原油在土壤中入渗的试验研究
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摘要
在我国原油污染土壤问题日益严重,污染面积约占国土面积的0.52%。为确定原油在土壤中的迁移机制,本试验利用5种土壤(黄绵土、黑垆土、褐土、黄棕壤、红壤)进行试验研究,包括:土壤原油特征曲线研究;土壤物理性质(土壤容重、土壤初始含水量、土壤质地)对原油在土壤中入渗的影响的研究;开展原油在原状土柱中入渗的试验研究,得出主要结论如下:
(1)相同土壤的水分特征曲线和原油特征曲线存在差别,对于黄绵土、黑垆土、褐土,在高吸力段,相同水吸力下,土壤体积含油量大于土壤体积含水量;其中褐土的体积含水量与体积含油量间差别较黄绵土和黑垆土小;而对于黄棕壤相同水吸力下,土壤体积含水量远大于土壤体积含油量;对于红壤,土壤体积含水量与土壤体积含油量相差不明显。
(2)水分特征曲线和原油特征曲线均可用Mualem-Van Genuchten(variable)导水率模式、Burdine-Van Genuchten(variable)导水率模式、Mualem-Van Genuchten(m=1-1/n)导水率模式、Burdine-Van Genuchten(m=1-2/n)导水率模式、Mualem-Brooks & Corey导水率模式拟合,结果均达到极显著水平。对于安塞黄绵土、洛川黑垆土和杨凌褐土的水分特征曲线拟合α值大于原油特征曲线α值,而安康黄棕壤和桃源红壤恰好相反。
(3)原油在不同容重、不同初始含水量、不同质地扰动土壤中入渗的湿润距离随时间的变化可用对数函数拟合,拟合结果达到极显著水平;湿润推进速率随时间变化可用Kostiakov公式和Horton入渗公式拟合,拟合结果均达到极显著水平,Kostiakov公式结果相对较好。
(4)原油在不同填装容重土壤中的入渗,对同一种土壤,湿润距离随着填装容重的增大而减小,湿润距离初期增加较快,随后逐渐减慢;对同一种土壤,对应某一时刻,湿润推进速率随着容重的增大而减小。对于同一质地土壤,随着初始含水量的增加,原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离和湿润推进速率均增加。随土壤深度增加,土壤中原油残留物的含量呈波动递减趋势。
(5)土壤质地对于原油在土壤中的入渗有较大影响。对于黄绵土、黑垆土、黄棕壤3种土壤其湿润距离随粉粒含量增高而降低,红壤粉粒、粘粒含量均较高,较高的粘粒含量使原油在红壤中开始时湿润推进速率最慢,其后由于其土壤颗粒表面形成油膜,湿润推进速率反而略高于黄棕壤。
(6)原油在原状土中入渗,湿润距离初期增加较快,随后逐渐减慢;湿润距离随时间的变化可以用对数函数拟合,拟合结果达到极显著水平;在不存在优先流的情况下,湿润推进速率随时间变化可用Kostiakov公式和Horton入渗公式拟合,拟合结果均达到极显著水平。
Soil polluted by crude oil, covering about 0.52% terrestrial land area of China, has become a serious environmental problem. To investigate the crude oil migration mechanism into soils, five types of soils were used in the experiment, which are Cultivated Loessial Soil, Dark Loessial Soil, Cinnamon Soil, Yellow-brown Soil and Red Soil. The experiments about soil oil characteristic curve, the effect of soil physical properties (soil bulk density, initial soil water content, soil texture) on crude oil infiltration as well as the oil infiltration process in undisturbed soil columns were conducted. The main conclusions are as follow:
(1) There was difference between the soil water characteristic curve and oil characteristic curve for the same soil. For Cultivated Loessial Soil, Dark Loessial Soil and Cinnamon Soil, in the high soil suction part, soil volumetric water content is higher than soil volumetric oil content under the same soil suction. The difference between soil volumetric water content and soil volumetric oil content of Cinnamon Soil is lower than that of Cultivated Loessial Soil and Dark Loessial Soil. There was no significant difference between soil volumetric water content and soil volumetric oil content of Red Soil.
