陕西省酿酒葡萄气候区划与品种区域化研究
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摘要
本研究搜集陕西省95个气象站点连续20年(1986~2005年)的气候资料,采用无霜期、干燥度和成熟季降水量作为区划指标对陕西省进行酿酒葡萄气候区划;有效活动积温进行品种区域化研究。通过Excel软件对区划指标进行计算分析,根据区划结果利用ARCGIS软件做图。
1陕西省酿酒葡萄气候区划指标
在前期研究建立的新的指标体系的基础上,对陕西省气候特征进行分析,研究结果显示该指标体系能够很好的区分陕西省酿酒葡萄适宜栽培区和不适宜栽培区,但是有些地区虽然属于干旱性气候,降水却比较集中,因此该指标体系虽然能够区分全国酿酒葡萄的最适宜栽培区和次适宜栽培区,但是有些地区区分效果并不理想,因此通过研究,采用成熟季降水量作为四级指标进一步对陕西省进行划分。
2陕西省酿酒葡萄气候区划结果
根据陕西省95个县(市)20年(1986～2005年)的气候资料,计算无霜期,生长季干燥度和成熟季降水量,对陕西省进行酿酒葡萄气候区划,并通过ARCGIS软件做图,将陕西省划分为11个气候区。其中Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区需要进行埋土防寒,其它地区则不需要进行埋土防寒。Ⅰ区:榆林、安塞、米脂、子洲Ⅱ区:麟游、长武、旬邑、黄陵、彬县Ⅲ区:子长、神木、府谷、清涧、绥德、子长、神木、府谷、清涧、绥德、延长、宜川、佳县、延川Ⅳ区:延安、洛川、黄龙Ⅴ区:洛南、宜君、淳化、柞水、铜川、陇县、千阳、凤县、岐山、永寿Ⅵ区:合阳、吴堡、蓝田、白水Ⅶ区:凤翔、华县、扶风、眉县、山阳、丹凤、商州市、宝鸡县、长安、镇安、宝鸡、洋县Ⅷ区:周至Ⅸ区:礼泉、乾县、富平、大荔、泾阳、高陵、耀县、三原、蒲城Ⅹ区:渭南、潼关、华阴、澄城、咸阳、临潼、兴平、韩城、武功、西安、户县Ⅺ区:旬阳
通过对各产区气候条件的分析,根据无霜期、生长季干燥度和成熟季降水量对各产区进行评价,其中最佳产区1个(Ⅸ区),优质产区1个(Ⅲ区),优良产区3个(Ⅳ区、Ⅵ区和Ⅹ区)和6个一般产区(Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅴ区、Ⅶ区、Ⅷ区和Ⅺ区),在最佳产区和优质产区种植酿酒葡萄均可以获得较好的品质,而优良产区和一般产区都由于降水过多而影响酿酒葡萄品质,需要选择抗病性强葡萄品种。
3陕西省酿酒葡萄品种区域化研究(草案)
3.1陕西省酿酒葡萄品种区划方法
由于酿酒葡萄品种分为早、中、晚熟,所以酿酒葡萄适宜种植区采用酿酒葡萄所需活动积温作为指标是适合的,由于陕西省具有典型的大陆性气候特征,虽然有些地区葡萄生长季比较干燥,但是降水量比较集中,在降水多的地区必须使葡萄提早或延迟成熟,在成熟期干燥度小于1的月份活动积温是无效的,因此提出有效活动积温,并以此作为酿酒葡萄区域化指标。
3.2陕西省酿酒葡萄品种区划结果
根据陕西省酿酒葡萄适宜栽培区(69个县市)20年(1986~2005年)的气候资料,统计分析不同地区的有效活动积温,结果如下:
(1)黄陵、麟游、长武、旬邑、宜君、淳化、凤翔地区有效活动积温2800～3100℃,适宜栽培白比诺、灰比诺、沙斯拉、霞多丽、西万尼、琼瑶浆、米勒、黑比诺。宜发展干白和起泡葡萄酒。
(2)榆林、安塞、子长、洛川、洛南、铜川、陇县、凤县、扶风、宝鸡县、宝鸡、洋县等地区有效活动积温3100～3360℃,适宜栽培霞多丽、雷司令、鸽笼白、西拉、法国蓝、桑娇维塞等葡萄品种。
(3)米脂、子洲、神木、府谷、清涧、绥德、延长、宜川、佳县、延川、延安、柞水、千阳、岐山、永寿、商县等地区有效活动积温3370～3640℃,适宜发展赤霞珠、品丽珠、梅尔诺、歌海娜、佳利酿、增芳德等葡萄品种。
(4)合阳、吴堡、蓝田、华县、咸阳、临潼、兴平、武功、山阳、眉县、丹风、长安、镇安、礼泉、富平、大荔、泾阳、高陵、耀县、潼关、澄城等地区有效活动积温3650～4000℃,适宜发展赤霞珠、品丽珠、梅尔诺等中、晚熟酿酒葡萄品种。
(5)周至、蒲城、渭南、华阴、韩城、西安、户县、旬阳等地区有效活动积温4000℃以上,适宜栽培赤霞珠、品丽珠、梅尔诺、歌海娜、佳利酿、晚红蜜等葡萄品种。
This research collected the climatic data of 95 cities and counties in Shaanxi Province for 20 years (1986~2005 years), using the Frost-free period, the dryness index in growing period(Apr. ~Sep.)and the precipitation in maturing period (Aug. ~Sep.) as the viticulture zoning indices and the effective active accumulated temperature as the grapevine variety zoning index. These indices was calculated by Excel software and made the drafting by ARCGIS software.
1. The climatic zoning of viticulture system in Shaanxi province
