含水量对黄土强度的影响试验研究
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摘要
黄土是一种典型的结构性土,由于其独特的生成环境和存在历史环境,形成明显柱状节理和大孔隙结构,使得黄土具有特殊结构性和对水特殊的敏感性,这些特性直接影响着黄土工程力学性质,也是黄土力学研究特殊性所在。随着西部大开发战略计划的实施,在黄土地区工程数量和规模日趋扩大,使得对非饱和黄土特性研究变得非常有意义。本文对河南和陕西两地黄土完成不同室内试验,通过对原状样、饱和样及击实重塑样进行静力学试验和湿陷微观分析,对非饱和黄土结构性及其强度特性进行深入研究。
首先,在对黄土结构性及其形成机理进行分析基础上,通过改变原状黄土含水量完成直剪试验来探讨含水量与抗剪强度规律,表明:随着含水量增加,原状黄土抗剪强度指标均呈下降趋势,粘聚力与含水量呈指数关系,摩擦角与含水量呈线性关系,发现含水量对粘聚力较摩擦角具有更大灵敏性。原状样含水量由19%增大到23%时,粘聚力降低幅度较大,达到85%;从23%增大到27%时,粘聚力降低幅度相对较小,随着含水量逐渐增大,粘聚力将趋于零。击实重塑样粘聚力与含水量关系曲线呈“Z”形,特征含水量出现在w=14%,16%;摩擦角与含水量呈二次多项式关系。击实重塑样抗剪强度指标随着干密度降低,呈下降趋势;摩擦角随龄期增长呈先增长后降低又趋于稳定状态;粘聚力随着龄期增加呈增加趋势。通过三轴剪切试验得出原状黄土、击实重塑黄土在不同围压、含水量下结构强度发挥过程,表明:随着围压增大,原状黄土结构强度趋于稳定,应力-应变关系曲线呈硬化型,在应变增大情况下,土体结构强度符合邓肯-张(Duncan-Change)双曲线模型。
其次,通过室内结构性试验进一步探讨含水量、干密度、龄期等要素与结构强度规律,在此基础上完成击实试验、基质吸力与含水量关系研究以及固结压缩研究。在相同含水量下,不同干密度击实重塑样应力-应变曲线变化是不同的,表明黄土结构强度发挥过程是不同的,在最大干密度下击实重塑样应力-应变曲线呈现硬化型或接近理想弹塑型,击实重塑黄土黏聚力、摩擦角与干密度呈线性关系。以击实重塑样作为标准试样对谢氏结构性参数进行修正,随着压力增大,m_p~'值降低并趋于平稳,说明土体在随着正应力增大过程中,结构强度是不断发挥的,当m_p~'随着压力超过300kPa后,土体结构性趋于稳定,结果表明对谢氏结构性参数进行调整是合理的,并认为理论上m_p~'在后期应该回归到1。
通过微观湿陷试验,结合GIS软件和分形理论,得出黄土在湿陷过程中孔隙与颗粒变化特征,定量化研究浸水量与湿陷等级规律。定性分析认为:含水量与湿陷性黄土关系密切,随着含水量增大,大孔隙被颗粒及碎屑填充而消失,架空孔隙以及粒间孔隙仍然存在,土颗粒排列密实;颗粒之间接触方式由点-点接触、点-面接触逐渐向面-面接触转变;中等湿陷样较轻度湿陷样胶结明显;大孔隙中广义吸力降低,逐渐接近于架空孔隙及粒间孔隙广义吸力,土孔隙趋于饱和,土颗粒不再移动重组,土体湿陷过程完成,土体结构趋于稳定,但结构强度弱;结构性为湿陷变形提供空间,粒间吸力为湿陷提供驱动力。定量分析:湿陷性黄土微结构随着含水量增加呈孔隙减少、颗粒聚集状态。将孔隙面积数量与颗粒面积数量比值定义为k,得出浸水量w与k指数关系,公式为k=0.5755e~(-0.0847w)。
在试验基础上,结合前人关于结构性参数研究成果,提出基于直剪试验的宏观结构强度参数,表达土体在不同状态下剪切强度变化,运用系统论动态观念,结合含水量、孔隙比等因素变化,描述土定量化指标、土体结构强度强度与作用在土体上垂直压力关系。基于颗粒和孔隙面积相对变化提出微观结构强度参数,通过定量化研究湿陷性黄土颗粒与孔隙面积变化特征来研究土体结构性变化规律,浸水量增加,微参逐渐降低,土体结构性在发生变化调整、结构强度在发挥的一个过程。随着浸水量逐渐增加,若微参变化较慢,说明土体结构性较稳定,孔隙大小及颗粒排列等受水分浸入影响较小,从而说明土体结构强度较高。相反,微参受浸水量变化较快,说明土体易湿陷,遇水后土体结构性易改变,那么结构强度也是较小。浸水量对微参具有较强灵敏度。
分析宏观结构强度参数和微观结构强度参数界定依据及可行性,以贝塔朗菲一般系统论为基础,以岩土工程系统论思想为指导,从土体宏观和微观两方面,结合现有结构性参数研究成果,尝试建立黄土结构性参数理论体系研究框架,为研究土体结构性参数提供一种新思路。运用系统论动态观念,使结构强度参数表达含水量、孔隙、颗粒变化与土体结构强度间规律,发现含水量对宏观结构强度参数和微观结构强度参数均具有较大灵敏性。
最后,结合河南燕山水库溢洪道和西气东输子长段出现的地质灾害现象,运用宏参和微参及结构性参数理论进行分析并提出防治措施,河南燕山水库溢洪道两侧边坡滑塌主要由降水引发,降水导致边坡含水量增加,宏观结构强度参数发生改变,土体结构强度降低;其次由坡比设计过大导致稳定安全系数不大。西气东输子长段由于地表降水、径流及地下水作用,引起土体湿陷,微观结构强度参数急剧降低,土体结构强度崩溃,出现潜蚀、塌陷及洞穴现象,导致管道暴露、架空及移位现象。