(2) Soil water characteristic curve and oil characteristic curve could be fitted significantly by Mualem-Van Genuchten(variable)hydraulic conductivity model, Burdine -Van Genuchten(variable)hydraulic conductivity model, Mualem-Van Genuchten(m=1-1/n)model, Burdine-Van Genuchten(m=1-2/n)hydraulic conductivity model, Mualem-Brooks & Corey hydraulic conductivity model. For Cultivated Loessial Soil, Dark Loessial Soil and Cinnamon Soil, the fitting parameterαof soil water characteristic curve was larger than that in the oil characteristic curve. While the result in Yellow-brown Soil and Red Soil showed oppositely.
(3) Advance distance in the soils with different bulk density, different initial soil moisture or different soil texture could be described by logarithmic function with time. The variation of advance rate of crude oil with time can be described by Kostiakov function and Horton infiltration function. And Kostiakov function showed better fitting results.
(4) Crude oil infiltrated into soils with different bulk density. For the same soil, as bulk density increased, advance distance decreased. During the infiltration process, at the beginning, the advance distance increased rapidly, and then increased slowly. For the same soil, advance rate decreased as the bulk density increased at a certain time. The crude oil advance distance and the rate of advance increased with increasing of initial soil water content for a given soil type. The amount of residues left in the soils decreased with fluctuation while the soil depth increased.
(5) Soil texture had a significant influence on crude oil infiltration into soils. For Cultivated Loessial Soil, Dark Loessial Soil and Yellow-brown Soil, the advance distance decreased as silt content increased. The silt content and clay content is relatively high in Red Soil. At the beginning the advance rate was slow due to high clay content, and oil slick was formed on the surface of soil particle over time. The advance rate of Red Soil was fast comparing with Yellow-brown Soil finally.
(6) During the infiltration process of crude oil into undisturbed soil columns, the advance distance increased rapidly at the beginning and then increased slowly. The variation of advance distance of crude oil with time can be described by logarithmic function. Without considering preferential flow, the variation of advance rate of crude oil with time can be described by Kostiakov function and Horton infiltration function.
(1)相同土壤的水分特征曲线和原油特征曲线存在差别,对于黄绵土、黑垆土、褐土,在高吸力段,相同水吸力下,土壤体积含油量大于土壤体积含水量;其中褐土的体积含水量与体积含油量间差别较黄绵土和黑垆土小;而对于黄棕壤相同水吸力下,土壤体积含水量远大于土壤体积含油量;对于红壤,土壤体积含水量与土壤体积含油量相差不明显。
(2)水分特征曲线和原油特征曲线均可用Mualem-Van Genuchten(variable)导水率模式、Burdine-Van Genuchten(variable)导水率模式、Mualem-Van Genuchten(m=1-1/n)导水率模式、Burdine-Van Genuchten(m=1-2/n)导水率模式、Mualem-Brooks & Corey导水率模式拟合,结果均达到极显著水平。对于安塞黄绵土、洛川黑垆土和杨凌褐土的水分特征曲线拟合α值大于原油特征曲线α值,而安康黄棕壤和桃源红壤恰好相反。
(3)原油在不同容重、不同初始含水量、不同质地扰动土壤中入渗的湿润距离随时间的变化可用对数函数拟合,拟合结果达到极显著水平;湿润推进速率随时间变化可用Kostiakov公式和Horton入渗公式拟合,拟合结果均达到极显著水平,Kostiakov公式结果相对较好。
(4)原油在不同填装容重土壤中的入渗,对同一种土壤,湿润距离随着填装容重的增大而减小,湿润距离初期增加较快,随后逐渐减慢;对同一种土壤,对应某一时刻,湿润推进速率随着容重的增大而减小。对于同一质地土壤,随着初始含水量的增加,原油在土壤中入渗的湿润距离和湿润推进速率均增加。随土壤深度增加,土壤中原油残留物的含量呈波动递减趋势。
(5)土壤质地对于原油在土壤中的入渗有较大影响。对于黄绵土、黑垆土、黄棕壤3种土壤其湿润距离随粉粒含量增高而降低,红壤粉粒、粘粒含量均较高,较高的粘粒含量使原油在红壤中开始时湿润推进速率最慢,其后由于其土壤颗粒表面形成油膜,湿润推进速率反而略高于黄棕壤。
(6)原油在原状土中入渗,湿润距离初期增加较快,随后逐渐减慢;湿润距离随时间的变化可以用对数函数拟合,拟合结果达到极显著水平;在不存在优先流的情况下,湿润推进速率随时间变化可用Kostiakov公式和Horton入渗公式拟合,拟合结果均达到极显著水平。
