新梢白化茶树品种白化机理研究
|
摘要
新梢白化茶树品种是由一类茶树特殊突变体培育而成的,它们在一定生态环境条件下生长出白化新梢或嫩叶,并具有氨基酸含量高和滋味鲜爽等品质特点,适合生产优质绿茶。新梢白化茶树品种的白化现象受环境条件影响,化学成分含量也随环境条件而产生波动,对品质控制存在困难。针对这些问题,本文通过不同温度和光照处理,研究这类茶树的新梢白化现象,并从基因表达和超微结构以及生物化学成分等方面探讨新梢白化茶树的白化机理;同时采用RAPD技术分析鉴定新梢白化茶树特有DNA分子标记。为新梢白化茶树遗传育种和高产优质栽培技术措施的制定提供科学依据。
通过不同温度和夏季强光照条件下遮荫处理,证明目前在中国有两类新梢白化茶树品种,一类是低温诱导型新梢白化茶树,另一类是强光诱导型新梢白化茶树。前者在温度低于20℃时出现新梢白化,温度高于20℃时白化叶片返绿,达到25℃时与一般绿茶品种无异。强光照诱导型新梢白化茶树在高温强光的夏季生长出黄色的白化新梢,当遮光处理时白化叶片返绿。茶叶的化学成分含量与白化程度有关,白化新梢的氨基酸含量高于普通茶树品种,而茶多酚总量低于普通茶树品种,咖啡因含量略低,水浸出物含量与常规品种相当。
以福鼎大白茶为对照,采用RAPD技术对“黄金芽”等7个新梢白化茶树品种进行分析,获得21个特异DNA分子标记。特异DNA分子标记经测序,其中S17.10、S28.15、S31.15和S36.08等4个标记的DNA序列明确,可转化为STS或SCAR的分子标记应用于相应新梢白化茶树品种的遗传鉴定。
以低温诱导型新梢白化茶树品种“小雪芽”为对象研究表明,低温抑制叶片白色体向叶绿体发育,白色体内无类囊体和基粒的堆叠,从而影响叶绿素和类胡萝卜素等色素的生物合成,进而导致叶片白化。在15℃低温条件下,叶片中编码光合作用体系相关基因(lhcb,psbA,RCA等)和类胡萝卜素生物合成相关基因(TOX,VDE)表达下调,而编码质体早期发育阶段的基因accD和编码Cytb6蛋白的petB基因则强烈表达,另一个编码质体转录阶段的基因rrn16s和编码光合作用RuBPCase小亚基基因rbcS等基因表达则不受温度变化的影响。说明低温条件不影响叶绿体的前质体发育,而是抑制从前质体向叶绿体的发育过程,使叶绿体发育不完全,叶绿素等光合作用色素生物合成受阻碍,进而产生叶片白化。
以强光照诱导型新梢白化茶树研究表明,与遮光处理相比,在强光照下叶片光合作用体系相关基因psbA、psaB、RCA、rbcL和叶黄素合成相关基因VDE表达下调,而编码质体转录阶段、与脂质合成相关的基因accD表达上调;而且叶绿体发育异常,叶绿体膜和类囊体膜系统发育不完全;光合作用色素叶绿素和参与光淬灭的叶黄素含量降低。证明强光照抑制光淬灭色素叶黄素的生物合成,使叶片容易受到光损伤,叶绿体发育受阻,叶绿素代谢失衡,产生白化,而且光合系统受损。
Albino tea cultivars are a group of special tea sultivars and they grow albino or white leaves under special environmental conditions.The albino lea leaves have high concentration of amino acids,which has a special umami taste and is quality materials for processing quality green tea.The albinism and chemical compositions of the leaves on the albino tea cultivars varied greatly with environmental conditions, leading to the difficult in quality control.Gene expressions,leaf ultra-structures, specific DNA markers and chemical compositions of the albino tea cultivars were investigated under different temperature and illumination conditions so as to understand their albino mechanisms.
The present studies revealed that there were two kinds of albino tea plants,i.e., low-temperature-induced cultivar and strong light-induced albino tea cultivar.The former grew albino tea shoots when environmental temperature was below 20℃.As the temperature increased to 20℃or above,the albino tea leaf became green.When the temperature reached 25℃,the albino tea cultivars had green leaves as conman as green tea cultivars.The strong light-induced albino tea cultivar grew albino leaves in yellow colour under strong sunlight and high temperature conditions during summer season.The albino leaves became green in colour under shading condition.Chemical compositions of the albino tea shoots varied with the degree of albinism.The albino tea shoots had higher concentration of amino acids,but lower concentrations of tea polyphenols and caffeine than green shoots.The water extractable solids concentration was the same as common green tea cultivars.
Seven albino tea cultivars and one common green tea cultivar('Fudingdabai',as control) were used to investigate specific DNA marker using RAPD method and 21 specific RAPD markers were obtained,among which four(S17.10、S28.15、S31.15 and S36.08) were sequenced and could be used to identify the related albino tea cultivars and to further investigate albinism of the tea cultivars.
Low temperature such as 15℃inhibited the chloroplast development from etioplast in the low-temperature-induced albino tea cultivars.At 15℃,the etioplast had no thylakoids and granule stacks,in which biosynthesis of chlorophylls and carotenoids was suppressed,leading to the leaf albinism.Gene expression test revealed that at 15℃,the expressions of genes related to photosynthesis(lhcb,psbA, RCA) and carotenoids biosynthesis(TOX、VDE) in the albino tea cultivar were suppressed while those of genes relating to plastid transcription(accD) and encoding Cytb6 proteine(petB) enhanced greatly.The expressions of gene encoding RuBPCase subunit(rbcS) and gene rrn16s related to the early plastid development were not influenced by the temperature.The results suggested that the development of chloroplast precursor etioplast was not inhibited by low temperature.However,low temperature supressed the development of chloroplast from etioplast,resulting in ateliosis of chloroplast and inhibition of biosynthesis of chlorophylls and carotenoids and finally leaf albinism.
The investigation on the strong sunlight-induced albino tea cultivar "Huangjinya" showed that,compared to sunlight shading condition,the expressions of genes psbA、psaB、RCA、rbcL which relate to photosynthesis apparatus and gene VDE relating to biosynthesis of xanthin were down regulated,while gene accD which relates to the plastid transcription and lipid biosynthesis was up regulated under strong sunlight condition.The ateliosis of chloroplast membrane and thylakoid membrane was observed under strong sunlight condition,which resulted in suppression of chlorophylls and xanthin.The study confirmed that the biosynthesis of pigments relating to sunlight quenching such as xanthin in the strong sunlight-induced albino tea cultivar was inhibited by strong sunlight,resulting in damage of chloroplast by strong sunlight and suppression of chlorophyll biosynthesis and finally leaf albinism.