Based on preliminary studies which established the new index system, the climatic zoning of viticulture of Shaanxi province was studied. The results showed that the index system could distinguish between the suitable and unsuitable area for cultivation of Shaanxi province, but could not distinguish between the best viticulture area and the good viticulture area, because some areas of Shaanxi province belongs to arid climate, but the precipitation in maturing period was higher, so this research chose the precipitation of mature season as the four index to carry on the viticulture zoning of Shaanxi province further.
2. The result of the climatic zoning of viticulture in Shaanxi province
Based on the daily climatic data of 95 cities and counties of 20 years (1986~2005) in Shaanxi province, the frost-free period, the dryness index in growing period and the precipitation in the mature season were calculated. According to the result, Shaanxi province was subdivided 11 climate areas and made the drafting by ARCGIS software. In these viticulture zones,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳareas need to bury the grapevine to keep warm in winter while others didn’t. The basic frame is shown:Ⅰ:Yulin, Ansai, Mizhi, ZizhouⅡ:Linyou, Changwu, Xunyi, Huangling, BinxianⅢ:Zichang, Shenmu, Fugu, Qingjian, Suide, Yanchang, Yichuan, Jiaxian, YanchuanⅣ:Yanan, Luochuan, HuanglongⅤ:Luonan, Yijun, Chunhua, Zhashui, Tongchuan, Longxian, Qianyang, Fengxian, Qishan, yongshou Ⅵ:Heyang, Wubao, Lantian, BaishuiⅦ:Fengxiang, Huaxian, Fufeng, Meixian, Shanyang, Danfeng, Shangzhoushi, Baojixian, Chang’an, Zhen’an, Baoji, YangxianⅧ:ZhouzhiⅨ:Liquan, Qianxian, Fuping, Dali, Jingyang, Gaoling, Yaoxian, Sanyuan, PuchengⅩ:Weinan, Tongguan, Huayin, Chengcheng, Xianyang, Lintong, Xingping, Hancheng, Wugong, Xi’an, HuxianⅪ:Xunyang
After the analysis and comparing of the climate of these areas, 11 zones were suitable for viticulture,which included one best area (Ⅸ) , one better area (Ⅲ), three good areas (Ⅳ,Ⅵ&Ⅹ) and six normal areas(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅴ,Ⅶ,Ⅷ,Ⅺ).We could get high quality grapevines from the best and the better areas, but in the good and normal areas the quality of the grapevine was always affected by the rainfall. So the special varieties of grapevine that have a strong resistibility were chose.
