双峰驼心脏的血液供应和肥大细胞、胶原纤维、心钠肽的分布
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摘要
本论文以健康双峰驼为研究对象,运用大体解剖学、血管铸型、免疫组织化学、电子显微镜技术等方法,对其心脏的血液供应和肥大细胞、心肌胶原纤维、心钠肽的分布特征等进行了研究,以期探讨该物种对干旱、半干旱荒漠极端环境的适应机制,并为以后双峰驼心脏的生理学和病理学研究提供组织与解剖学方面的依据。结果表明：
1.双峰驼心脏左、右冠状动脉起源于半月瓣边缘的左、右主动脉窦,分别在肺动脉和左、右心耳之间向前延伸。左冠状动脉分出前室间支和左旋支,分别在前室间沟和左冠状沟延伸。前室间支在延伸过程中,向左心室壁和室间隔发出大量分支,同时有少量分支分布于右心室。在行至室间沟约2/3处,前室间支发出左心室远侧降支,两个心肌桥覆盖该降支表面；左旋支在冠状沟行走过程中,向左心房和左心室分别发出心房支和心室支。在所观察的14例样本中,有13例的窦房结动脉起源于左旋支,仅有1例的窦房结动脉直接从左冠状动脉主干发出。在房室结交界处,右冠状动脉分为后室间支和右旋支,分别行走于后室间沟和右冠状沟。后室间支发出分支至左、右心室后壁；在房室交界处,右旋支发出房室结支,同时也向左心室后壁边缘、房室交界处也发出分支。左、右旋支未发现吻合支。根据后室间支的来源,双峰驼冠状动脉属于B型。不同部位的血管,其内皮细胞形态、大小以及核区突起程度均有差异。此外,在某些部位有血小板、单核细胞分布。室间隔的血液供应主要由前室间支完成,后室间支和房室结支发出的室间隔支主要负责室间隔的上部和远侧部血液供应。来自前、后室间支的分支,在室间隔中部、远侧部和心尖区发生吻合。
2.在双峰驼胎驼心脏内有少量肥大细胞分布。肥大细胞的形状近似于圆形或椭圆形。肥大细胞分布的一个显著特征是大多位于血管周围,只有少量分布于心肌细胞周围。免疫组织化学显示,胎驼肥大细胞有胰蛋白酶阳性表达。右心室分布最多,而右心房分布最少。同右心室相比,左心室和左心房肥大细胞分布相对较少。肥大细胞在心室和心房间的分布情况,没有显著差异性。心室肥大细胞主要分布于微血管周围,二者在数量方面存在相关性(rs=0.895,p<0.01)。而心房肥大细胞与微血管没有这种分布特点(rs=-0.078,p=0.742)。
3.双峰驼在心肌细胞之间、心肌束之间和心肌细胞与血管之间均存在着丰富的胶原纤维。胶原纤维在心脏内分布主要有三种类型：即肌外膜、肌束膜和肌内膜。肌外膜含有相对较多的粗胶原形成的结缔组织鞘,包绕着整个肌肉组织；肌内膜围绕着单个心肌细胞；肌束膜包绕心肌细胞束。肌内膜由细胞内支持物与胶原纤维束连接在“Z”带上。在血管周围也存在大量胶原纤维,这些胶原纤维围绕血管外膜,并且与来自心肌周围的胶原彼此侧向交织在一起；在纵切面上,心肌束间的胶原纤维呈波浪形,覆盖在心肌束表面,而另外一些胶原纤维与心肌束几乎呈垂直连接,分布于心肌束周围。在横切面上,心肌束分层排列,在每层之间,都有相互交织的胶原纤维分布,将各层的心肌束联接。
4.ANP阳性细胞分布于左、右心房和右心室,颗粒大小不一,染色程度存在深浅差异。右心室散在分布有少量的ANP颗粒,表达量最高的心肌细胞位于右心房,颗粒主要分布于细胞核周围区域,也有的分散于心肌细胞质内。在心脏间质、神经和血管均未发现有ANP颗粒。内分泌细胞具有常染色质和卵圆形的细胞核,核呈相对明显的锯齿状。高尔基体发育良好,许多线粒体,具有管状嵴。ANP颗粒呈圆形或卵圆形,有膜状边界,电子密度和大小均存在差异,直径在120-500 nm。内分泌细胞象其它普通工作细胞一样,细胞之间也是由闰盘连接。左心室未发现有这种颗粒存在。
In order to study the mechanism that Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) are adaptative to harsh living surroundings, the blood supply of heart, the distribution characteristic of mast cells, myocardial collagen and atrial natriuretic peptide of the adult and embryo Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) were investigated by the means of anatomy, blood cast, histochemistry, electron microscopy and imrnunohistochemistry. The results show as follows:
1. A. coronaria sinistra and A. coronaria dextra originate from the left and right aortic sinus running between truncus pulmonalis and auricular sinistra and auricula dextra, respectively. A. coronaria sinistra gives off two branches including ramus interventricularis paraconalis and ramus circumflexus sinister which coursein sulcus interventricularis paraconalis and sulcus coranarius for about, respectively. Ramus interventricularis paraconalis gives rise to a large of branches toward Septum interventriculare and ventriculus sinister, few of that toward the wall of ventricuculus dexter. It extends in a distance of about two third in sulcus interventricularis paraconalis, where two muscular bridges were seen. Ramus circumflexus sinister extends in the sulcus coronaries below auricula sinistra giving rise to several branches of varying sizes that supply blood to ventriculus sinister and atrium sinistrum. Ramus nodi sinuatrialis originates from ramus circumflexus sinister. However, there is only case comes from A. coronaria sinistra directly. A. coronaria dextra splits abruptly into ramus circumflexus dexter and ramus interventricularis subsinuosus in the atrioventricular junction. The two branches run in right sulcus coronaries and sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus, respectively. Ramus circumflexus dexter divides into several fine branches to supply blood to the margin of the posterior wall of ventriculus sinister, atrioventricular junction and nodi atrioventricularis and does not anastomose with ramus circumflexus sinister of a. coronaria sinistra Ramus interventricularis