通过不同温度和夏季强光照条件下遮荫处理,证明目前在中国有两类新梢白化茶树品种,一类是低温诱导型新梢白化茶树,另一类是强光诱导型新梢白化茶树。前者在温度低于20℃时出现新梢白化,温度高于20℃时白化叶片返绿,达到25℃时与一般绿茶品种无异。强光照诱导型新梢白化茶树在高温强光的夏季生长出黄色的白化新梢,当遮光处理时白化叶片返绿。茶叶的化学成分含量与白化程度有关,白化新梢的氨基酸含量高于普通茶树品种,而茶多酚总量低于普通茶树品种,咖啡因含量略低,水浸出物含量与常规品种相当。
以福鼎大白茶为对照,采用RAPD技术对“黄金芽”等7个新梢白化茶树品种进行分析,获得21个特异DNA分子标记。特异DNA分子标记经测序,其中S17.10、S28.15、S31.15和S36.08等4个标记的DNA序列明确,可转化为STS或SCAR的分子标记应用于相应新梢白化茶树品种的遗传鉴定。
以低温诱导型新梢白化茶树品种“小雪芽”为对象研究表明,低温抑制叶片白色体向叶绿体发育,白色体内无类囊体和基粒的堆叠,从而影响叶绿素和类胡萝卜素等色素的生物合成,进而导致叶片白化。在15℃低温条件下,叶片中编码光合作用体系相关基因(lhcb,psbA,RCA等)和类胡萝卜素生物合成相关基因(TOX,VDE)表达下调,而编码质体早期发育阶段的基因accD和编码Cytb6蛋白的petB基因则强烈表达,另一个编码质体转录阶段的基因rrn16s和编码光合作用RuBPCase小亚基基因rbcS等基因表达则不受温度变化的影响。说明低温条件不影响叶绿体的前质体发育,而是抑制从前质体向叶绿体的发育过程,使叶绿体发育不完全,叶绿素等光合作用色素生物合成受阻碍,进而产生叶片白化。
以强光照诱导型新梢白化茶树研究表明,与遮光处理相比,在强光照下叶片光合作用体系相关基因psbA、psaB、RCA、rbcL和叶黄素合成相关基因VDE表达下调,而编码质体转录阶段、与脂质合成相关的基因accD表达上调;而且叶绿体发育异常,叶绿体膜和类囊体膜系统发育不完全;光合作用色素叶绿素和参与光淬灭的叶黄素含量降低。证明强光照抑制光淬灭色素叶黄素的生物合成,使叶片容易受到光损伤,叶绿体发育受阻,叶绿素代谢失衡,产生白化,而且光合系统受损。
Albino tea cultivars are a group of special tea sultivars and they grow albino or white leaves under special environmental conditions.The albino lea leaves have high concentration of amino acids,which has a special umami taste and is quality materials for processing quality green tea.The albinism and chemical compositions of the leaves on the albino tea cultivars varied greatly with environmental conditions, leading to the difficult in quality control.Gene expressions,leaf ultra-structures, specific DNA markers and chemical compositions of the albino tea cultivars were investigated under different temperature and illumination conditions so as to understand their albino mechanisms.
The present studies revealed that there were two kinds of albino tea plants,i.e., low-temperature-induced cultivar and strong light-induced albino tea cultivar.The former grew albino tea shoots when environmental temperature was below 20℃.As the temperature increased to 20℃or above,the albino tea leaf became green.When the temperature reached 25℃,the albino tea cultivars had green leaves as conman as green tea cultivars.The strong light-induced albino tea cultivar grew albino leaves in yellow colour under strong sunlight and high temperature conditions during summer season.The albino leaves became green in colour under shading condition.Chemical compositions of the albino tea shoots varied with the degree of albinism.The albino tea shoots had higher concentration of amino acids,but lower concentrations of tea polyphenols and caffeine than green shoots.The water extractable solids concentration was the same as common green tea cultivars.
Seven albino tea cultivars and one common green tea cultivar('Fudingdabai',as control) were used to investigate specific DNA marker using RAPD method and 21 specific RAPD markers were obtained,among which four(S17.10、S28.15、S31.15 and S36.08) were sequenced and could be used to identify the related albino tea cultivars and to further investigate albinism of the tea cultivars.
Low temperature such as 15℃inhibited the chloroplast development from etioplast in the low-temperature-induced albino tea cultivars.At 15℃,the etioplast had no thylakoids and granule stacks,in which biosynthesis of chlorophylls and carotenoids was suppressed,leading to the leaf albinism.Gene expression test revealed that at 15℃,the expressions of genes related to photosynthesis(lhcb,psbA, RCA) and carotenoids biosynthesis(TOX、VDE) in the albino tea cultivar were suppressed while those of genes relating to plastid transcription(accD) and encoding Cytb6 proteine(petB) enhanced greatly.The expressions of gene encoding RuBPCase subunit(rbcS) and gene rrn16s related to the early plastid development were not influenced by the temperature.The results suggested that the development of chloroplast precursor etioplast was not inhibited by low temperature.However,low temperature supressed the development of chloroplast from etioplast,resulting in ateliosis of chloroplast and inhibition of biosynthesis of chlorophylls and carotenoids and finally leaf albinism.
The investigation on the strong sunlight-induced albino tea cultivar "Huangjinya" showed that,compared to sunlight shading condition,the expressions of genes psbA、psaB、RCA、rbcL which relate to photosynthesis apparatus and gene VDE relating to biosynthesis of xanthin were down regulated,while gene accD which relates to the plastid transcription and lipid biosynthesis was up regulated under strong sunlight condition.The ateliosis of chloroplast membrane and thylakoid membrane was observed under strong sunlight condition,which resulted in suppression of chlorophylls and xanthin.The study confirmed that the biosynthesis of pigments relating to sunlight quenching such as xanthin in the strong sunlight-induced albino tea cultivar was inhibited by strong sunlight,resulting in damage of chloroplast by strong sunlight and suppression of chlorophyll biosynthesis and finally leaf albinism.
引文
茶报记者(2004)安吉白茶平均每公斤1000元全国最高.茶报,2:25.
陈亮,杨亚军,虞富莲,高其康,陈大明(1998)15个茶树品种遗传多样性的RAPD分析.茶叶科学,18(1):21-27.
成浩,李素芳,陈明,虞富莲,晏静,刘益民,陈龙安(1999)安吉白茶特异性状的生理生化本质.茶叶科学,19(2):87-92.
成浩,陈明,虞富莲,李素芳(2000)茶树叶片阶段性返白过程中色素蛋白复合体的变化.植物生理学通讯,36(4):300-304.
崔海瑞,夏英武,高明尉(2001)温度对水稻突变体W1叶色及叶绿素生物合成的影响.核农学报,15(5):269-273.
陈宗懋(2004)科技创新与茶产业发展.中国茶叶,26(2):4-7.
段永平(2005)叶绿体类囊体膜光系统捕光及反应中心叶绿素蛋白复合体的结构与功能.赤峰学院学报(自然科学版),21(5):30-31.
郭勤,王登良,张大春(2002)关于茶叶出口现状的思考.福建茶叶,1:36-37.
季鹏章(1998)随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)及其在茶叶科学领域的应用.茶叶科学技术,3:18-19.
李素芳,陈树尧,成浩(1995)茶树阶段性返白现象的研究-叶绿体超微结构的变化.茶叶科学,15(1):23-26.
李素芳,成浩,虞富莲,晏静(1996)安吉白茶阶段性返白过程中氨基酸的变化.茶叶科学,16(2):153-154.