3. The grapevine variety zoning of Shaanxi province (draft)
3.1 The method of the grapevine variety zoning of Shaanxi province
As the grapevine was divided into early-maturing, middle-maturing and late-maturing varieties, using the active accumulated temperature of the grapevine to decide which varieties could be chose for the viticulture zoning was suited. As Shaanxi Province had the continental climate characteristic, the grapevine growth season was quite dry, but the precipitation is quite centralized in some area, so the grapevine must be earlier or later matured than the month which dryness index was less than 1.Therefore this research applied the effective active accumulated temperature as the index.
3.2 The result of the grapevine variety zoning of Shaanxi province
According to the climate information of the suitable viticulture areas in Shaanxi province, the effective active accumulated temperature was calculated. This was compared with the active accumulated temperature of the grapevine varieties. The result was as follows:
(1)The effective active accumulated temperature in Huangling, Linyou, Changwu, Xunyi, Yijun, Chunhua, Fengxiang et al was 2800-3100℃,which was suitable to plant Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Chasselas,Chardonnay, Sylvaner, Gewurztraminer, Muller Thurgau, Pinot Noir。These araes were also suitable to product white wine and Sparkling wine.
(2)The effective active accumulated temperature in Yulin, Ansai, Zichang, Luochuan, Luonan,Tongchuan, Longxian, Fengxian, Fufeng, Baojixian, Baoji, Yang xian et al was 3100-3360℃,which was suitable to plant Chardonnay,Riesling, Colombard, Syrah, Blue French and Sangiovese.
(3)The effective active accumulated temperature in Mizhi, Zizhou, Shenmu, Fugu, Qingjian, Suide,Yanchang, Yichuan, Jiaxian, Yanchuan, Yanan, Zhashui, Qianyang,Qishan, Yongshou, Shangxian et al was 3370-3640℃,which was suitable to plant Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Grenache, Carignane and Zinfandel.
(4)The effective active accumulated temperature in Heyang, Wubao, Lantian, Huaxian, Xianyang,Lintong, Xingping, Wugong, Shanyang, Meixian, Danfeng, Changan, Zhenan, Liquan, fuping, Dali, Jingyang, Gaoling, Yaoxian, Tongguan, Chengcheng et al.was 3650-4000℃,which was suitable to plant Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Merlot that were the late-maturing variety.
(5)The effective active accumulated temperature in Zhouzhi, Fucheng, Weinan, Huayin, Hancheng,Xi’an, Huxian, Xunyang was more than 4000℃,which was suitable to plant Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot Grenache, Carignane,and Canepabn.
1陕西省酿酒葡萄气候区划指标