The loess is one kind of typical structural soil,generated as a result of its unique environment and the existence of the historical environment,the formation of columnar joints obvious and pore structure,having special structural and sensitiveness of water,influencing loess engineering mechanics directly,that's why the loess mechanics studies particularity.With the strategic plan of Development of the West Regions,the quantity and scale of regional project expand in the loess day by day;making it is very important to study the unsaturated loess characteristic.The paper finishes different testing with two places loess of Shaanxi and Henan,through the static's test of the original state loess,saturation loess and compactive loess,having the further investigated to unsaturated loess of structural and strength characteristic.
First of all,on the foundation of analysing the loess structural mechanism,discuss the moisture content with shear strength through changing the moisture content of the original state loess and finishing shear test directly,indicate:As the moisture content increases,the shear strength present the downward trend,cementation strength and moisture content and present the index relation,angle of friction and moisture content present the line sexual relations,find that the moisture content has more greatly sensitivity than the angle of friction in cohesion.Original sample moisture content increased from 19%to 23%when the lower cohesion larger,reaching 85%;from 23%to 27%increase,the lower the rate of cohesion is relatively small,with the water gradually increased cohesion will tend to zero.Cohesion of comp active loess the relationship between moisture content curve“Z”shape,the characteristics of the moisture content in the = 14%,16%; friction angle and moisture content relationship was quadratic polynomial.The shear strength of comp active remodeling loess showed a downward trend when the dry density decreased;friction angle increase with age was first lowered growth and more stable state;cohesion increases with the age increase.Making the original state loess and compactive loess structural strength under of different round pressure,moisture content of loess and give play to the course through 3 axle shear test,indicate:Unless with round pressure increasing,original state loess structure strength tend towards stability,the stress-strain curve is hardening,as the strain increasing,the strength of body structure of soil accords with Duncan-Change hyperbolic model.