李素芳,陈明,虞富莲,成浩(1999)茶树阶段性返白现象的研究—RUBP羧化酶与蛋白酶的变化.中国农业科学,32(3):33-38.
陆建良,梁月荣(1999)安吉白茶阶段返白过程中的生理生化变化.浙江农业大学学报,25(3):245-247.
刘昭军,李希臣,刘艳丽,刘琦,李铁,陈伊里(2005)大豆白化致死突变系的发现与分析.大豆科学,24(3):229-232.
彭浩,贺红武(2003)类胡萝卜素生物合成抑制剂研究进展.农药学学报, 5(4):1-8.
潘顺顺,陆建良,杨晓丽,郑新强,杜颖颖,Devajit B,梁月荣.茶饮料中微量色素物质的HPLC分析方法研究.茶叶科学,2007(4):343-348.
曲宁,周燕,顾履珍,夏弈明(1997)粮食中氨基酸HPLC测定方法的研究.卫生研究,26(6):415-417.
孙钦秒,冷静,李良璧,匡廷云(2000)高等植物光系统Ⅱ捕光色素蛋白复合体结构与功能研究的新进展.植物学通报,17(4):289-301.
孙其富,梁月荣(2002)RAPD分子标记及其在茶树遗传育种中的应用.福建茶叶,13:17-18.
孙磊,张成军,陈国祥,储慧君,王萍,王轶,姚金保(2006)光逆境下小麦旗叶类囊体膜特性的变化.湖北农业科学,45(4):420-423.
王仁雷,刘友良,华春(2000)植物叶黄素循环的组成、功能和调节.亚热带植物科学,29(4):59-66.
吴锡瑞(2004)2004年茶叶产销形式分析及2005年展望.茶叶经济信息,11:1-9.
王开荣,李明,林伟平,方乾勇,杜颖颖,俞茂昌,梁月荣(2006)新梢白化系列茶树新品系性状比较研究.茶叶,32(1):22-24.
许柏球,杨剑(2004)反相高效液相色谱法测定荔枝果实游离氨基酸.食品科学,25(12):156-159.
谢禄山,谭晓风(2005)乙酰辅酶A羧化酶基因研究综述.中南林学院学报,25(4):89-95.
郁飞,唐崇钦,辛越勇,彭德川,许亦农,李良璧,匡廷云(2001)光系统Ⅰ(PS Ⅰ)的结构与功能研究进展.植物学通报,18(3):266-275.
杨亚军,杨素娟,王玉书,综建明(2003)早生优质绿茶新品种选育.茶叶科学,23:9-15.
姚春潮,王跃进,刘旭峰,龙周侠(2005)猕猴桃雄性基因RAPD标记S1032-850的获得及其应用.农业生物技术学报,13(5):557-561.
周睿,赵敏,马俊莹,孙山,张国珍(1991)叶绿体基因与光合作用.山东农业大学学报,22(2):193-196.
曾广文,蒋德安.植物生理学.北京海淀区:中国农业科技出版社,2000:70-81。
朱旗,施兆鹏,童京汉,任春梅(2001)HPLC检测分析速溶绿茶游离氨基酸.茶叶科学,21(2):134-136.
张莹,施兆鹏,施玲(2003)茶氨酸研究进展.天然产物研究与开发,15(4):369-372.
周毅(2005)浙江选育成功白茶新品种.农民致富之友,6:20.
周建平,杨足君,冯娟,唐宗祥,任正隆(2005)黑麦特异DNA重复序列的分离与鉴定.西南农业学报,18(5):598-602.
郑昕,王云川,黄彦君,李红,骆怀民,吴永阳,张五九(2005)HPLC内标法测定啤酒中氨基酸含量的研究.酿酒,132(1):89-91.
阚娟,汪志君(2004)细胞色素蛋白的研究进展.安徽农业科学,32(1):159-161.
Aro EM,Hundal T,Carlberg I,Andersson B(1990) In vitro studies on light induced inhibition of photosystem Ⅱ and D1-protein degradation at low temperatures.Biochimica & Biophysica Acta,1019:269-275.
Andersson B,Styring S(1991) Photosystem Ⅱ:molecular organisation,function,and acclimation.Current Topics in Bioenergetics,16:1-81.
Aro EM,Virgin I,Andersson B(1993) Photoinhibition of photosystem Ⅱ.Inactivation,protein damage and turnover.Biochimica & Biophysica Acta,1143:113-134.
Allen DJ,Ort DR(2001) Impacts of chilling temperatures on photosynthesis in warm-climate plants Trends.Plant Science,6:36-42.
Andersson B,Aro EM(2001) Photodamage and Dl protein turnover in photosystem Ⅱ.In:Aro,E.-M.,Andersson,B.(Eds.),Advances in Photosynthesis and Photorespiration.Regulation of Photosynthesis.Kluwer Academic Publishers,Dordrecht,The Netherlands,pp:377-393.
Baker NR(1984) Development of chloroplast photochemical functions.In NR Baker,J Barber,eds,Topics in Photosynthesis:Chloroplast Biogenesis,Elsevier,Amsterdam,5:207-251.
Bisanz-Seyer C,Li YF,Seyer P,Mache R(1989) The components of the plastid ribosome are not accumulated synchronously during the earlydevelopment of spinach plants.Plant Molecular Biology,12:201-211.
Barber J,Andersson B(1992) Too much of a good thing:light can be bad for photosynthesis.Trends Biochemical Sciences,17:61-66.
Balakrishna K,Joshi MK,Vani B,Mohanty P(1999)Structure-function correlation during the etioplast-chloroplast transition in cucumber cotyledonary leaves.Photosynthetica,36:199-212.
Bertamini M,Muthuchelian K,Rubinigg M,Zorer R,Velasco R,Chang-HYU BAE,Tomoko ABE,Tomoki M,Nobuhisa F,Noriko N,Takeshi N,Yasuko K,Kazumitsu M,Hisashi M,Shigeo Y(2001)Regulation of chloroplast gene expression is affected in ali,a novel tobacco albino mutant.Annals of Botany,88:545-553.
Bertamini M,Muthuchelian K,Rubinigg M,Zorer R,Nedunchezhian N(2005)Low-night temperature(LNT)induced changes of photosynthesis in grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.)plants.Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,43:693-699.
Bertamini M,Muthuchelian K,Rubinigg M,Zorer R,Rubinigg M,Nedunchezhian N(2006)Low-night temperature increased the photoinhibition of photosynthesis in grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.cv.Riesling)leaves.Environmental and Experimental Botany,57:25-31.
Carol Sander,Laber LJ,Bell WD,Hamilton RH(1968)Light Sensitivity of Plastids and Plastid Pigments Present in the Albescent Maize Mutant.Plant Physiology,43:693-697.
Crafts-Brandner SJ and Salvucci ME(2000)Rubisco activase constrains the photosynthetic potential of leaves at high temperature and CO_2,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,97:13430-13435.