在前期研究建立的新的指标体系的基础上,对陕西省气候特征进行分析,研究结果显示该指标体系能够很好的区分陕西省酿酒葡萄适宜栽培区和不适宜栽培区,但是有些地区虽然属于干旱性气候,降水却比较集中,因此该指标体系虽然能够区分全国酿酒葡萄的最适宜栽培区和次适宜栽培区,但是有些地区区分效果并不理想,因此通过研究,采用成熟季降水量作为四级指标进一步对陕西省进行划分。
2陕西省酿酒葡萄气候区划结果
根据陕西省95个县(市)20年(1986～2005年)的气候资料,计算无霜期,生长季干燥度和成熟季降水量,对陕西省进行酿酒葡萄气候区划,并通过ARCGIS软件做图,将陕西省划分为11个气候区。其中Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区需要进行埋土防寒,其它地区则不需要进行埋土防寒。Ⅰ区:榆林、安塞、米脂、子洲Ⅱ区:麟游、长武、旬邑、黄陵、彬县Ⅲ区:子长、神木、府谷、清涧、绥德、子长、神木、府谷、清涧、绥德、延长、宜川、佳县、延川Ⅳ区:延安、洛川、黄龙Ⅴ区:洛南、宜君、淳化、柞水、铜川、陇县、千阳、凤县、岐山、永寿Ⅵ区:合阳、吴堡、蓝田、白水Ⅶ区:凤翔、华县、扶风、眉县、山阳、丹凤、商州市、宝鸡县、长安、镇安、宝鸡、洋县Ⅷ区:周至Ⅸ区:礼泉、乾县、富平、大荔、泾阳、高陵、耀县、三原、蒲城Ⅹ区:渭南、潼关、华阴、澄城、咸阳、临潼、兴平、韩城、武功、西安、户县Ⅺ区:旬阳
通过对各产区气候条件的分析,根据无霜期、生长季干燥度和成熟季降水量对各产区进行评价,其中最佳产区1个(Ⅸ区),优质产区1个(Ⅲ区),优良产区3个(Ⅳ区、Ⅵ区和Ⅹ区)和6个一般产区(Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅴ区、Ⅶ区、Ⅷ区和Ⅺ区),在最佳产区和优质产区种植酿酒葡萄均可以获得较好的品质,而优良产区和一般产区都由于降水过多而影响酿酒葡萄品质,需要选择抗病性强葡萄品种。
3陕西省酿酒葡萄品种区域化研究(草案)
3.1陕西省酿酒葡萄品种区划方法
由于酿酒葡萄品种分为早、中、晚熟,所以酿酒葡萄适宜种植区采用酿酒葡萄所需活动积温作为指标是适合的,由于陕西省具有典型的大陆性气候特征,虽然有些地区葡萄生长季比较干燥,但是降水量比较集中,在降水多的地区必须使葡萄提早或延迟成熟,在成熟期干燥度小于1的月份活动积温是无效的,因此提出有效活动积温,并以此作为酿酒葡萄区域化指标。
3.2陕西省酿酒葡萄品种区划结果
根据陕西省酿酒葡萄适宜栽培区(69个县市)20年(1986~2005年)的气候资料,统计分析不同地区的有效活动积温,结果如下:
(1)黄陵、麟游、长武、旬邑、宜君、淳化、凤翔地区有效活动积温2800～3100℃,适宜栽培白比诺、灰比诺、沙斯拉、霞多丽、西万尼、琼瑶浆、米勒、黑比诺。宜发展干白和起泡葡萄酒。
(2)榆林、安塞、子长、洛川、洛南、铜川、陇县、凤县、扶风、宝鸡县、宝鸡、洋县等地区有效活动积温3100～3360℃,适宜栽培霞多丽、雷司令、鸽笼白、西拉、法国蓝、桑娇维塞等葡萄品种。
(3)米脂、子洲、神木、府谷、清涧、绥德、延长、宜川、佳县、延川、延安、柞水、千阳、岐山、永寿、商县等地区有效活动积温3370～3640℃,适宜发展赤霞珠、品丽珠、梅尔诺、歌海娜、佳利酿、增芳德等葡萄品种。
(4)合阳、吴堡、蓝田、华县、咸阳、临潼、兴平、武功、山阳、眉县、丹风、长安、镇安、礼泉、富平、大荔、泾阳、高陵、耀县、潼关、澄城等地区有效活动积温3650～4000℃,适宜发展赤霞珠、品丽珠、梅尔诺等中、晚熟酿酒葡萄品种。
(5)周至、蒲城、渭南、华阴、韩城、西安、户县、旬阳等地区有效活动积温4000℃以上,适宜栽培赤霞珠、品丽珠、梅尔诺、歌海娜、佳利酿、晚红蜜等葡萄品种。
This research collected the climatic data of 95 cities and counties in Shaanxi Province for 20 years (1986~2005 years), using the Frost-free period, the dryness index in growing period(Apr. ~Sep.)and the precipitation in maturing period (Aug. ~Sep.) as the viticulture zoning indices and the effective active accumulated temperature as the grapevine variety zoning index. These indices was calculated by Excel software and made the drafting by ARCGIS software.
1. The climatic zoning of viticulture system in Shaanxi province
Based on preliminary studies which established the new index system, the climatic zoning of viticulture of Shaanxi province was studied. The results showed that the index system could distinguish between the suitable and unsuitable area for cultivation of Shaanxi province, but could not distinguish between the best viticulture area and the good viticulture area, because some areas of Shaanxi province belongs to arid climate, but the precipitation in maturing period was higher, so this research chose the precipitation of mature season as the four index to carry on the viticulture zoning of Shaanxi province further.