Secondly,some key elements,such as the moisture content,density and age,do further through the structural test in the room to find the regulation of strength of structure,finish the moisture content and matric suction relation,Under the same moisture content,dry density of different kind of compactive remodeling is the stress-strain curve is different from that played by the process of structural strength of loess is different.Maximum dry density in compactive remodeling like stress-strain curve of a hardening-type or near-ideal plastic shells.Yellow sticky compactive remodeling cohesion,friction angle and the linear relationship between dry densities. Remodeling is like to compactive loess as a standard sample of the structural parameters of Xie amendment,as the pressure increases,the value of m_p~' reduced and stabilized,soil that is as stress increases in the process,the structural strength is a continuous play.When m_p~' is more than 300kPa of pressure,the more stable soil structure.The results show that the structural parameters are reasonable,and that theoretically m_p~' should be at a later stage return to 1.
Test through micro collapse,combine GIS software and divide the shape theory,the hole and particle change the characteristic to draw the loess in the course of falling into collapse,study the quantity soaked with water with fall into the grade regulation wetly in ration.Qualitative analysis: water and collapsible loess closely related,with increasing moisture content,large pores were filled with particles and debris disappear overhead intergranular porosity and pore still exist,with dense granular soil;contacts between particles way by the point-point contact,point-face to face contact with the gradual-change contact;middle like a lesser degree of collapsibility collapsibility obviously like cement;large pores suction generalized reduced gradually close overhead inter-granular porosity and broad pore suction,soil pores become saturated,the reorganization of soil particles are no longer mobile,wet soil subsidence process is complete,more stable soil structure, but the structural strength of the weak;structural deformation for the provision of collapsible space between the suction tablets provide drivers for collapsibility force.Quantitative Analysis:collapsible loess microstructure with the increase in moisture content was reduced porosity,particle aggregation.The quantity and size of the pore size of the number of particles is defined as the ratio of k,the volume of water derived exponential relationship between w and k,the formula is k=0.5755e~(-0.0847w).
On the above experimental foundation,combine forefathers about the structural parameter research results,and put forward strength parameter of macrostructure and microstructure on the basis of shear test and micro collapse test,and analyse that two kinds of parameters define according with and feasibility.Use system talk about dynamic idea,express moisture content,hole, particle between change and soil body structure regulation with structural strength,find that the moisture content has greater sensitivity to strength parameter of macro and micro structure.With a gradual increase in the volume of water,if the micro-parameters change slower than that of soil structural stability,porosity and particle size,etc.with less affected by water immersion,which can show a higher structural strength of soil.In contrast,changes in micro-parameters of water baptized fast,that easy collapsibility soil,soil water structural changes easily,then the structural strength is also smaller.Volume of water has a strong sensitivity of micro-parameters.
Analysis of macro-and micro-structural strength parameters of structural strength and feasibility of the basis of parameters defined in order to Bertalanffy based on general systems theory to geotechnical engineering system theory as a guide,from the soil of both macro-and micro -combined with the existing structural parameters of research results,to try to establish the structural parameters of the theoretical system of loess research framework for the study of the structural parameters of soil to provide a new idea.On the dynamic use of the system,thus allowing the expression of strength parameters of the structure of moisture content,porosity,particle changes and structural strength of soil between the regulations and found that the moisture content of macro-and micro-structural strength parameters of structural strength parameters have a greater sensitivity.
Finally,the combination of Henan Province and West-East Gas Transmission Yanshan Reservoir spillway Zichang paragraph of geological disasters in emerging phenomenon,the use of macro and micro-parameters and structural parameters of the theory parameters analysis and control measures in Henan Province Yanshan Reservoir spillway slope on both sides of the major slump triggered by rainfall,precipitation,slope moisture content lead to increase in intensity of macro-structure parameters change,degradation of soil structure;followed by the design of the slope is too large than the factor of safety not lead to stability.West-East Gas Transmission Zichang above the surface as a result of precipitation,runoff and groundwater the role of subsidence caused by wet soil,micro-structural strength parameters of a sharp reduction of structural strength of soil collapse,emergence of potential erosion,subsidence and cave,and that leads to exposed pipes,overhead and shift phenomenon.