Cristina DB,Marco B,Chiara G,Paolo BA,Michele S,Cristina C.,Roberto B,and Luigi C(2003)cor Gene Expression in Barley Mutants Affected in Chloroplast Development and Photosynthetic Electron Transport.Plant Physiology,131:793-802.
Dunford R,Walden RM(1991)Plastid genome structure and plastid-related transcript levels in albino plants derived from anther culture.Current Genetics,20:339-347.
Demmig-Adams B,Adams WW(1992)Photoprotection and other responses of plants to high light stress.Annual Review of Plant Biology,43:599-626.
Dickey LF,Petrackek ME,Nguyen TT,Hansen ER,Thompson WF(1998)Light regulation of Fed-1 mRNA requires an element in the 5-untranslated region and correlates with differential polyribosome association.The Plant Cell,10:475-484.
Du YY,Liang YR,Wang H,Wang KR,Lu JL,Zhang GH,Lin WP,Li M,Fang QY(2006)A study on the chemical composition of albino tea cultivars.Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnolog,81:809-812.
Ebrahim MKH,Vogg G,Osman MEH,Komor E(1998)Photosynthetic performance and adaptation of sugarcane at suboptimal temperatures.Journal of Plant Physiology,153:587-592.
Escoubas JM,Lomas M,LaRoche J,Falkowski PG(1995)Light intensity regulation of cab gene transcription is signaled by the redox state of the plastoquinone pool.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,92:10237-10241.
Fluhr R,Cseplo A(1986)Induction and selection of chloroplast-coded mutations in Nicotiana.Methods in Enzymology,118:611-623.
Feierabend J(1977)Capacity for chlorophyll synthesis in heat bleached 70S ribosome-deficient rye leaves.Planta,135:83-88.
Foyer CH,Vanacker H,Gomez LD,Harbinson J(2002)Regulation of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in maize leaves at optimal and chilling temperatures:a review.Plant Physiology &Biochemistry,40:659-668.
Fambrini M,Castagna A,Vecchia FD,Degl'Innocenti E,Ranieri A,Vernieri P,Pardossi A,Guidi L,Rascio N,Pugliesi C(2004)Characterization of a pigment-deficient mutant of sunflower(Helianthus annum L.)with abnormal chloroplast biogenesis,reduced PS Ⅱ activity and low endogenous level of abscisic acid.Plant Science,167:79-89.
Granick S(1950)Magnesium vinyl pheoporphyrin-a5,another intermediate in the biological synthesis of chlorophyll.Journal of Biological Chemistry,183:713-730.
Guy CL(1990)Cold acclimation and freezing stress tolerance:Role of protein metabolism.Annu Rev[J].Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,41:187-223.
Gray GR,Savitch LV,Ivanov AG,Huner NPA(1996)Photosystem Ⅱ excitation pressure and development of resistance to photoinhibition Ⅱ.Adjustment of photosynthetic capacity in winter wheat and winter rye.Plant Physiology,110:61-71.
Gray GR,Chauvin LP,Sarhan F,Huner NPA(1997)Cold acclimation and freezing tolerance:a complex interaction of light and temperature.Plant Physiology,114:467-474.
Gilmore AM(1997)Mechanistic aspects of xanthophyll cycle-dependent photoprotection in higher plant chloroplasts and leaves.Physiologia Plantarum,99:197-209.
Hodgins R,van Huystee RB(1986a)Porphyrin metabolism in chill stressed maize(Zea mays L.).Journal of Plant Physiology,125:325-336.
Huner NPA,Maxwell DP,Gray GR,Savitch LV,Krol M,Ivanov AG,FalkS(1996)Sensing environmental temperature change through imbalancesbetween energy supply and energy consumption:redox state of photosystem Ⅱ.Physiologia Plantarum,98:358-364.
Huner NPA,Oquist G,Sarhan F(1998)Energy balance and acclimation to light and cold.Trends in Plant Science,3:224-230.
Konishi S,Takahashi E(1969)The metabolism and regulation of theanine and related compounds in tea plant.Journal of the Science of Soil and Manure,Japan,40:479-484.
Kro'l M,Huner NPA,Mcintosh A(1987)Chloroplast biogenesis at cold hardening temperatures:development of photosystem Ⅰ and photosystem Ⅱ activities in relation to pigment accumulation.Photosynthesis Research,14:97-112.
Krupinska K,Falk J(1994)Changes in RNA-polymerase activity during biogenesis,maturation and senescence of barley chloroplasts:comparativeanalysis of transcripts synthesized either in run-on assays or by transcriptionally active chromosomes.Plant Physiology,143:298-305.
Kroll D,Meierhoff K,Bechtold N,Kinoshita M,Westphal S,Vothknecht UC.,Soil J,Westhoff P(2001)VIPPI,a nuclear gene of Arabidopsis thalinan essential for thylakoid membrane formation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,98:4238-4242.
Karori SM,Wachira FN,Wanyoko JK,Ngure RM(2007)Antioxidant capacity of different types of tea products.African Journal of Biotechnology,6:2287-2296.
Long D,Martin M,Sundberg E,Swinburne J,Paungsomlee P,Coupland G(1993)The maize transposable element system Ac/Ds as a mutagen in Arabidopsis:Identification of an albino mutation induced by Ds insertion.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,90:10370-10374.
Liang YR,Lu JL,Zhang LY,Wu S,Wu Y(2003)Estimation of black tea quality by analysis of chemical composition and colour difference of tea infusions.Food Chemistry.80:283-290.
Liang YR,Zhang LY,Lu JL(2005)A study on chemical estimation of pu-erh tea quality.Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture,85:381-390.
McWilliam JR,Naylor AW(1967)Temperature and Plant Adaptation.I.Interaction of Temperature and Light in the Synthesis of Chlorophyll in Corn.Plant Physiology,42:1711-1715.
Masica PN,Robertson DR(1978)Studies of chloroplast development in four maize mutants defective in chlorophyll biosynthesis.Planta,143:207-211.
Mayfield SP,Taylor WC(1984)Carotenoid-deficient maize seedlings fail to accumulate light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein(LHCP)Mrna[J].European Journal of Biochemistry,144:79-84.
Mullet JE(1988)Chloroplast development and gene expression.Annual Revview of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,39:475-502.
Miles D(1994)The role of high chlorophyll fluorescence photosynthesis mutants in the analysis of chloroplast thylakoid membrane assembly and function.Maydica, 39:35-45.
Michel H(1998)Carotenoids as membrane stabilizers in chloroplasts.Trends in plant science,3(4):147-151.
Müller P,Li XP,Niyogi KK(2001)Non-photochemical quenching:A response to excess light energy.Plant Physiology,125:1558-1566.
Maries MAS,Gruber MY,Scoles GJ,Muir AD(2003)Pigmentation in the developing seed coat and seedling leaves of Brassica carinata is controlled at the dihydroflavonol reductase locus.Phytochemistry,62:663-672.
Munoz N,Ortigosa M,Torre P,Izco JM(2003)Free amino acids and volatile compounds in an ewe's milk cheese as affected by seasonal and cheese-making plant variations.Food Chemistry,83(3):329-338.
Mar(?)a,Stewart G,Luis F,Arturo GG,Patricia L(2004)CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS Genes Act Cell and Noncell Autonomously in Early Chloroplast Development.American Society of Plant Biologists,135:471-482.
