DM, Ghatei MA et al. Leptin rapidly suppresses insulin release from insulinoma cells, rat and human islets and, in vivo, in mice. J Clin Invest 1997; 100(11):2729-36.
[105]Kieffer TJ, Heller RS, Leech CA, Holz GG, Habener JF. Leptin suppression of insulin secretion by the activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pancreatic beta-cells. Diabetes 1997; 46(6): 1087-93.
[106]Benomar Y, Rideau N, Crochet S, Derouet M, Taouis M. Leptin fully suppresses acetylcholine-induced insulin secretion and is reversed by tolbutamide in isolated perfused chicken pancreas. Horm Metab Res 2003;35 (2):81-5.
[107]Zhao AZ, Bornfeldt KE, Beavo JA. Leptin inhibits insulin secretion by activation of phosphodiesterase 3B. J Clin Invest 1998;102(5):869-73.
[108]Kieffer TJ, Habener JF. The adipoinsular axis:effects of leptin on pancreatic beta-cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 278(1):E1-E14.
[109]Dallman MF, Akana SF, Strack AM, Hanson ES, Sebastian RJ. The neural network that regulates energy balance is responsive to glucocorticoids and insulin and also regulates HPA axis responsivity at a site proximal to CRF neurons. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 771:730-42.
[110]Rodriguez A, Fortuno A, Gomez-Ambrosi J, Zalba G, Diez J, Fruhbeck G. The inhibitory effect of leptin on angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Endocrinology 2007; 148(1):324-31.
[Ill]Cao R, Brakenhielm E, Wahlestedt C, Thyberg J, Cao Y. Leptin induces vascular permeability and synergistically stimulates angiogenesis with FGF-2 and VEGF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98(11):6390-5.
[112]Muoio DM, Lynis DG. Peripheral metabolic actions of leptin. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 16(4):653-66.
[113]Kim JB, Sarraf P, Wright M, Yao KM, Mueller E, Solanes G et al. Nutritional and insulin regulation of fatty acid synthetase and leptin gene expression through ADD1/SREBP1. J Clin Invest 1998;101(1):1-9.
[114]Magana MM, Lin SS, Dooley KA, Osborne TF. Sterol regulation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase promoter requires two interdependent binding sites for sterol regulatory element binding proteins. J Lipid Res 1997; 38(8):1630-8.
[115]Moon YA, Shah NA, Mohapatra S, Warrington JA, Horton JD. Identification of a mammalian long chain fatty acyl elongase regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 2001; 276(48):45358-66.
[116]Horton JD, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. SREBPs:activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver. J Clin Invest 2002;109(9):1125-31.
[117]Yin L, Zhang Y, Hillgartner FB. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 interacts with the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor to enhance acetyl-CoA carboxylase-alpha transcription in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2002;277(22):19554-65.
[118]Kakuma T, Lee Y, Higa M, Wang Z, Pan W, Shimomura I, Unger RH. Leptin, troglitazone, and the expression of sterol regulatory element binding proteins in liver and pancreatic islets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97(15):8536-41.
[119]Fukuda H, Iritani N, Sugimoto T, Ikeda H. Transcriptional regulation of fatty acid synthase gene by insulin/glucose, polyunsaturated fatty acid and leptin in hepatocytes and adipocytes in normal and genetically obese rats. Eur J Biochem 1999; 260(2):505-11.
[120]McGarry JD, Brown NF. Reconstitution of purified, active and malonyl-CoA-sensitive rat liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase Ⅰ:relationship between membrane environment and malonyl-CoA sensitivity. Biochem J 2000; 349(Pt 1):179-87.
[121]Uotani S, Abe T, Yamaguchi Y. Leptin activates AMP-activated protein kinase in hepatic cells via a JAK2-dependent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351(1):171-5.
[122]Huang W, Dedousis N, Bandi A, Lopaschuk GD, O'Doherty RM. Liver triglyceride secretion and lipid oxidative metabolism are rapidly altered by leptin in vivo. Endocrinology 2006; 147(3): 1480-7.
[123]Zhou YT, Shimabukuro M, Koyama K, Lee Y, Wang MY, Trieu F et al. Induction by leptin of uncoupling protein-2 and enzymes of fatty acid oxidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94(12): 6386-90.