首先,在对黄土结构性及其形成机理进行分析基础上,通过改变原状黄土含水量完成直剪试验来探讨含水量与抗剪强度规律,表明:随着含水量增加,原状黄土抗剪强度指标均呈下降趋势,粘聚力与含水量呈指数关系,摩擦角与含水量呈线性关系,发现含水量对粘聚力较摩擦角具有更大灵敏性。原状样含水量由19%增大到23%时,粘聚力降低幅度较大,达到85%;从23%增大到27%时,粘聚力降低幅度相对较小,随着含水量逐渐增大,粘聚力将趋于零。击实重塑样粘聚力与含水量关系曲线呈“Z”形,特征含水量出现在w=14%,16%;摩擦角与含水量呈二次多项式关系。击实重塑样抗剪强度指标随着干密度降低,呈下降趋势;摩擦角随龄期增长呈先增长后降低又趋于稳定状态;粘聚力随着龄期增加呈增加趋势。通过三轴剪切试验得出原状黄土、击实重塑黄土在不同围压、含水量下结构强度发挥过程,表明:随着围压增大,原状黄土结构强度趋于稳定,应力-应变关系曲线呈硬化型,在应变增大情况下,土体结构强度符合邓肯-张(Duncan-Change)双曲线模型。
其次,通过室内结构性试验进一步探讨含水量、干密度、龄期等要素与结构强度规律,在此基础上完成击实试验、基质吸力与含水量关系研究以及固结压缩研究。在相同含水量下,不同干密度击实重塑样应力-应变曲线变化是不同的,表明黄土结构强度发挥过程是不同的,在最大干密度下击实重塑样应力-应变曲线呈现硬化型或接近理想弹塑型,击实重塑黄土黏聚力、摩擦角与干密度呈线性关系。以击实重塑样作为标准试样对谢氏结构性参数进行修正,随着压力增大,m_p~'值降低并趋于平稳,说明土体在随着正应力增大过程中,结构强度是不断发挥的,当m_p~'随着压力超过300kPa后,土体结构性趋于稳定,结果表明对谢氏结构性参数进行调整是合理的,并认为理论上m_p~'在后期应该回归到1。
通过微观湿陷试验,结合GIS软件和分形理论,得出黄土在湿陷过程中孔隙与颗粒变化特征,定量化研究浸水量与湿陷等级规律。定性分析认为:含水量与湿陷性黄土关系密切,随着含水量增大,大孔隙被颗粒及碎屑填充而消失,架空孔隙以及粒间孔隙仍然存在,土颗粒排列密实;颗粒之间接触方式由点-点接触、点-面接触逐渐向面-面接触转变;中等湿陷样较轻度湿陷样胶结明显;大孔隙中广义吸力降低,逐渐接近于架空孔隙及粒间孔隙广义吸力,土孔隙趋于饱和,土颗粒不再移动重组,土体湿陷过程完成,土体结构趋于稳定,但结构强度弱;结构性为湿陷变形提供空间,粒间吸力为湿陷提供驱动力。定量分析:湿陷性黄土微结构随着含水量增加呈孔隙减少、颗粒聚集状态。将孔隙面积数量与颗粒面积数量比值定义为k,得出浸水量w与k指数关系,公式为k=0.5755e~(-0.0847w)。
在试验基础上,结合前人关于结构性参数研究成果,提出基于直剪试验的宏观结构强度参数,表达土体在不同状态下剪切强度变化,运用系统论动态观念,结合含水量、孔隙比等因素变化,描述土定量化指标、土体结构强度强度与作用在土体上垂直压力关系。基于颗粒和孔隙面积相对变化提出微观结构强度参数,通过定量化研究湿陷性黄土颗粒与孔隙面积变化特征来研究土体结构性变化规律,浸水量增加,微参逐渐降低,土体结构性在发生变化调整、结构强度在发挥的一个过程。随着浸水量逐渐增加,若微参变化较慢,说明土体结构性较稳定,孔隙大小及颗粒排列等受水分浸入影响较小,从而说明土体结构强度较高。相反,微参受浸水量变化较快,说明土体易湿陷,遇水后土体结构性易改变,那么结构强度也是较小。浸水量对微参具有较强灵敏度。
分析宏观结构强度参数和微观结构强度参数界定依据及可行性,以贝塔朗菲一般系统论为基础,以岩土工程系统论思想为指导,从土体宏观和微观两方面,结合现有结构性参数研究成果,尝试建立黄土结构性参数理论体系研究框架,为研究土体结构性参数提供一种新思路。运用系统论动态观念,使结构强度参数表达含水量、孔隙、颗粒变化与土体结构强度间规律,发现含水量对宏观结构强度参数和微观结构强度参数均具有较大灵敏性。
最后,结合河南燕山水库溢洪道和西气东输子长段出现的地质灾害现象,运用宏参和微参及结构性参数理论进行分析并提出防治措施,河南燕山水库溢洪道两侧边坡滑塌主要由降水引发,降水导致边坡含水量增加,宏观结构强度参数发生改变,土体结构强度降低;其次由坡比设计过大导致稳定安全系数不大。西气东输子长段由于地表降水、径流及地下水作用,引起土体湿陷,微观结构强度参数急剧降低,土体结构强度崩溃,出现潜蚀、塌陷及洞穴现象,导致管道暴露、架空及移位现象。
