土壤铬对蔬菜的毒害效应及临界值研究
摘要
土壤铬对植物的毒害效应是确定土壤铬的环境质量基准的重要依据之一。本文首先采用水培法对15种蔬菜进行了铬毒害试验,并筛选出对铬毒害较敏感的蔬菜;然后用土培法确定了土壤铬对敏感蔬菜的植物毒害临界值。主要结果如下:
1、培养液中高浓度的铬对蔬菜产生毒害,毒害效应随培养时间的延长而加剧。随着Cr浓度的增加,各蔬菜逐渐表现出老叶萎蔫枯落,新叶黄化失绿,叶菜类蔬菜会出现新叶抽缩卷曲,新叶难抽生,根系褐化,根尖变黑甚至腐烂等症状,有的直接死亡。
2、水培条件下,蔬菜的株高、地上部鲜重及根系长度都随培养液中铬浓度的增加而降低,而地上部干重则随铬浓度的增加呈现先升后降的趋势。植株铬含量随溶液铬浓度的增加而增高,根系铬含量远高于地上部含量。
3、依照蔬菜的表观症状确定空心菜和芥菜为铬敏感蔬菜品种,按照蔬菜地上部鲜重的EC10排序确定则甘蓝为最敏感蔬菜,空心菜次之。综合表观症状和蔬菜地上部生物量(鲜重)减少10 %的效应浓度(EC10)的最低值确定空心菜为铬敏感蔬菜。
4、土培条件下,铬处理条件下,与对照比空心菜株高、根长、地上部鲜重、根鲜重、地上部干重和根干重均有不同程度降低,其中与土壤铬处理相关性最显著的指标为地上部鲜重,相关性最小的为根干重。
5、盆栽空心菜地上部减产10%时,土壤铬的有效量(0.1 mol/L HCl提取)基毒害临界值为3.36mg/kg。根据福建省菜地土壤全铬与有效铬之间的回归方程,推得相应的土壤铬的全量基毒害临界值为91.7 mg/kg。
The toxic effect of soil chromium to plants is one of the necessary basis for establishing environmental benchmark of soil Cr. Water culture experiments were first carried out to to select the most sensitive vegetable to Cr toxicity among 15 vegetable species. The most sensitive vegetable species was then tested by soil culture experiments in order to determine the threshold values for Cr toxicity in the soil. The main results were as follows:
1. Low concentrations of Cr in the culture solutions had hormesis effects to same vegetable species. However, when Cr concentrations increased, toxic effects to the vegetables appeared. The general Cr toxicity symptoms were withering in old leaves, chlorosis in new leaves, and crinkle of young leaves and difficult leaf emergence for leaf vegetables, darkness in root tops or rot of roots, even death of plants.
2. The shoot height, shoot fresh weight and root length of the vegetables decreased as the Cr concentration in the solution increased. The dry weight of shoot increased at first, and then decreased with the increasing concentration of Cr. The Cr content of plants increased with increasing Cr concentrations in the solution, with much higher Cr content in the roots than in the shoots.
3. Water spinach (Ipomiea aquatica Forsk) and three-colored amaranth (Brassica juncea Coss) showed the most serious symptoms to Cr toxicity than the others. However, cabbage(B.oleracea L. var. capitata L.) would be the most sensitive vegetable species and water spinach (Ipomiea aquatica Forsk) the second sensitive species to Cr toxicity based on the EC10 values (effect Cr concentration in the solution causing a 10% reduction of shoot biomass). Therefore, water spinach (Lpomoea aquatica Forsk.) was selected as the most sensitive vegetable to Cr species based on the comprehensive effects.
4. The shoot height, root length, shoot weight (fresh), root weight (fresh), dry weight of shoot and root of water spinach under soil culture condition decreased as the Cr concentration in the soil increased. The fresh weights of shoot had most significant correlation with the available soil Cr among the 15 vegetables while the dry weight of root showed the poorest correlation with the available soil Cr.