[124]Lee Y, Wang MY, Kakuma T, Wang ZW, Babcock E, McCorkle K et al. Liporegulation in diet-induced obesity. The antisteatotic role of hyperleptinemia. J Biol Chem 2001; 276(8): 5629-35.
[125]Dridi S, Swennen Q, Decuypere E, Buyse J. Mode of leptin action in chicken hypothalamus. Brain Res 2005; 1047(2):214-23.
[126]Honda K, Kamisoyama H, Saneyasu T, Sugahara K, Hasegawa S. Central administration of insulin suppresses food intake in chicks. Neurosci Lett 2007; 423(2):153-7.
[127]Ashwell CM, Czerwinski SM, Brocht DM, McMurtry JP. Hormonal regulation of leptin expression in broiler chickens. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:R226-R232.
[128]Ashwell CM, McMurtry JP, Wang XH, Zhou Y, Vasilatos-Younken R. Effects of growth hormone and pair-feeding on leptin mRNA expression in liver and adipose tissue. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1999; 17:77-84.
[129]Lamosova D, Zeman M. Effect of leptin and insulin on chick embryonic muscle cells and hepatocytes. Physiol Res 2001;50(2):183-9.
[130]Lamosova D, Macajova M, Zeman M, Mozes S, Jezova D. Effect of in ovo leptin administration on the development of Japanese quail. Physiol Res 2003; 52(2):201-9.
[131]Kamohara S, Burcelin R, Halaas JL, Friedman JM, Charron MJ. Acute stimulation of glucose metabolism in mice by leptin treatment. Nature 1997; 389(6649):374-7.
[132]Dridi S, Buyse J, Decuypere E, Taouis M. Potential role of leptin in increase of fatty acid synthase gene expression in chicken liver. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005; 29(4):646-60.
[133]Dridi S, Swennen Q, Decuypere E, Buyse J. Mode of leptin action in chicken hypothalamus. Brain Res 2005; 1047(2):214-23.
[134]Barker DJ, Osmond C. Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. Lancet 1986; 1(8489):1077-81.
[135]Taylor PD, Poston L. Developmental programming of obesity in mammals. Exp Physiol 2007; 92(2):287-98.
[136]Ozanne SE. Metabolic programming in animals. Br Med Bull 2001; 60:143-52.
[137]Lucas A. Programming by early nutrition in man. Ciba Found Symp 1991; 156:38-50.
[138]Parsons TJ, Power C, Manor O. Fetal and early life growth and body mass index from birth to early adulthood in 1958 British cohort:longitudinal study. BMJ 2001; 323(7325):1331-5.
[139]Loos RJ, Beunen G, Fagard R, Derom C, Vlietinck R. Birth weight and body composition in young adult men--a prospective twin study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25(10):1537-45.
[140]Loos RJ, Beunen G, Fagard R, Derom C, Vlietinck R. Birth weight and body composition in young women:a prospective twin study. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75(4):676-82.
[141]Singhal A, Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Lucas A. Early nutrition and leptin concentrations in later life. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75(6):993-9.
[142]Ozanne SE, Lewis R, Jennings BJ, Hales CN. Early programming of weight gain in mice prevents the induction of obesity by a highly palatable diet. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 106(2):141-5.
[143]Zambrano E, Bautista CJ, Deas M, Martinez-Samayoa PM, Gonzalez-Zamorano M, Ledesma H et al. A low maternal protein diet during pregnancy and lactation has sex-and window of exposure-specific effects on offspring growth and food intake, glucose metabolism and serum leptin in the rat. J Physiol 2006; 571(Pt 1):221-30.
[144]Vickers MH, Breier BH, Cutfield WS, Hofman PL, Gluckman PD. Fetal origins of hyperphagia, obesity, and hypertension and postnatal amplification by hypercaloric nutrition. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000;279(1):E83-E87.
[145]Vickers MH, Breier BH, McCarthy D, Gluckman PD. Sedentary behavior during postnatal life is determined by the prenatal environment and exacerbated by postnatal hypercaloric nutrition. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285(1):R271-R273.
[146]Venu L, Harishankar N, Prasanna KT, Raghunath M. Maternal dietary vitamin restriction increases body fat content but not insulin resistance in WNTN rat offspring up to 6 months of age. Diabetologia 2004; 47(9):1493-501.
[147]Greenwood PL, Bell AW. Consequences of intra-uterine growth retardation for postnatal growth, metabolism and pathophysiology. Reprod Suppl 2003;61:195-206.