Mbata TI(2007)Preliminary studies of the antibacterial activities of processed Kenyan and Nigerian tea.African Journal Biotechnology,6:278-279.
Niyogi KK,Grossman AR,Bj(?)rkman O(1998)Arabidopsis mutants define a central role for the xanthophyll cycle in the regulation of photosynthetic energy conversion.Plant Cell,10:1121-1134.
Neil AM,Kenneth RH,Israel Z(1988)A nuclear mutation in Nicotiana sylvestris causing a thiamine reversible defect in synthesis of chloroplast pigments.Plant physiology,88:930-935.
Nehlig A,Daval JL,Debry G(1992)Caffeine and the central nervous system:mechanism of action,biochemical,metabolic and psycho-stimulant effects.Brain Research Reviews,17:139-170.
Niyogi KK(1999)Photoprotection revisited:genetic and molecular approaches.Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,50:333-359.
Nedunchezhian N(2006)Low-night temperature increased the photoinhibition of photosynthesis in grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.cv.Riesling)leaves.Environmental and Experimental Botany,57:25-31
Oelmuller R(1989)Photooxidative destruction of chloroplasts and its effect on nuclear gene expression and extraplastidic enzyme levels.Photochemistry and Photobiology,49:229-239.
Ogren E,Rosenqvist E(1992)On the significance of photoinhibition of photosynthesis in the field and its generality among species.Photosynthesis Research,33:63-71.
Oyejide OO,Olushola L(2005)Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of extract of Carmellia sinensis(black tea)in rats.African Journal of Biotechnology,4:1432-1438.
Powles SB(1984)Photoinhibition of photosynthesis induced by visible light.Annual Review of Plant Physiology,35:15-44.
Portis AR(1992)Regulation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity.Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,43:415-437.
Pfundel EE,Bilger W(1994)Regulation and possible function of the violaxanthin cycle.Photosynthesis Research,42:89-109.
Peterman EJ,Gradinaru CC.,Calkoen F(1997)Xanthophylls in light-harvesting complex Ⅱ of higher plants:light harvesting and triplet quenching.Biochemistry,36:12208-12215.
Philippus DR,Van Heerden,Melanie MV,Magdaleen FD,Gert HJK(2004)Limitation of photosynthetic carbon metabolism by dark chilling in temperate and tropical soybean genotypes.Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,42:117-124.
Peris-Vicente J,Adelantado JV,Carbo MTD,Castro RM,Reig FB(2006)Characterization of proteinaceous glues in old paintings by separation of the o-phtalaldehyde derivatives of their amino acids by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.Talanta,68(5):1648-1654.
Reinbothe S,Reinbothe C(1996)Regulation of chlorophysll biosynthesis in angiosperns.Plant Physiology,111:1-17.
Smart LB,Anderson SL,Mcintosh L(1991)Targeted genetic inactivation of the Photosystem I reaction center in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp.PCC 6803.EMBO J,10(11):3289-3296.
Sundberg E,Slagter JG,Fridborg I,Cleary SP,Robinson C.,Coupland G(1997)Albino3,an Arabidopsis nuclear gene essential for chloroplast differentiation,encodes a chloroplast protein that shows homology to proteins present in bacterial membranes and yeast mitochondria.The Plant Cell,6:717-730.
Staffan ET,Birger LM,Henrik VS(1998)Photosystem I is an early target of photoinhibition in barely illuminated at chilling temperature.Plant Physiology,116:755-764.
Sonja W,Susanne R(2003)Expression of xanthophylls biosynthetic genes during light-dependent chloroplast differentiation.Plant Physiology,132:1508-1517.
Soufleros EH,Bouloumpasi E,Tsarchopoulos C.,Biliaderis CG(2003)Primary amino acid profiles of Greek white wines and their use in classification according to variety,origin and vintage.Food Chemistry,80(2):261-273.
Schonhof 1,Klaring HP,Krumbein A,ClauBen W,Schreiner M(2007)Effect of temperature increase under low radiation conditions on phytochemicals and ascorbic acid in greenhouse grown broccoli.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,119:103-111.
Taylor WC(1989)Regulatory interactions between nuclear and plastid genomes.Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,40:211-233.
Tewari AK,Tripathy BC(1998)Temperature-Stress-Induced Impairment of Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Reactions in Cucumber and Wheat.Plant physiology,117:851-858.
Thomashow MF(1999)Plant cold acclimation:freezing tolerance genes and regulatory mechanisms.Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,50:571-599.
Tullberg A,Alexciev K,Pfannschmidt T,Allen JF(2000)Photosynthetic electron flow regulates transcription of the psaB gene in pea(Pisum sativum L.)chloroplast through the redox state of plastoquinone.Plant and Cell Physiology,41:1045-1054.
Ulrich E,Bernhard G,Stefan H(2004)Recent advances in chlorophyll biosynthesis and breakdown in higher plants.Plant Molecular Biology,56:1-14.
van Hasselt PR,Strikwerda JT(1976)Pigment degradation in discs of the thermophilic Cucumis sativus as affected by light,temperature,sugar application and inhibitors.Plant Physiology,37:253-257.
William JGK,Kubelik AR,Livak kJ(1990)DNA Polymorphisms Amplified by Arbitrary Primers are Useful as Genetic Markers.Nucleie Acids Research,18(22):6531-6535.
Wakabayashi K and Boger P(2002)Tarket sites for herbicides:entering the 21~(st)century.Pest Magagement Science,58(11):1149-1154.
Wang C.,Li Y(2006)Research progress on property and application of Theaflavins.African Journal Biotechnology,5:213-218.
Xu S,Lu JL,Zhang XQ,Wei H,Cui LJ(2006)Effects of heat acclimation pretreatment on changes of membrane lipid peroxidation,antioxidant metabolites,and ultrastructure of chloroplasts in two cool-season turfgrass species under heat stress.Environmental and Experimental Botany,56:274-285.
Yamamoto HY,Higashi RM(1978)Violaxanthin de-epoxidase:lipid composition and substrate specificity.Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,190:514 —522.
Yang MT,Chen SL,Lin CY(2005)Chilling stress suppresses chloroplast development and nuclear gene expression in leaves of mung bean seedlings.Planta,221:374-385.
Zhang H,Wang L,Howard M(1994) Expression of the Arabidopsis Gene Akr Coincides with Chloroplast Development.Paint physiology,106:1261-1267.
陈亮,杨亚军,虞富莲,高其康,陈大明(1998)15个茶树品种遗传多样性的RAPD分析.茶叶科学,18(1):21-27.
成浩,李素芳,陈明,虞富莲,晏静,刘益民,陈龙安(1999)安吉白茶特异性状的生理生化本质.茶叶科学,19(2):87-92.
成浩,陈明,虞富莲,李素芳(2000)茶树叶片阶段性返白过程中色素蛋白复合体的变化.植物生理学通讯,36(4):300-304.
崔海瑞,夏英武,高明尉(2001)温度对水稻突变体W1叶色及叶绿素生物合成的影响.核农学报,15(5):269-273.