subsinuosus disperses mainly in the posterior wall of ventriculus dexter and ventriculus sinister. According to the pattern of distribution of a. coronaria dexter and a. coronaria sinistra, Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) belongs to group B due to ramus interventricularis subsinuosus is a branch of a. coronaria dexter. The morphology, size and nuclear zone of endothelium vary for different segments of the coronary arteries. Furthermore, there are platelets and monocytes in the surface of the vessel. Septum interventriculare receives most of its blood supply from ramus interventricularis paraconalis. The ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and atrioventricular nodes supply the proximal and distal area of septum interventriculare. Branches from ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and ramus interventricularis paraconalis anastomose in the middle and distal part of septum interventriculare.
2. Mast cells (MCs) were observed in the heart of camel embryo in the present study. The typical shape of MCs stained in the heart was round or oval. The most characteristic feature of these cells was that they located predominantly in the perivascular region. Few MCs scattered among the cardiac myocytes ware also found. MCs containing tryptase were detected in each part of the heart mast cell density (MCD) in the heart of camel embryo is relatively low, ranging from. The highest MCD was observed in the right ventricle, whereas that of the right atrium was the lowest. In contrast to the right ventricle, the MCD of the left ventricle and atrium was relatively low. There were no significant differences between the density of the whole ventricle and that of the whole atrium. It appears that large number of the mast cells was in close contact with microvessels. The Spearman's correlation coefficient revealed a significant correlation between MCD and microvessel density (MVD) in the ventricle (rs=0.895, p<0.01). Conversely, no significant associations between MCD and MVD in the atrium were found (rs=-0.078, p=0.742)
3. It was found that abundant collagen exists between myocytes, cardiac bundles, myocytes and vessels. There are three kinds of types for collagen network, which includes epimyium, perisium and endomysium. The epimysium is the connective tissue sheath surrounding the entire muscle, the endomysium surrounds individual myocardial cells, and the perimysium surrounds groups of myocytes. Collagen bundles connect with Z bound of the endomysium by means of its sustentation. Collagen surrounding the outside of vessel interlace with other collagen encircling myocytes. Collagen fiber encircles cardiac bundles in the form of wave. Every layer connects with each other by means of collagen network.
4. Immunoreactivity was detected in the myoendocrine cells of right ventricle, right and left atria in the form deposits. The size of granules and staining intensities were various. The most abundant granules cardiomyocytes were localized in the right atria. The granules were mainly concentrated in the perinuclear zone, few scattered in the cytoplasm. There were no granules in the vessels, nerve and interstitium of the heart. The myoednocrine cells were characterized by aeuchromatic, ovoid nucleus with deep indentations. Golgi apparatus developed well and mitochondria with tubular cristae were large. The granules were membrane-bound and their electron-density and size were various. The diameter ranged from 120nm to 500nm. The myoendocrine cells, like the ordinary working cells, were connected end-to-end by intercalated discs. It was not found ANP-immunoreaction in the left ventricle.