[148]Stephens DN. Growth and the development of dietary obesity in adulthood of rats which have been undernourished during development. Br J Nutr 1980; 44(3):215-27.
[149]Jones AP, Assimon SA, Friedman MI. The effect of diet on food intake and adiposity in rats made obese by gestational undernutrition. Physiol Behav 1996; 37(3):381-6.
[150]Armitage JA, Khan IY, Taylor PD, Nathanielsz PW, Poston L. Developmental programming of the metabolic syndrome by maternal nutritional imbalance:how strong is the evidence from experimental models in mammals? J Physiol 2004;561(Pt 2):355-77.
[151]Guo F, Jen KL. High-fat feeding during pregnancy and lactation affects offspring metabolism in rats. Physiol Behav 1995; 57(4):681-6.
[152]Ferezou-Viala J, Roy AF, Serougne C, Gripois D, Parquet M, Bailleux V et al. Long-term consequences of maternal high-fat feeding on hypothalamic leptin sensitivity and diet-induced obesity in the offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007 Jun 6; 2007;
[153]Srinivasan M, Laychock SG, Hill DJ, Patel MS. Neonatal nutrition:metabolic programming of pancreatic islets and obesity. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228(1):15-23.
[154]Newbold RR, Padilla-Banks E, Snyder RJ, Phillips TM, Jefferson WN. Developmental exposure to endocrine disruptors and the obesity epidemic. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 23(3):290-6.
[155]Groothuis TGG, Muller W, von Engelhardt N, Carere C, Eising C. Maternal hormones as a tool to adjust offspring phenotype in avian species. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2005;In Press, Corrected Proof.
[156]Vickers MH, Gluckman PD, Coveny AH, Hofinan PL, Cutfield WS, Gertler A et al. Neonatal leptin treatment reverses developmental programming. Endocrinology 2005; 146(10):4211-6.
[157]Vickers MH. Developmental programming and adult obesity:the role of leptin. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007;14(1):17-22.
[158]Stocker CJ, Arch JR, Cawthorne MA. Fetal origins of insulin resistance and obesity. Proc Nutr Soc 2005; 64(2):143-51.
[159]Ahima RS, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2000; 11(8): 327-32.
[160]Breier BH, Vickers MH, Ikenasio BA, Chan KY, Wong WP. Fetal programming of appetite and obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 185(1-2):73-9.
[161]McMillen IC, Edwards LJ, Duffield J, Muhlhausler BS. Regulation of leptin synthesis and secretion before birth:implications for the early programming of adult obesity. Reproduction 2006; 131 (3):415-27.
[162]Oktem O, Dedeoglu N, Oymak Y, Sezen D, Koksal L, Pekin T et al. Maternal serum, amniotic fluid and cord leptin levels at term:their correlations with fetal weight. J Perinat Med 2004;32 (3):266-71.
[163]Woelfer B, Hafner E, Metzenbauer M, Schuchter K, Philipp K. The influence of leptin on placental and fetal volume measured by three-dimensional ultrasound in the second trimester. Placenta 2005; 26 (2-3):124-8.
[164]Koistinen HA, Koivisto VA, Andersson S, Karonen SL, Kontula K, Oksanen L, Teramo KA. Leptin concentration in cord blood correlates with intrauterine growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82(10):3328-30.
[165]Cetin I, Morpurgo PS, Radaelli T, Taricco E, Cortelazzi D, Bellotti M et al. Fetal plasma leptin concentrations:relationship with different intrauterine growth patterns from 19 weeks to term. Pediatr Res 2000;48(5):646-51.
[166]Tapanainen P, Leinonen E, Ruokonen A, Knip M. Leptin concentrations are elevated in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Horm Res 2001;55(4):185-90.
[167]Jaquet D, Leger J, Tabone MD, Czernichow P, Levy-Marchal C. High serum leptin concentrations during catch-up growth of children born with intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84(6):1949-53.
[168]Phillips DI, Fall CH, Cooper C, Norman RJ, Robinson JS, Owens PC. Size at birth and plasma leptin concentrations in adult life. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23(10):1025-9.
[169]Singhal A, Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Lucas A. Early nutrition and leptin concentrations in later life. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75(6):993-9.