The loess is one kind of typical structural soil,generated as a result of its unique environment and the existence of the historical environment,the formation of columnar joints obvious and pore structure,having special structural and sensitiveness of water,influencing loess engineering mechanics directly,that's why the loess mechanics studies particularity.With the strategic plan of Development of the West Regions,the quantity and scale of regional project expand in the loess day by day;making it is very important to study the unsaturated loess characteristic.The paper finishes different testing with two places loess of Shaanxi and Henan,through the static's test of the original state loess,saturation loess and compactive loess,having the further investigated to unsaturated loess of structural and strength characteristic.
First of all,on the foundation of analysing the loess structural mechanism,discuss the moisture content with shear strength through changing the moisture content of the original state loess and finishing shear test directly,indicate:As the moisture content increases,the shear strength present the downward trend,cementation strength and moisture content and present the index relation,angle of friction and moisture content present the line sexual relations,find that the moisture content has more greatly sensitivity than the angle of friction in cohesion.Original sample moisture content increased from 19%to 23%when the lower cohesion larger,reaching 85%;from 23%to 27%increase,the lower the rate of cohesion is relatively small,with the water gradually increased cohesion will tend to zero.Cohesion of comp active loess the relationship between moisture content curve“Z”shape,the characteristics of the moisture content in the = 14%,16%; friction angle and moisture content relationship was quadratic polynomial.The shear strength of comp active remodeling loess showed a downward trend when the dry density decreased;friction angle increase with age was first lowered growth and more stable state;cohesion increases with the age increase.Making the original state loess and compactive loess structural strength under of different round pressure,moisture content of loess and give play to the course through 3 axle shear test,indicate:Unless with round pressure increasing,original state loess structure strength tend towards stability,the stress-strain curve is hardening,as the strain increasing,the strength of body structure of soil accords with Duncan-Change hyperbolic model.