1.双峰驼心脏左、右冠状动脉起源于半月瓣边缘的左、右主动脉窦,分别在肺动脉和左、右心耳之间向前延伸。左冠状动脉分出前室间支和左旋支,分别在前室间沟和左冠状沟延伸。前室间支在延伸过程中,向左心室壁和室间隔发出大量分支,同时有少量分支分布于右心室。在行至室间沟约2/3处,前室间支发出左心室远侧降支,两个心肌桥覆盖该降支表面；左旋支在冠状沟行走过程中,向左心房和左心室分别发出心房支和心室支。在所观察的14例样本中,有13例的窦房结动脉起源于左旋支,仅有1例的窦房结动脉直接从左冠状动脉主干发出。在房室结交界处,右冠状动脉分为后室间支和右旋支,分别行走于后室间沟和右冠状沟。后室间支发出分支至左、右心室后壁；在房室交界处,右旋支发出房室结支,同时也向左心室后壁边缘、房室交界处也发出分支。左、右旋支未发现吻合支。根据后室间支的来源,双峰驼冠状动脉属于B型。不同部位的血管,其内皮细胞形态、大小以及核区突起程度均有差异。此外,在某些部位有血小板、单核细胞分布。室间隔的血液供应主要由前室间支完成,后室间支和房室结支发出的室间隔支主要负责室间隔的上部和远侧部血液供应。来自前、后室间支的分支,在室间隔中部、远侧部和心尖区发生吻合。
2.在双峰驼胎驼心脏内有少量肥大细胞分布。肥大细胞的形状近似于圆形或椭圆形。肥大细胞分布的一个显著特征是大多位于血管周围,只有少量分布于心肌细胞周围。免疫组织化学显示,胎驼肥大细胞有胰蛋白酶阳性表达。右心室分布最多,而右心房分布最少。同右心室相比,左心室和左心房肥大细胞分布相对较少。肥大细胞在心室和心房间的分布情况,没有显著差异性。心室肥大细胞主要分布于微血管周围,二者在数量方面存在相关性(rs=0.895,p<0.01)。而心房肥大细胞与微血管没有这种分布特点(rs=-0.078,p=0.742)。
3.双峰驼在心肌细胞之间、心肌束之间和心肌细胞与血管之间均存在着丰富的胶原纤维。胶原纤维在心脏内分布主要有三种类型：即肌外膜、肌束膜和肌内膜。肌外膜含有相对较多的粗胶原形成的结缔组织鞘,包绕着整个肌肉组织；肌内膜围绕着单个心肌细胞；肌束膜包绕心肌细胞束。肌内膜由细胞内支持物与胶原纤维束连接在“Z”带上。在血管周围也存在大量胶原纤维,这些胶原纤维围绕血管外膜,并且与来自心肌周围的胶原彼此侧向交织在一起；在纵切面上,心肌束间的胶原纤维呈波浪形,覆盖在心肌束表面,而另外一些胶原纤维与心肌束几乎呈垂直连接,分布于心肌束周围。在横切面上,心肌束分层排列,在每层之间,都有相互交织的胶原纤维分布,将各层的心肌束联接。
4.ANP阳性细胞分布于左、右心房和右心室,颗粒大小不一,染色程度存在深浅差异。右心室散在分布有少量的ANP颗粒,表达量最高的心肌细胞位于右心房,颗粒主要分布于细胞核周围区域,也有的分散于心肌细胞质内。在心脏间质、神经和血管均未发现有ANP颗粒。内分泌细胞具有常染色质和卵圆形的细胞核,核呈相对明显的锯齿状。高尔基体发育良好,许多线粒体,具有管状嵴。ANP颗粒呈圆形或卵圆形,有膜状边界,电子密度和大小均存在差异,直径在120-500 nm。内分泌细胞象其它普通工作细胞一样,细胞之间也是由闰盘连接。左心室未发现有这种颗粒存在。
In order to study the mechanism that Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) are adaptative to harsh living surroundings, the blood supply of heart, the distribution characteristic of mast cells, myocardial collagen and atrial natriuretic peptide of the adult and embryo Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) were investigated by the means of anatomy, blood cast, histochemistry, electron microscopy and imrnunohistochemistry. The results show as follows:
1. A. coronaria sinistra and A. coronaria dextra originate from the left and right aortic sinus running between truncus pulmonalis and auricular sinistra and auricula dextra, respectively. A. coronaria sinistra gives off two branches including ramus interventricularis paraconalis and ramus circumflexus sinister which coursein sulcus interventricularis paraconalis and sulcus coranarius for about, respectively. Ramus interventricularis paraconalis gives rise to a large of branches toward Septum interventriculare and ventriculus sinister, few of that toward the wall of ventricuculus dexter. It extends in a distance of about two third in sulcus interventricularis paraconalis, where two muscular bridges were seen. Ramus circumflexus sinister extends in the sulcus coronaries below auricula sinistra giving rise to several branches of varying sizes that supply blood to ventriculus sinister and atrium sinistrum. Ramus nodi sinuatrialis originates from ramus circumflexus sinister. However, there is only case comes from A. coronaria sinistra directly. A. coronaria dextra splits abruptly into ramus circumflexus dexter and ramus interventricularis subsinuosus in the atrioventricular junction. The two branches run in right sulcus coronaries and sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus, respectively. Ramus circumflexus dexter divides into several fine branches to supply blood to the margin of the posterior wall of ventriculus sinister, atrioventricular junction and nodi atrioventricularis and does not anastomose with ramus circumflexus sinister of a. coronaria sinistra Ramus interventricularis subsinuosus disperses mainly in the posterior wall of ventriculus dexter and ventriculus sinister. According to the pattern of distribution of