[170]Edwards LJ, McFarlane JR, Kauter KG,McMillen IC. Impact of periconceptional nutrition on maternal and fetal leptin and fetal adiposity in singleton and twin pregnancies. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005;288(1):R39-R45.
[171]Bispham J, Gopalakrishnan GS, Dandrea J, Wilson V, Budge H, Keisler DH et al. Maternal endocrine adaptation throughout pregnancy to nutritional manipulation:consequences for maternal plasma leptin and cortisol and the programming of fetal adipose tissue development. Endocrinology 2003;144(8):3575-85.
[172]Muhlhausler BS, Roberts CT, Yuen BS, Marrocco E, Budge H, Symonds ME et al. Determinants of fetal leptin synthesis, fat mass, and circulating leptin concentrations in well-nourished ewes in late pregnancy. Endocrinology 2003;144(11):4947-54.
[173]Saladin R, De VP, Guerre-Millo M, Leturque A, Girard J, Staels B, Auwerx J. Transient increase in obese gene expression after food intake or insulin administration. Nature 1995;377(6549):527-9.
[174]Yura S, Itoh H, Sagawa N, Yamamoto H, Masuzaki H, Nakao K et al. Role of premature leptin surge in obesity resulting from intrauterine undernutrition. Cell Metab 2005;1(6):371-8.
[175]Nilsson C, Swolin-Eide D, Ohlsson C, Eriksson E, Ho HP, Bjorntorp P, Holmang A. Reductions in adipose tissue and skeletal growth in rat adult offspring after prenatal leptin exposure. J Endocrinol 2003;176(1):13-21.
[176]Stocker C, O'Dowd J, Morton NM, Wargent E, Sennitt MV, Hislop D et al. Modulation of susceptibility to weight gain and insulin resistance in low birthweight rats by treatment of their mothers with leptin during pregnancy and lactation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28(1): 129-36.
[177]Eriksson JG, Forsen T, Tuomilehto J, Jaddoe VW, Osmond C, Barker DJ. Effects of size at birth and childhood growth on the insulin resistance syndrome in elderly individuals. Diabetologia 2002; 45(3):342-8.
[178]Levy-Marchal C, Jaquet D, Czernichow P. Long-term metabolic consequences of being born small for gestational age. Semin Neonatol 2004; 9(1):67-74.
[179]Faust IM, Johnson PR, Stem JS, Hirsch J. Diet-induced adipocyte number increase in adult rats:a new model of obesity. Am J Physiol 1978;235(3):E279-E286.
[180]Corbett SW, Stern JS, Keesey RE. Energy expenditure in rats with diet-induced obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 44(2):173-80.
[181]Budge H, Gnanalingham MG, Gardner DS, Mostyn A, Stephenson T, Symonds ME. Maternal nutritional programming of fetal adipose tissue development:long-term consequences for later obesity. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2005;75(3):193-9.
[182]Symonds ME, Pearce S, Bispham J, Gardner DS, Stephenson T. Timing of nutrient restriction and programming of fetal adipose tissue development. Proc Nutr Soc 2004; 63(3):397-403.
[183]Hales CN, Barker DJ. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Br Med Bull 2001;60:5-20.
[184]Kwong WY, Wild AE, Roberts P, Willis AC, Fleming TP. Maternal undemutrition during the preimplantation period of rat development causes blastocyst abnormalities and programming of postnatal hypertension. Development 2000; 127(19):4195-202.
[185]Cripps RL, Martin-Gronert MS, Ozanne SE. Fetal and perinatal programming of appetite. Clin Sci (Lond)2005; 109(1):1-11.
[186]McMillen IC, Adam CL, Muhlhausler BS. Early origins of obesity:programming the appetite regulatory system. J Physiol 2005;565(Pt 1):9-17.
[187]McMillen IC, Edwards LJ, Duffield J, Muhlhausler BS. Regulation of leptin synthesis and secretion before birth:implications for the early programming of adult obesity. Reproduction 2006; 131(3):415-27.
[188]Muhlhausler BS, Adam CL, Findlay PA, Duffield JA, McMillen IC. Increased maternal nutrition alters development of the appetite-regulating network in the brain. FASEB J 2006;20(8):1257-9.
[189]Plagemann A. Perinatal programming and functional teratogenesis:impact on body weight regulation and obesity. Physiol Behav 2005;86(5):661-8.
[190]Plagemann A. Perinatal nutrition and hormone-dependent programming of food intake. Horm Res 2006; 65 Suppl 3:83-9.