陈宗懋(2004)科技创新与茶产业发展.中国茶叶,26(2):4-7.
段永平(2005)叶绿体类囊体膜光系统捕光及反应中心叶绿素蛋白复合体的结构与功能.赤峰学院学报(自然科学版),21(5):30-31.
郭勤,王登良,张大春(2002)关于茶叶出口现状的思考.福建茶叶,1:36-37.
季鹏章(1998)随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)及其在茶叶科学领域的应用.茶叶科学技术,3:18-19.
李素芳,陈树尧,成浩(1995)茶树阶段性返白现象的研究-叶绿体超微结构的变化.茶叶科学,15(1):23-26.
李素芳,成浩,虞富莲,晏静(1996)安吉白茶阶段性返白过程中氨基酸的变化.茶叶科学,16(2):153-154.
李素芳,陈明,虞富莲,成浩(1999)茶树阶段性返白现象的研究—RUBP羧化酶与蛋白酶的变化.中国农业科学,32(3):33-38.
陆建良,梁月荣(1999)安吉白茶阶段返白过程中的生理生化变化.浙江农业大学学报,25(3):245-247.
刘昭军,李希臣,刘艳丽,刘琦,李铁,陈伊里(2005)大豆白化致死突变系的发现与分析.大豆科学,24(3):229-232.
彭浩,贺红武(2003)类胡萝卜素生物合成抑制剂研究进展.农药学学报, 5(4):1-8.
潘顺顺,陆建良,杨晓丽,郑新强,杜颖颖,Devajit B,梁月荣.茶饮料中微量色素物质的HPLC分析方法研究.茶叶科学,2007(4):343-348.
曲宁,周燕,顾履珍,夏弈明(1997)粮食中氨基酸HPLC测定方法的研究.卫生研究,26(6):415-417.
孙钦秒,冷静,李良璧,匡廷云(2000)高等植物光系统Ⅱ捕光色素蛋白复合体结构与功能研究的新进展.植物学通报,17(4):289-301.
孙其富,梁月荣(2002)RAPD分子标记及其在茶树遗传育种中的应用.福建茶叶,13:17-18.
孙磊,张成军,陈国祥,储慧君,王萍,王轶,姚金保(2006)光逆境下小麦旗叶类囊体膜特性的变化.湖北农业科学,45(4):420-423.
王仁雷,刘友良,华春(2000)植物叶黄素循环的组成、功能和调节.亚热带植物科学,29(4):59-66.
吴锡瑞(2004)2004年茶叶产销形式分析及2005年展望.茶叶经济信息,11:1-9.
王开荣,李明,林伟平,方乾勇,杜颖颖,俞茂昌,梁月荣(2006)新梢白化系列茶树新品系性状比较研究.茶叶,32(1):22-24.
许柏球,杨剑(2004)反相高效液相色谱法测定荔枝果实游离氨基酸.食品科学,25(12):156-159.
谢禄山,谭晓风(2005)乙酰辅酶A羧化酶基因研究综述.中南林学院学报,25(4):89-95.
郁飞,唐崇钦,辛越勇,彭德川,许亦农,李良璧,匡廷云(2001)光系统Ⅰ(PS Ⅰ)的结构与功能研究进展.植物学通报,18(3):266-275.
杨亚军,杨素娟,王玉书,综建明(2003)早生优质绿茶新品种选育.茶叶科学,23:9-15.
姚春潮,王跃进,刘旭峰,龙周侠(2005)猕猴桃雄性基因RAPD标记S1032-850的获得及其应用.农业生物技术学报,13(5):557-561.
周睿,赵敏,马俊莹,孙山,张国珍(1991)叶绿体基因与光合作用.山东农业大学学报,22(2):193-196.
曾广文,蒋德安.植物生理学.北京海淀区:中国农业科技出版社,2000:70-81。
朱旗,施兆鹏,童京汉,任春梅(2001)HPLC检测分析速溶绿茶游离氨基酸.茶叶科学,21(2):134-136.
张莹,施兆鹏,施玲(2003)茶氨酸研究进展.天然产物研究与开发,15(4):369-372.
周毅(2005)浙江选育成功白茶新品种.农民致富之友,6:20.
周建平,杨足君,冯娟,唐宗祥,任正隆(2005)黑麦特异DNA重复序列的分离与鉴定.西南农业学报,18(5):598-602.
郑昕,王云川,黄彦君,李红,骆怀民,吴永阳,张五九(2005)HPLC内标法测定啤酒中氨基酸含量的研究.酿酒,132(1):89-91.
阚娟,汪志君(2004)细胞色素蛋白的研究进展.安徽农业科学,32(1):159-161.
Aro EM,Hundal T,Carlberg I,Andersson B(1990) In vitro studies on light induced inhibition of photosystem Ⅱ and D1-protein degradation at low temperatures.Biochimica & Biophysica Acta,1019:269-275.
Andersson B,Styring S(1991) Photosystem Ⅱ:molecular organisation,function,and acclimation.Current Topics in Bioenergetics,16:1-81.
Aro EM,Virgin I,Andersson B(1993) Photoinhibition of photosystem Ⅱ.Inactivation,protein damage and turnover.Biochimica & Biophysica Acta,1143:113-134.
Allen DJ,Ort DR(2001) Impacts of chilling temperatures on photosynthesis in warm-climate plants Trends.Plant Science,6:36-42.
Andersson B,Aro EM(2001) Photodamage and Dl protein turnover in photosystem Ⅱ.In:Aro,E.-M.,Andersson,B.(Eds.),Advances in Photosynthesis and Photorespiration.Regulation of Photosynthesis.Kluwer Academic Publishers,Dordrecht,The Netherlands,pp:377-393.
Baker NR(1984) Development of chloroplast photochemical functions.In NR Baker,J Barber,eds,Topics in Photosynthesis:Chloroplast Biogenesis,Elsevier,Amsterdam,5:207-251.
Bisanz-Seyer C,Li YF,Seyer P,Mache R(1989) The components of the plastid ribosome are not accumulated synchronously during the earlydevelopment of spinach plants.Plant Molecular Biology,12:201-211.
Barber J,Andersson B(1992) Too much of a good thing:light can be bad for photosynthesis.Trends Biochemical Sciences,17:61-66.
Balakrishna K,Joshi MK,Vani B,Mohanty P(1999)Structure-function correlation during the etioplast-chloroplast transition in cucumber cotyledonary leaves.Photosynthetica,36:199-212.
Bertamini M,Muthuchelian K,Rubinigg M,Zorer R,Velasco R,Chang-HYU BAE,Tomoko ABE,Tomoki M,Nobuhisa F,Noriko N,Takeshi N,Yasuko K,Kazumitsu M,Hisashi M,Shigeo Y(2001)Regulation of chloroplast gene expression is affected in ali,a novel tobacco albino mutant.Annals of Botany,88:545-553.
Bertamini M,Muthuchelian K,Rubinigg M,Zorer R,Nedunchezhian N(2005)Low-night temperature(LNT)induced changes of photosynthesis in grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.)plants.Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,43:693-699.