a. coronaria dexter and a. coronaria sinistra, Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) belongs to group B due to ramus interventricularis subsinuosus is a branch of a. coronaria dexter. The morphology, size and nuclear zone of endothelium vary for different segments of the coronary arteries. Furthermore, there are platelets and monocytes in the surface of the vessel. Septum interventriculare receives most of its blood supply from ramus interventricularis paraconalis. The ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and atrioventricular nodes supply the proximal and distal area of septum interventriculare. Branches from ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and ramus interventricularis paraconalis anastomose in the middle and distal part of septum interventriculare.
2. Mast cells (MCs) were observed in the heart of camel embryo in the present study. The typical shape of MCs stained in the heart was round or oval. The most characteristic feature of these cells was that they located predominantly in the perivascular region. Few MCs scattered among the cardiac myocytes ware also found. MCs containing tryptase were detected in each part of the heart mast cell density (MCD) in the heart of camel embryo is relatively low, ranging from. The highest MCD was observed in the right ventricle, whereas that of the right atrium was the lowest. In contrast to the right ventricle, the MCD of the left ventricle and atrium was relatively low. There were no significant differences between the density of the whole ventricle and that of the whole atrium. It appears that large number of the mast cells was in close contact with microvessels. The Spearman's correlation coefficient revealed a significant correlation between MCD and microvessel density (MVD) in the ventricle (rs=0.895, p<0.01). Conversely, no significant associations between MCD and MVD in the atrium were found (rs=-0.078, p=0.742)
3. It was found that abundant collagen exists between myocytes, cardiac bundles, myocytes and vessels. There are three kinds of types for collagen network, which includes epimyium, perisium and endomysium. The epimysium is the connective tissue sheath surrounding the entire muscle, the endomysium surrounds individual myocardial cells, and the perimysium surrounds groups of myocytes. Collagen bundles connect with Z bound of the endomysium by means of its sustentation. Collagen surrounding the outside of vessel interlace with other collagen encircling myocytes. Collagen fiber encircles cardiac bundles in the form of wave. Every layer connects with each other by means of collagen network.
4. Immunoreactivity was detected in the myoendocrine cells of right ventricle, right and left atria in the form deposits. The size of granules and staining intensities were various. The most abundant granules cardiomyocytes were localized in the right atria. The granules were mainly concentrated in the perinuclear zone, few scattered in the cytoplasm. There were no granules in the vessels, nerve and interstitium of the heart. The myoednocrine cells were characterized by aeuchromatic, ovoid nucleus with deep indentations. Golgi apparatus developed well and mitochondria with tubular cristae were large. The granules were membrane-bound and their electron-density and size were various. The diameter ranged from 120nm to 500nm. The myoendocrine cells, like the ordinary working cells, were connected end-to-end by intercalated discs. It was not found ANP-immunoreaction in the left ventricle.
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