[191]Grove KL, Grayson BE, Glavas MM, Xiao XQ, Smith MS. Development of metabolic systems. Physiol Behav 2005;86(5):646-60.
[192]Grove KL, Smith MS. Ontogeny of the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y system. Physiol Behav 2003; 79(1):47-63.
[193]Bassett DR, Craig BW. Influence of early nutrition on growth and adipose tissue characteristics in male and female rats. J Appl Physiol 1988;64(3):1249-56.
[194]Plagemann A, Harder T, Rake A, Waas T, Melchior K, Ziska T et al. Observations on the orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptide Y-system in neonatally overfed weanling rats. J Neuroendocrinol 1999;11(7):541-6.
[195]Davidowa H, Plagemann A. Hypothalamic neurons of postnatally overfed, overweight rats respond differentially to corticotropin-releasing hormones. Neurosci Lett 2004; 371(1):64-8.
[196]Schmidt I, Fritz A, Scholch C, Schneider D, Simon E, Plagemann A. The effect of leptin treatment on the development of obesity in overfed suckling Wistar rats. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25(8):1168-74.
[197]Davidowa H, Plagemann A. Different responses of ventromedial hypothalamic neurons to leptin in normal and early postnatally overfed rats. Neurosci Lett 2000; 293(1):21-4.
[198]Kozak R, Burlet A, Burlet C, Beck B. Dietary composition during fetal and neonatal life affects neuropeptide Y functioning in adult offspring. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2000; 125(1-2):75-82.
[199]Muhlhausler BS, Adam CL, Marrocco EM, Findlay PA, Roberts CT, McFarlane JR et al. Impact of glucose infusion on the structural and functional characteristics of adipose tissue and on hypothalamic gene expression for appetite regulatory neuropeptides in the sheep fetus during late gestation. J Physiol 2005; 565(Pt 1):185-95.
[200]Bouret SG, Draper SJ, Simerly RB. Trophic action of leptin on hypothalamic neurons that regulate feeding. Science 2004; 304(5667):108-10.
[201]Bouret SG, Simerly RB. Developmental programming of hypothalamic feeding circuits. Clin Genet 2006; 70(4):295-301.
[202]Horvath TL, Bruning JC. Developmental programming of the hypothalamus:a matter of fat. Nat Med 2006; 12(1):52-3.
[203]Bouret SG, Draper SJ, Simerly RB. Trophic action of leptin on hypothalamic neurons that regulate feeding. Science 2004; 304(5667):108-10.
[204]Bouret SG, Draper SJ, Simerly RB. Trophic action of leptin on hypothalamic neurons that regulate feeding. Science 2004;304(5667):108-10.
[205]Greenwood PL, Hunt AS, Hermanson JW, Bell AW. Effects of birth weight and postnatal nutrition on neonatal sheep:I. Body growth and composition, and some aspects of energetic efficiency. J Anim Sci 1998; 76(9):2354-67.
[206]Bruggeman V, Onagbesan OM, Decuypere E. Body weight, fat content, liver weight and plasma leptin concentrations in broiler breeder females reared under ad libitum feeding, restricted feeding or combinations of both until age of first egg. British Poultry Science 2000; 41:57-9.
[207]Taouis M, Dridi S, Cassy S, Benomar Y, Raver N, Rideau N et al. Chicken leptin:properties and actions. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2001; 21(4):319-27.
[208]Cassy S, Derouet M, Crochet S, Dridi S, Taouis M. Leptin and insulin downregulate leptin receptor gene expression in chicken-derived leghorn male hepatoma cells. Poult Sci 2003; 82(10): 1573-9.
[209]Dridi S, Buyse J, Decuypere E, Taouis M. Potential role of leptin in increase of fatty acid synthase gene expression in chicken liver. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005; 29(4):646-60.
[210]Brown MR, Fisher LA, Sawchenko PE, Swanson LW, Vale WW. Biological effects of cysteamine: relationship to somatostatin depletion. Regul Pept 1983; 5:163-79.
[211]McLeod KR, Harmon DL, Schillo KK, Mitchell GE, Jr. Cysteamine-induced depletion of somatostatin in sheep:time course of depletion and changes in plasma metabolites, insulin, and growth hormone. J Anim Sci 1995;73:77-87.