Bertamini M,Muthuchelian K,Rubinigg M,Zorer R,Rubinigg M,Nedunchezhian N(2006)Low-night temperature increased the photoinhibition of photosynthesis in grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.cv.Riesling)leaves.Environmental and Experimental Botany,57:25-31.
Carol Sander,Laber LJ,Bell WD,Hamilton RH(1968)Light Sensitivity of Plastids and Plastid Pigments Present in the Albescent Maize Mutant.Plant Physiology,43:693-697.
Crafts-Brandner SJ and Salvucci ME(2000)Rubisco activase constrains the photosynthetic potential of leaves at high temperature and CO_2,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,97:13430-13435.
Cristina DB,Marco B,Chiara G,Paolo BA,Michele S,Cristina C.,Roberto B,and Luigi C(2003)cor Gene Expression in Barley Mutants Affected in Chloroplast Development and Photosynthetic Electron Transport.Plant Physiology,131:793-802.
Dunford R,Walden RM(1991)Plastid genome structure and plastid-related transcript levels in albino plants derived from anther culture.Current Genetics,20:339-347.
Demmig-Adams B,Adams WW(1992)Photoprotection and other responses of plants to high light stress.Annual Review of Plant Biology,43:599-626.
Dickey LF,Petrackek ME,Nguyen TT,Hansen ER,Thompson WF(1998)Light regulation of Fed-1 mRNA requires an element in the 5-untranslated region and correlates with differential polyribosome association.The Plant Cell,10:475-484.
Du YY,Liang YR,Wang H,Wang KR,Lu JL,Zhang GH,Lin WP,Li M,Fang QY(2006)A study on the chemical composition of albino tea cultivars.Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnolog,81:809-812.
Ebrahim MKH,Vogg G,Osman MEH,Komor E(1998)Photosynthetic performance and adaptation of sugarcane at suboptimal temperatures.Journal of Plant Physiology,153:587-592.
Escoubas JM,Lomas M,LaRoche J,Falkowski PG(1995)Light intensity regulation of cab gene transcription is signaled by the redox state of the plastoquinone pool.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,92:10237-10241.
Fluhr R,Cseplo A(1986)Induction and selection of chloroplast-coded mutations in Nicotiana.Methods in Enzymology,118:611-623.
Feierabend J(1977)Capacity for chlorophyll synthesis in heat bleached 70S ribosome-deficient rye leaves.Planta,135:83-88.
Foyer CH,Vanacker H,Gomez LD,Harbinson J(2002)Regulation of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in maize leaves at optimal and chilling temperatures:a review.Plant Physiology &Biochemistry,40:659-668.
Fambrini M,Castagna A,Vecchia FD,Degl'Innocenti E,Ranieri A,Vernieri P,Pardossi A,Guidi L,Rascio N,Pugliesi C(2004)Characterization of a pigment-deficient mutant of sunflower(Helianthus annum L.)with abnormal chloroplast biogenesis,reduced PS Ⅱ activity and low endogenous level of abscisic acid.Plant Science,167:79-89.
Granick S(1950)Magnesium vinyl pheoporphyrin-a5,another intermediate in the biological synthesis of chlorophyll.Journal of Biological Chemistry,183:713-730.
Guy CL(1990)Cold acclimation and freezing stress tolerance:Role of protein metabolism.Annu Rev[J].Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,41:187-223.
Gray GR,Savitch LV,Ivanov AG,Huner NPA(1996)Photosystem Ⅱ excitation pressure and development of resistance to photoinhibition Ⅱ.Adjustment of photosynthetic capacity in winter wheat and winter rye.Plant Physiology,110:61-71.
Gray GR,Chauvin LP,Sarhan F,Huner NPA(1997)Cold acclimation and freezing tolerance:a complex interaction of light and temperature.Plant Physiology,114:467-474.
Gilmore AM(1997)Mechanistic aspects of xanthophyll cycle-dependent photoprotection in higher plant chloroplasts and leaves.Physiologia Plantarum,99:197-209.
Hodgins R,van Huystee RB(1986a)Porphyrin metabolism in chill stressed maize(Zea mays L.).Journal of Plant Physiology,125:325-336.
Huner NPA,Maxwell DP,Gray GR,Savitch LV,Krol M,Ivanov AG,FalkS(1996)Sensing environmental temperature change through imbalancesbetween energy supply and energy consumption:redox state of photosystem Ⅱ.Physiologia Plantarum,98:358-364.
Huner NPA,Oquist G,Sarhan F(1998)Energy balance and acclimation to light and cold.Trends in Plant Science,3:224-230.
Konishi S,Takahashi E(1969)The metabolism and regulation of theanine and related compounds in tea plant.Journal of the Science of Soil and Manure,Japan,40:479-484.
Kro'l M,Huner NPA,Mcintosh A(1987)Chloroplast biogenesis at cold hardening temperatures:development of photosystem Ⅰ and photosystem Ⅱ activities in relation to pigment accumulation.Photosynthesis Research,14:97-112.
Krupinska K,Falk J(1994)Changes in RNA-polymerase activity during biogenesis,maturation and senescence of barley chloroplasts:comparativeanalysis of transcripts synthesized either in run-on assays or by transcriptionally active chromosomes.Plant Physiology,143:298-305.
Kroll D,Meierhoff K,Bechtold N,Kinoshita M,Westphal S,Vothknecht UC.,Soil J,Westhoff P(2001)VIPPI,a nuclear gene of Arabidopsis thalinan essential for thylakoid membrane formation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,98:4238-4242.
Karori SM,Wachira FN,Wanyoko JK,Ngure RM(2007)Antioxidant capacity of different types of tea products.African Journal of Biotechnology,6:2287-2296.
Long D,Martin M,Sundberg E,Swinburne J,Paungsomlee P,Coupland G(1993)The maize transposable element system Ac/Ds as a mutagen in Arabidopsis:Identification of an albino mutation induced by Ds insertion.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,90:10370-10374.
Liang YR,Lu JL,Zhang LY,Wu S,Wu Y(2003)Estimation of black tea quality by analysis of chemical composition and colour difference of tea infusions.Food Chemistry.80:283-290.
Liang YR,Zhang LY,Lu JL(2005)A study on chemical estimation of pu-erh tea quality.Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture,85:381-390.
McWilliam JR,Naylor AW(1967)Temperature and Plant Adaptation.I.Interaction of Temperature and Light in the Synthesis of Chlorophyll in Corn.Plant Physiology,42:1711-1715.
Masica PN,Robertson DR(1978)Studies of chloroplast development in four maize mutants defective in chlorophyll biosynthesis.Planta,143:207-211.
Mayfield SP,Taylor WC(1984)Carotenoid-deficient maize seedlings fail to accumulate light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein(LHCP)Mrna[J].European Journal of Biochemistry,144:79-84.
Mullet JE(1988)Chloroplast development and gene expression.Annual Revview of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,39:475-502.
Miles D(1994)The role of high chlorophyll fluorescence photosynthesis mutants in the analysis of chloroplast thylakoid membrane assembly and function.Maydica, 39:35-45.
Michel H(1998)Carotenoids as membrane stabilizers in chloroplasts.Trends in plant science,3(4):147-151.