5. The threshold value of soil available Cr (0.1 mol/L HCl extractable) was 3.36 mg/kg when the shoot biomass of water spinach under soil culture decreased 10%. The corresponding threshold values of soil total Cr was 91.7 mg/kg, which was calculated from the regression equation between the 0.1 mol/L HCl extractable Cr and the total Cr in the vegetable soils in Fujian Province.
1、培养液中高浓度的铬对蔬菜产生毒害,毒害效应随培养时间的延长而加剧。随着Cr浓度的增加,各蔬菜逐渐表现出老叶萎蔫枯落,新叶黄化失绿,叶菜类蔬菜会出现新叶抽缩卷曲,新叶难抽生,根系褐化,根尖变黑甚至腐烂等症状,有的直接死亡。
2、水培条件下,蔬菜的株高、地上部鲜重及根系长度都随培养液中铬浓度的增加而降低,而地上部干重则随铬浓度的增加呈现先升后降的趋势。植株铬含量随溶液铬浓度的增加而增高,根系铬含量远高于地上部含量。
3、依照蔬菜的表观症状确定空心菜和芥菜为铬敏感蔬菜品种,按照蔬菜地上部鲜重的EC10排序确定则甘蓝为最敏感蔬菜,空心菜次之。综合表观症状和蔬菜地上部生物量(鲜重)减少10 %的效应浓度(EC10)的最低值确定空心菜为铬敏感蔬菜。
4、土培条件下,铬处理条件下,与对照比空心菜株高、根长、地上部鲜重、根鲜重、地上部干重和根干重均有不同程度降低,其中与土壤铬处理相关性最显著的指标为地上部鲜重,相关性最小的为根干重。
5、盆栽空心菜地上部减产10%时,土壤铬的有效量(0.1 mol/L HCl提取)基毒害临界值为3.36mg/kg。根据福建省菜地土壤全铬与有效铬之间的回归方程,推得相应的土壤铬的全量基毒害临界值为91.7 mg/kg。
The toxic effect of soil chromium to plants is one of the necessary basis for establishing environmental benchmark of soil Cr. Water culture experiments were first carried out to to select the most sensitive vegetable to Cr toxicity among 15 vegetable species. The most sensitive vegetable species was then tested by soil culture experiments in order to determine the threshold values for Cr toxicity in the soil. The main results were as follows:
1. Low concentrations of Cr in the culture solutions had hormesis effects to same vegetable species. However, when Cr concentrations increased, toxic effects to the vegetables appeared. The general Cr toxicity symptoms were withering in old leaves, chlorosis in new leaves, and crinkle of young leaves and difficult leaf emergence for leaf vegetables, darkness in root tops or rot of roots, even death of plants.
2. The shoot height, shoot fresh weight and root length of the vegetables decreased as the Cr concentration in the solution increased. The dry weight of shoot increased at first, and then decreased with the increasing concentration of Cr. The Cr content of plants increased with increasing Cr concentrations in the solution, with much higher Cr content in the roots than in the shoots.
3. Water spinach (Ipomiea aquatica Forsk) and three-colored amaranth (Brassica juncea Coss) showed the most serious symptoms to Cr toxicity than the others. However, cabbage(B.oleracea L. var. capitata L.) would be the most sensitive vegetable species and water spinach (Ipomiea aquatica Forsk) the second sensitive species to Cr toxicity based on the EC10 values (effect Cr concentration in the solution causing a 10% reduction of shoot biomass). Therefore, water spinach (Lpomoea aquatica Forsk.) was selected as the most sensitive vegetable to Cr species based on the comprehensive effects.
4. The shoot height, root length, shoot weight (fresh), root weight (fresh), dry weight of shoot and root of water spinach under soil culture condition decreased as the Cr concentration in the soil increased. The fresh weights of shoot had most significant correlation with the available soil Cr among the 15 vegetables while the dry weight of root showed the poorest correlation with the available soil Cr.
5. The threshold value of soil available Cr (0.1 mol/L HCl extractable) was 3.36 mg/kg when the shoot biomass of water spinach under soil culture decreased 10%. The corresponding threshold values of soil total Cr was 91.7 mg/kg, which was calculated from the regression equation between the 0.1 mol/L HCl extractable Cr and the total Cr in the vegetable soils in Fujian Province.
引文
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