[212]Rideau N, Karmann H, Simon J. Effects of cysteamine administration on plasma concentration of metabolites, pancreatic glucagon and insulin in the chicken. Comp Biochem Physiol A 1990; 96: 327-31.
[213]McLeod KR, Harmon DL, Schillo KK, Hileman SM, Mitchell GE, Jr. Effects of cysteamine on pulsatile growth hormone release and plasma insulin concentrations in sheep. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 112:523-33.
[214]Xiao D, Lin HR. Cysteamine-a somatostatin-inhibiting agent-induced growth hormone secretion and growth acceleration in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003; 134 (3):285-95.
[215]Tse MC, Cheng CH, Chan KM. Effects of chronic cysteamine treatment on growth enhancement and insulin-like growth factor I and II mRNA levels in common carp tissues. Br J Nutr 2006; 96 (4):650-9.
[216]Yang CM, Chen AG, Hong QH, Liu JX, Liu JS. Effects of cysteamine on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and metabolic hormones in broilers. Poult Sci 2006 Nov;85 (11):1912-62006; 85:1912-6.
[217]Gong JG. Influence of metabolic hormones and nutrition on ovarian follicle development in cattle: practical implications. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2002;23(1-2):229-41.
[218]Bedrak E, Harvey S, Chadwick A. Concentrations of pituitary, gonadal and adrenal hormones in serum of laying and broody white rock hens (Gallus domesticus). J Endocrinol 1981;89:197-204.
[219]Paczoska-Eliasiewicz HE, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M, Proudman J, Jacek T, Mika M, Sechman A et al. Exogenous leptin advances puberty in domestic hen. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2006; 31 (3):211-26.
[220]Hocking PM, Bernard R, Wilkie RS, Goddard C. Plasma growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations at the onset of lay in ad libitum and restricted broiler breeder fowl. Br Poult Sci 1994;35:299-308.
[221]Urdaneta A, Jimenez AR, Paramio MT, Izquierdo D. Cysteamine, glutathione and ionomycin treatments improve in vitro fertilization of prepubertal goat oocytes. Zygote 2004;12(4):277-84.
[222]de Matos DG, Furnus CC. The importance of having high glutathione (GSH) level after bovine in vitro maturation on embryo development effect of beta-mercaptoethanol, cysteine and cystine. Theriogenology 2000; 53 (3):761-71.
[223]Assadi FK, Mullin JJ, Beckman DA. Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental safety of cysteamine in the rat:effects on female reproduction and early embryonic development. Teratology 1998; 58:88-95.
[224]Beckman DA, Mullin JJ, Assadi FK. Developmental toxicity of cysteamine in the rat:effects on embryo-fetal development. Teratology 1998; 58:96-102.
[225]Rehfeldt C, Nissen PM, Kuhn G, Vestergaard M, Ender K, Oksbjerg N. Effects of maternal nutrition and porcine growth hormone (pGH) treatment during gestation on endocrine and metabolic factors in sows, fetuses and pigs, skeletal muscle development, and postnatal growth. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2004; 27(3):267-85.
[226]Seckl JR, Holmes MC. Mechanisms of disease:glucocorticoids, their placental metabolism and fetal 'programming' of adult pathophysiology. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3(6): 479-88.
[227]De PF, Roth J, Hernandez E, Pruss RM. Insulin is present in chicken eggs and early chick embryos. Endocrinology 1982; 111:1909-16.
[228]Wilson CM, McNabb FM. Maternal thyroid hormones in Japanese quail eggs and their influence on embryonic development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1997; 107:153-65.
[229]Eising CM, Muller W, Dijkstra C, Groothuis TGG. Maternal androgens in egg yolks:relation with sex, incubation time and embryonic growth. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2003; 132(2):241-7.
[230]Hayward LS, Wingfield JC. Maternal corticosterone is transferred to avian yolk and may alter offspring growth and adult phenotype. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2004; 135(3): 365-71.
[231]Li Y, Yuan L, Yang X, Ni Y, Xia D, Barth S et al. Effect of early feed restriction on myofibre types and expression of growth-related genes in the gastrocnemius muscle of crossbred broiler chickens. Br J Nutr 2007;98(2):310-9.
[232]Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 2001;25(4):402-8.
[233]Sekimoto K, Imai K, Suzuki M, Takikawa H, Hoshino N, Totsuka K. Thyroxine-induced molting and gonadal function of laying hens. Poult Sci 1987;66(4):752-6.