Secondly,some key elements,such as the moisture content,density and age,do further through the structural test in the room to find the regulation of strength of structure,finish the moisture content and matric suction relation,Under the same moisture content,dry density of different kind of compactive remodeling is the stress-strain curve is different from that played by the process of structural strength of loess is different.Maximum dry density in compactive remodeling like stress-strain curve of a hardening-type or near-ideal plastic shells.Yellow sticky compactive remodeling cohesion,friction angle and the linear relationship between dry densities. Remodeling is like to compactive loess as a standard sample of the structural parameters of Xie amendment,as the pressure increases,the value of m_p~' reduced and stabilized,soil that is as stress increases in the process,the structural strength is a continuous play.When m_p~' is more than 300kPa of pressure,the more stable soil structure.The results show that the structural parameters are reasonable,and that theoretically m_p~' should be at a later stage return to 1.
Test through micro collapse,combine GIS software and divide the shape theory,the hole and particle change the characteristic to draw the loess in the course of falling into collapse,study the quantity soaked with water with fall into the grade regulation wetly in ration.Qualitative analysis: water and collapsible loess closely related,with increasing moisture content,large pores were filled with particles and debris disappear overhead intergranular porosity and pore still exist,with dense granular soil;contacts between particles way by the point-point contact,point-face to face contact with the gradual-change contact;middle like a lesser degree of collapsibility collapsibility obviously like cement;large pores suction generalized reduced gradually close overhead inter-granular porosity and broad pore suction,soil pores become saturated,the reorganization of soil particles are no longer mobile,wet soil subsidence process is complete,more stable soil structure, but the structural strength of the weak;structural deformation for the provision of collapsible space between the suction tablets provide drivers for collapsibility force.Quantitative Analysis:collapsible loess microstructure with the increase in moisture content was reduced porosity,particle aggregation.The quantity and size of the pore size of the number of particles is defined as the ratio of k,the volume of water derived exponential relationship between w and k,the formula is k=0.5755e~(-0.0847w).
On the above experimental foundation,combine forefathers about the structural parameter research results,and put forward strength parameter of macrostructure and microstructure on the basis of shear test and micro collapse test,and analyse that two kinds of parameters define according with and feasibility.Use system talk about dynamic idea,express moisture content,hole, particle between change and soil body structure regulation with structural strength,find that the moisture content has greater sensitivity to strength parameter of macro and micro structure.With a gradual increase in the volume of water,if the micro-parameters change slower than that of soil structural stability,porosity and particle size,etc.with less affected by water immersion,which can show a higher structural strength of soil.In contrast,changes in micro-parameters of water baptized fast,that easy collapsibility soil,soil water structural changes easily,then the structural strength is also smaller.Volume of water has a strong sensitivity of micro-parameters.
Analysis of macro-and micro-structural strength parameters of structural strength and feasibility of the basis of parameters defined in order to Bertalanffy based on general systems theory to geotechnical engineering system theory as a guide,from the soil of both macro-and micro -combined with the existing structural parameters of research results,to try to establish the structural parameters of the theoretical system of loess research framework for the study of the structural parameters of soil to provide a new idea.On the dynamic use of the system,thus allowing the expression of strength parameters of the structure of moisture content,porosity,particle changes and structural strength of soil between the regulations and found that the moisture content of macro-and micro-structural strength parameters of structural strength parameters have a greater sensitivity.
Finally,the combination of Henan Province and West-East Gas Transmission Yanshan Reservoir spillway Zichang paragraph of geological disasters in emerging phenomenon,the use of macro and micro-parameters and structural parameters of the theory parameters analysis and control measures in Henan Province Yanshan Reservoir spillway slope on both sides of the major slump triggered by rainfall,precipitation,slope moisture content lead to increase in intensity of macro-structure parameters change,degradation of soil structure;followed by the design of the slope is too large than the factor of safety not lead to stability.West-East Gas Transmission Zichang above the surface as a result of precipitation,runoff and groundwater the role of subsidence caused by wet soil,micro-structural strength parameters of a sharp reduction of structural strength of soil collapse,emergence of potential erosion,subsidence and cave,and that leads to exposed pipes,overhead and shift phenomenon.
引文
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