2. The result of the climatic zoning of viticulture in Shaanxi province
Based on the daily climatic data of 95 cities and counties of 20 years (1986~2005) in Shaanxi province, the frost-free period, the dryness index in growing period and the precipitation in the mature season were calculated. According to the result, Shaanxi province was subdivided 11 climate areas and made the drafting by ARCGIS software. In these viticulture zones,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳareas need to bury the grapevine to keep warm in winter while others didn’t. The basic frame is shown:Ⅰ:Yulin, Ansai, Mizhi, ZizhouⅡ:Linyou, Changwu, Xunyi, Huangling, BinxianⅢ:Zichang, Shenmu, Fugu, Qingjian, Suide, Yanchang, Yichuan, Jiaxian, YanchuanⅣ:Yanan, Luochuan, HuanglongⅤ:Luonan, Yijun, Chunhua, Zhashui, Tongchuan, Longxian, Qianyang, Fengxian, Qishan, yongshou Ⅵ:Heyang, Wubao, Lantian, BaishuiⅦ:Fengxiang, Huaxian, Fufeng, Meixian, Shanyang, Danfeng, Shangzhoushi, Baojixian, Chang’an, Zhen’an, Baoji, YangxianⅧ:ZhouzhiⅨ:Liquan, Qianxian, Fuping, Dali, Jingyang, Gaoling, Yaoxian, Sanyuan, PuchengⅩ:Weinan, Tongguan, Huayin, Chengcheng, Xianyang, Lintong, Xingping, Hancheng, Wugong, Xi’an, HuxianⅪ:Xunyang
After the analysis and comparing of the climate of these areas, 11 zones were suitable for viticulture,which included one best area (Ⅸ) , one better area (Ⅲ), three good areas (Ⅳ,Ⅵ&Ⅹ) and six normal areas(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅴ,Ⅶ,Ⅷ,Ⅺ).We could get high quality grapevines from the best and the better areas, but in the good and normal areas the quality of the grapevine was always affected by the rainfall. So the special varieties of grapevine that have a strong resistibility were chose.
3. The grapevine variety zoning of Shaanxi province (draft)
3.1 The method of the grapevine variety zoning of Shaanxi province
As the grapevine was divided into early-maturing, middle-maturing and late-maturing varieties, using the active accumulated temperature of the grapevine to decide which varieties could be chose for the viticulture zoning was suited. As Shaanxi Province had the continental climate characteristic, the grapevine growth season was quite dry, but the precipitation is quite centralized in some area, so the grapevine must be earlier or later matured than the month which dryness index was less than 1.Therefore this research applied the effective active accumulated temperature as the index.
3.2 The result of the grapevine variety zoning of Shaanxi province
According to the climate information of the suitable viticulture areas in Shaanxi province, the effective active accumulated temperature was calculated. This was compared with the active accumulated temperature of the grapevine varieties. The result was as follows:
(1)The effective active accumulated temperature in Huangling, Linyou, Changwu, Xunyi, Yijun, Chunhua, Fengxiang et al was 2800-3100℃,which was suitable to plant Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Chasselas,Chardonnay, Sylvaner, Gewurztraminer, Muller Thurgau, Pinot Noir。These araes were also suitable to product white wine and Sparkling wine.
(2)The effective active accumulated temperature in Yulin, Ansai, Zichang, Luochuan, Luonan,Tongchuan, Longxian, Fengxian, Fufeng, Baojixian, Baoji, Yang xian et al was 3100-3360℃,which was suitable to plant Chardonnay,Riesling, Colombard, Syrah, Blue French and Sangiovese.
(3)The effective active accumulated temperature in Mizhi, Zizhou, Shenmu, Fugu, Qingjian, Suide,Yanchang, Yichuan, Jiaxian, Yanchuan, Yanan, Zhashui, Qianyang,Qishan, Yongshou, Shangxian et al was 3370-3640℃,which was suitable to plant Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Grenache, Carignane and Zinfandel.
(4)The effective active accumulated temperature in Heyang, Wubao, Lantian, Huaxian, Xianyang,Lintong, Xingping, Wugong, Shanyang, Meixian, Danfeng, Changan, Zhenan, Liquan, fuping, Dali, Jingyang, Gaoling, Yaoxian, Tongguan, Chengcheng et al.was 3650-4000℃,which was suitable to plant Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Merlot that were the late-maturing variety.
(5)The effective active accumulated temperature in Zhouzhi, Fucheng, Weinan, Huayin, Hancheng,Xi’an, Huxian, Xunyang was more than 4000℃,which was suitable to plant Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot Grenache, Carignane,and Canepabn.
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