[234]Hoshino S, Suzuki M, Kakegawa T, Imai K, Wakita M, Kobayashi Y, Yamada Y. Changes in plasma thyroid hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, progesterone and corticosterone of laying hens during a forced molt. Comp Biochem Physiol A 1988;90(2):355-9.
[235]Paczoska-Eliasiewicz HE, Gertler A, Proszkowiec M, Proudman J, Hrabia A, Sechman A et al. Attenuation by leptin of the effects of fasting on ovarian function in hens (Gallus domesticus). Reproduction 2003;126(6):739-51.
[236]Shi ZD, Shao XB, Chen N, Yu YC, Bi YZ, Liang SD et al. Effects of immunisation against leptin on feed intake, weight gain, fat deposition and laying performance in chickens. Br Poult Sci 2006; 47 (1):88-94.
[237]Sun JM, Richards MP, Rosebrough RW, Ashwell CM, McMurtry JP, Coon CN. The relationship of body composition, feed intake, and metabolic hormones for broiler breeder females. Poult Sci 2006; 85 (7):1173-84.
[238]Adkins-Reagan, E.; Ottinger, M.A.; Park, J. Maternal transfer of estradiol to egg yolks alters sexual differentiation of avian offspring. J Exp Zool 1995; 271:466-470.
[239]Ashwell CM, Czerwinski SM, Brocht DM, McMurtry JP. Hormonal regulation of leptin expression in broiler chickens. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:R226-R232.
[240]Cioffi JA, Van BJ, Antczak M, Shafer A, Wittmer S, Snodgrass HR. The expression of leptin and its receptors in pre-ovulatory human follicles. Mol Hum Reprod 1997; 3(6):467-72.
[241]Wunder DM, Kretschmer R, Bersinger NA. Concentrations of leptin and C-reactive protein in serum and follicular fluid during assisted reproductive cycles. Hum Reprod 2005;20(5):1266-71.
[242]Cassy S, Metayer S, Crochet S, Rideau N, Collin A, Tesseraud S. Leptin receptor in the chicken ovary:potential involvement in ovarian dysfunction of ad libitum-fed broiler breeder hens. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004;2:72.
[243]Sirotkin AV, Grossmann R. Leptin directly controls proliferation, apoptosis and secretory activity of cultured chicken ovarian cells. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007;148(2): 422-9.
[244]Stepanyan Z, Kocharyan A, Behrens M, Koebnick C, Pyrski M, Meyerhof W. Somatostatin, a negative-regulator of central leptin action in the rat hypothalamus. J Neurochem 2007; 100(2): 468-78.
[245]Taouis M, Dridi S, Cassy S, Benomar Y, Raver N, Rideau N et al. Chicken leptin:properties and actions. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2001;21(4):319-27.
[246]Ashwell CM, McMurtry JP, Wang XH, Zhou Y, Vasilatos-Younken R. Effects of growth hormone and pair-feeding on leptin mRNA expression in liver and adipose tissue. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1999; 17(1):77-84.
[247]Xu NY, Chen XQ, Du JZ, Wang TY, Duan C. Intermittent hypoxia causes a suppressed pituitary growth hormone through somatostatin. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2004; 25 (5):361-7.
[248]Vickers MH, Gluckman PD, Coveny AH,. Hofman PL, Cutfield WS, Gertler A et al. Neonatal leptin treatment reverses developmental programming. Endocrinology 2005;146(10):4211-6.
[249]蒋晞东.鸡胚发育图谱.科学出版社1983.
[250]Dridi S, Williams J, Bruggeman V, Onagbesan M, Raver N, Decuypere E et al. A chicken leptin-specific radioimmunoassay. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2000;18(3):325-35.
[251]Vickers MH, Gluckman PD, Coveny AH, Hofman PL, Cutfield WS, Gertler A et al. The effect of neonatal leptin treatment on postnatal weight gain in male rats is dependent on maternal nutritional status during pregnancy. Endocrinology 2008;149(4):1906-13.
[252]Yura S, Itoh H, Sagawa N, Yamamoto H, Masuzaki H, Nakao K et al. Neonatal Exposure to Leptin Augments Diet-induced Obesity in Leptin-deficient Ob/Ob Mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16(6):1289-95.