Müller P,Li XP,Niyogi KK(2001)Non-photochemical quenching:A response to excess light energy.Plant Physiology,125:1558-1566.
Maries MAS,Gruber MY,Scoles GJ,Muir AD(2003)Pigmentation in the developing seed coat and seedling leaves of Brassica carinata is controlled at the dihydroflavonol reductase locus.Phytochemistry,62:663-672.
Munoz N,Ortigosa M,Torre P,Izco JM(2003)Free amino acids and volatile compounds in an ewe's milk cheese as affected by seasonal and cheese-making plant variations.Food Chemistry,83(3):329-338.
Mar(?)a,Stewart G,Luis F,Arturo GG,Patricia L(2004)CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS Genes Act Cell and Noncell Autonomously in Early Chloroplast Development.American Society of Plant Biologists,135:471-482.
Mbata TI(2007)Preliminary studies of the antibacterial activities of processed Kenyan and Nigerian tea.African Journal Biotechnology,6:278-279.
Niyogi KK,Grossman AR,Bj(?)rkman O(1998)Arabidopsis mutants define a central role for the xanthophyll cycle in the regulation of photosynthetic energy conversion.Plant Cell,10:1121-1134.
Neil AM,Kenneth RH,Israel Z(1988)A nuclear mutation in Nicotiana sylvestris causing a thiamine reversible defect in synthesis of chloroplast pigments.Plant physiology,88:930-935.
Nehlig A,Daval JL,Debry G(1992)Caffeine and the central nervous system:mechanism of action,biochemical,metabolic and psycho-stimulant effects.Brain Research Reviews,17:139-170.
Niyogi KK(1999)Photoprotection revisited:genetic and molecular approaches.Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,50:333-359.
Nedunchezhian N(2006)Low-night temperature increased the photoinhibition of photosynthesis in grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.cv.Riesling)leaves.Environmental and Experimental Botany,57:25-31
Oelmuller R(1989)Photooxidative destruction of chloroplasts and its effect on nuclear gene expression and extraplastidic enzyme levels.Photochemistry and Photobiology,49:229-239.
Ogren E,Rosenqvist E(1992)On the significance of photoinhibition of photosynthesis in the field and its generality among species.Photosynthesis Research,33:63-71.
Oyejide OO,Olushola L(2005)Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of extract of Carmellia sinensis(black tea)in rats.African Journal of Biotechnology,4:1432-1438.
Powles SB(1984)Photoinhibition of photosynthesis induced by visible light.Annual Review of Plant Physiology,35:15-44.
Portis AR(1992)Regulation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity.Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,43:415-437.
Pfundel EE,Bilger W(1994)Regulation and possible function of the violaxanthin cycle.Photosynthesis Research,42:89-109.
Peterman EJ,Gradinaru CC.,Calkoen F(1997)Xanthophylls in light-harvesting complex Ⅱ of higher plants:light harvesting and triplet quenching.Biochemistry,36:12208-12215.
Philippus DR,Van Heerden,Melanie MV,Magdaleen FD,Gert HJK(2004)Limitation of photosynthetic carbon metabolism by dark chilling in temperate and tropical soybean genotypes.Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,42:117-124.
Peris-Vicente J,Adelantado JV,Carbo MTD,Castro RM,Reig FB(2006)Characterization of proteinaceous glues in old paintings by separation of the o-phtalaldehyde derivatives of their amino acids by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.Talanta,68(5):1648-1654.
Reinbothe S,Reinbothe C(1996)Regulation of chlorophysll biosynthesis in angiosperns.Plant Physiology,111:1-17.
Smart LB,Anderson SL,Mcintosh L(1991)Targeted genetic inactivation of the Photosystem I reaction center in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp.PCC 6803.EMBO J,10(11):3289-3296.
Sundberg E,Slagter JG,Fridborg I,Cleary SP,Robinson C.,Coupland G(1997)Albino3,an Arabidopsis nuclear gene essential for chloroplast differentiation,encodes a chloroplast protein that shows homology to proteins present in bacterial membranes and yeast mitochondria.The Plant Cell,6:717-730.
Staffan ET,Birger LM,Henrik VS(1998)Photosystem I is an early target of photoinhibition in barely illuminated at chilling temperature.Plant Physiology,116:755-764.
Sonja W,Susanne R(2003)Expression of xanthophylls biosynthetic genes during light-dependent chloroplast differentiation.Plant Physiology,132:1508-1517.
Soufleros EH,Bouloumpasi E,Tsarchopoulos C.,Biliaderis CG(2003)Primary amino acid profiles of Greek white wines and their use in classification according to variety,origin and vintage.Food Chemistry,80(2):261-273.
Schonhof 1,Klaring HP,Krumbein A,ClauBen W,Schreiner M(2007)Effect of temperature increase under low radiation conditions on phytochemicals and ascorbic acid in greenhouse grown broccoli.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,119:103-111.
Taylor WC(1989)Regulatory interactions between nuclear and plastid genomes.Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,40:211-233.
Tewari AK,Tripathy BC(1998)Temperature-Stress-Induced Impairment of Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Reactions in Cucumber and Wheat.Plant physiology,117:851-858.
Thomashow MF(1999)Plant cold acclimation:freezing tolerance genes and regulatory mechanisms.Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,50:571-599.
Tullberg A,Alexciev K,Pfannschmidt T,Allen JF(2000)Photosynthetic electron flow regulates transcription of the psaB gene in pea(Pisum sativum L.)chloroplast through the redox state of plastoquinone.Plant and Cell Physiology,41:1045-1054.
Ulrich E,Bernhard G,Stefan H(2004)Recent advances in chlorophyll biosynthesis and breakdown in higher plants.Plant Molecular Biology,56:1-14.
van Hasselt PR,Strikwerda JT(1976)Pigment degradation in discs of the thermophilic Cucumis sativus as affected by light,temperature,sugar application and inhibitors.Plant Physiology,37:253-257.
William JGK,Kubelik AR,Livak kJ(1990)DNA Polymorphisms Amplified by Arbitrary Primers are Useful as Genetic Markers.Nucleie Acids Research,18(22):6531-6535.
Wakabayashi K and Boger P(2002)Tarket sites for herbicides:entering the 21~(st)century.Pest Magagement Science,58(11):1149-1154.
Wang C.,Li Y(2006)Research progress on property and application of Theaflavins.African Journal Biotechnology,5:213-218.
Xu S,Lu JL,Zhang XQ,Wei H,Cui LJ(2006)Effects of heat acclimation pretreatment on changes of membrane lipid peroxidation,antioxidant metabolites,and ultrastructure of chloroplasts in two cool-season turfgrass species under heat stress.Environmental and Experimental Botany,56:274-285.
Yamamoto HY,Higashi RM(1978)Violaxanthin de-epoxidase:lipid composition and substrate specificity.Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,190:514 —522.
Yang MT,Chen SL,Lin CY(2005)Chilling stress suppresses chloroplast development and nuclear gene expression in leaves of mung bean seedlings.Planta,221:374-385.
Zhang H,Wang L,Howard M(1994) Expression of the Arabidopsis Gene Akr Coincides with Chloroplast Development.Paint physiology,106:1261-1267.