Soil polluted by crude oil, covering about 0.52% terrestrial land area of China, has become a serious environmental problem. To investigate the crude oil migration mechanism into soils, five types of soils were used in the experiment, which are Cultivated Loessial Soil, Dark Loessial Soil, Cinnamon Soil, Yellow-brown Soil and Red Soil. The experiments about soil oil characteristic curve, the effect of soil physical properties (soil bulk density, initial soil water content, soil texture) on crude oil infiltration as well as the oil infiltration process in undisturbed soil columns were conducted. The main conclusions are as follow:
(1) There was difference between the soil water characteristic curve and oil characteristic curve for the same soil. For Cultivated Loessial Soil, Dark Loessial Soil and Cinnamon Soil, in the high soil suction part, soil volumetric water content is higher than soil volumetric oil content under the same soil suction. The difference between soil volumetric water content and soil volumetric oil content of Cinnamon Soil is lower than that of Cultivated Loessial Soil and Dark Loessial Soil. There was no significant difference between soil volumetric water content and soil volumetric oil content of Red Soil.
(2) Soil water characteristic curve and oil characteristic curve could be fitted significantly by Mualem-Van Genuchten(variable)hydraulic conductivity model, Burdine -Van Genuchten(variable)hydraulic conductivity model, Mualem-Van Genuchten(m=1-1/n)model, Burdine-Van Genuchten(m=1-2/n)hydraulic conductivity model, Mualem-Brooks & Corey hydraulic conductivity model. For Cultivated Loessial Soil, Dark Loessial Soil and Cinnamon Soil, the fitting parameterαof soil water characteristic curve was larger than that in the oil characteristic curve. While the result in Yellow-brown Soil and Red Soil showed oppositely.
(3) Advance distance in the soils with different bulk density, different initial soil moisture or different soil texture could be described by logarithmic function with time. The variation of advance rate of crude oil with time can be described by Kostiakov function and Horton infiltration function. And Kostiakov function showed better fitting results.
(4) Crude oil infiltrated into soils with different bulk density. For the same soil, as bulk density increased, advance distance decreased. During the infiltration process, at the beginning, the advance distance increased rapidly, and then increased slowly. For the same soil, advance rate decreased as the bulk density increased at a certain time. The crude oil advance distance and the rate of advance increased with increasing of initial soil water content for a given soil type. The amount of residues left in the soils decreased with fluctuation while the soil depth increased.
(5) Soil texture had a significant influence on crude oil infiltration into soils. For Cultivated Loessial Soil, Dark Loessial Soil and Yellow-brown Soil, the advance distance decreased as silt content increased. The silt content and clay content is relatively high in Red Soil. At the beginning the advance rate was slow due to high clay content, and oil slick was formed on the surface of soil particle over time. The advance rate of Red Soil was fast comparing with Yellow-brown Soil finally.
(6) During the infiltration process of crude oil into undisturbed soil columns, the advance distance increased rapidly at the beginning and then increased slowly. The variation of advance distance of crude oil with time can be described by logarithmic function. Without considering preferential flow, the variation of advance rate of crude oil with time can be described by Kostiakov function and Horton infiltration function.
引文
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