[253]Narin F, Atabek ME, Karakukcu M, Narin N, Kurtoglu S, Gumus H et al. The association of plasma homocysteine levels with serum leptin and apolipoprotein B levels in childhood obesity. Ann Saudi Med 2005; 25(3):209-14.
[254]Kabir M, Oppert JM, Vidal H, Bruzzo F, Fiquet C, Wursch P et al. Four-week low-glycemic index breakfast with a modest amount of soluble fibers in type 2 diabetic men. Metabolism 2002; 51(7): 819-26.
[255]Kim JB, Sarraf P, Wright M, Yao KM, Mueller E, Solanes G et al. Nutritional and insulin regulation of fatty acid synthetase and leptin gene expression through ADD1/SREBP1. J Clin Invest 1998; 101(1):1-9.
[256]Magana MM, Lin SS, Dooley KA, Osborne TF. Sterol regulation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase promoter requires two interdependent binding sites for sterol regulatory element binding proteins. J Lipid Res 1997; 38(8):1630-8.
[257]Vickers MH, Gluckman PD, Coveny AH, Hofman PL, Cutfield WS, Gertler A et al. The effect of neonatal Ieptin treatment on postnatal weight gain in male rats is dependent on maternal nutritional status during pregnancy. Endocrinology 2008; 149(4):1906-13.
[258]Ozanne SE, Hales CN. Lifespan:catch-up growth and obesity in male mice. Nature 2004; 427(6973):411-2.
[259]Benedict C, Kern W, Schultes B, Born J, Hallschmid M. Differential-sensitivity of men and women to anorexigenic and memory-improving effects of intranasal insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(4):1339-44.
[260]Dridi S, Taouis M, Gertler A, Decuypere E, Buyse J. The regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene expression is tissue specific in chickens. J Endocrinol 2007;192(1):229-36.
[261]Souza-Mello V, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Aguila MB. Hepatic structural alteration in adult programmed offspring (severe maternal protein restriction) is aggravated by post-weaning high-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2007; 1-11.
[262]Goodridge AG, Crish JF, Hillgartner FB, Wilson SB. Nutritional and hormonal regulation of the gene for avian malic enzyme. J Nutr 1989;119(2):299-308.
[263]Balmir F, Staack R, Jeffrey E, Jimenez MD, Wang L, Potter SM. An extract of soy flour influences serum cholesterol and thyroid hormones in rats and hamsters. J Nutr 1996; 126(12):3046-53.
[264]Shin DJ, Osborne TF. Thyroid hormone regulation and cholesterol metabolism are connected through Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-2 (SREBP-2). J Biol Chem 2003;278(36): 34114-8.
[265]Iritani N. Nutritional and hormonal regulation of lipogenic-enzyme gene expression in rat liver. Eur J Biochem 1992;205(2):433-42.
[266]Yin L, Zhang Y, Hillgartner FB. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 interacts with the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor to enhance acetyl-CoA carboxylase-alpha transcription in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(22):19554-65.
[267]Florini JR, Ewton DZ, Coolican SA. Growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factor system in myogenesis. Endocr Rev 1996; 17(5):481-517.
[268]Cogburn LA, Liou SS, Rand AL, McMurtry JP. Growth, metabolic and endocrine responses of broiler cockerels given a daily subcutaneous injection of natural or biosynthetic chicken growth hormone. J Nutr 1989; 119(8):1213-22.
[269]Teruel T, Valverde AM, Benito M, Lorenzo M. Insulin-like growth factor I and insulin induce adipogenic-related gene expression in fetal brown adipocyte primary cultures. Biochem J 1996; 319 (Pt 2):627-32.
[270]Goodridge AG, Carpenter WR, Fisch JE, Goldman MJ, Kameda K, Stapleton SR. Structure and regulation of the avian gene for fatty acid synthase. Reprod Nutr Dev 1989; 29(3):359-75.
[271]Smith TM, Gilliland K, Clawson GA, Thiboutot D. IGF-1 induces SREBP-1 expression and lipogenesis in SEB-1 sebocytes via activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128(5):1286-93.
[272]N.Sellier 1JPBVDaMRB. Comparative Staging of Embryo Development in Chicken, Turkey, Duck, Goose, Guinea Fowl, and Japanese Quail Assessed from Five Hours After Fertilization Through Seventy-Two Hours of Incubation. J Appl Poult Res 2006; 15:219-28.