夫妻暴力社会心理高危因素及其预防性心理干预的研究
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摘要
第一部分夫妻暴力社会心理高危因素的研究目的
探讨夫妻暴力的社会心理高危因素，为进一步心理干预夫妻暴力提供科学的理论依据。
方法
1．采用多级分层抽样方法，在湖南省郴州市抽取3087个家庭。经调查发现其中有384户曾发生夫妻暴力，从中随机抽取80户，将施暴者80人作为暴力组。另外，以家庭结构相同为前提条件，选取96户无暴力行为的家庭，并从中选取与施暴者性别相同、年龄相近的96人作为对照，为非暴力组。
2．采取入户半定式面谈方法。由施暴者、受虐者和非暴力组的成员填写家庭暴力问卷、并接受心理评估。心理评估问卷包括艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、生活事件量表(LES)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)及社会支持评定量表(SSRS)。
结果
1．夫妻暴力的发生率为12.4％。其中施暴者男性的比例(81.3％)显著高于女性(18.7％)，受虐者女性的比例(81.3％)显著高于男性(18.7％)(P＜0.05)；夫妻暴力家庭中31～40岁的人数最多为60人，占75％；暴力组的受教育年限、经济收入低于非暴力组(P＜0.05)。暴力组中无业(12.5％)多于非暴力组(2.1％)(P＜0.05)；施暴者的经济收入高于受虐者(P＜0.05)。
2．家庭体制中暴力组家长制、自由制高于非暴力组(P＜0.01)，而暴力组民主制的家庭体制低于非暴力组(P＜0.01)。暴力组中待业下岗、赌博高于非暴力组(P＜0.01)。暴力组中，对家庭暴力持“可以”吸“看情况”态度者高于非暴力组(P＜0.05)。
3．夫妻暴力的表现形式由施暴者和受虐者分别报告：精神合并躯体虐待的发生最高，分别为53.8％和47.5％，其次是精神虐待，分别为35.0％和36.3％，精神、躯体合并性虐待的发生最低，分别为1.3％和3.8％。
4．暴力组SCL-90精神病因子分、LES总分、负性LES分、EPQ-N分均高于非暴力组(P＜0.05)；暴力组的社会支持总分、客观支持分、主观支持分均低于非暴力组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。施暴者的消极应对分高于受虐者(P＜0.05)，EPQ-P分低于受虐者(P＜0.05)。夫妻独子家庭结构中暴力组SCL-90躯体化因子分高于非暴力组(P＜0.05)；夫妻多子家庭结构中暴力组抑郁因子分高于非暴力组(P＜0.05)；夫妻多子家庭结构中受虐者SCL-90总分、抑郁、焦虑及躯体化因子分均高于施暴者(P＜0.05)。
6．施暴行为的高危因素有施暴者对家庭暴力持“可以”或“看情况”的态度、赌博行为、较高的SCL-90精神病因子分、待业或下岗、较少的客观支持、较多的负性生活事件及家庭体制缺乏民主制。
结论
1．夫妻暴力的发生率为12.4％。施暴者以男性居多，受虐者以女性居多。以31～40岁年龄段夫妻暴力发生最多。受教育年限低、经济收入低、无业者较易有施暴倾向。家庭体制中家长制和自由制作风，容易引发暴力事件。
2．夫妻暴力的表现形式中精神合并躯体虐待最高，其次是精神虐待，精神、躯体合并性虐待最低。施暴者具有情绪不稳的个性特征、敏感多疑的心理、较少的社会支持、消极的应对方式及较多的负性生活事件等，则容易促成施暴行为；受虐者比施暴者多表现精神质的个性特征。其中以夫妻独子及多子家庭结构此类社会心理问题较为突出。
3．施暴者对家庭暴力持认可态度、赌博行为、敏感多疑的心理、待业或下岗、较少的客观支持、较多的负性生活事件及家庭体制缺乏民主制是施暴行为的高危因素。提示应针对夫妻暴力的社会心理学高危因素，进行预防性心理干预。
第二部分新婚登记夫妻婚前暴力的初步调查和评估目的
了解新婚登记夫妻婚前暴力的发生状况，及新婚夫妻暴力的相关特征；探讨儿童期目睹或遭受家庭暴力与夫妻暴力的关系，为制定防治家庭暴力有关政策及心理干预提供科学的理论依据。
方法
采取横断面调查。于2005年11月～2006年2月在长沙市5个市辖区中抽取2个市辖区，再在每个市辖区民政局婚姻登记机构处对领取结婚证愿意接受婚前暴力调查研究的新婚登记夫妻进行自编的新婚夫妻婚前暴力调查问卷、儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ-SF)及简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)的调查。调查对象仅限于初婚的夫妻。经样本估算后，实际有效调查317对。根据新婚夫妻报告在婚前一年至少有一次暴力的发生作为暴力家庭组(spouse violence，SV组)，有122对(244人)，和婚前一年双方都无暴力的发生作为非暴力家庭组(非SV组)，195对(390人)。
结果
1．婚前一年未婚夫对未婚妻的暴力：丈夫和妻子分别回答婚前一年未婚夫对未婚妻施暴的总人数有106人(33.4％)和81人(25.6％)；施单纯精神暴力的分别有100人(31.5％)和73人(23.0％)，其中采用冷战，不理睬未婚妻，使其感到痛苦的分别有87人(27.4％)和71人(22.4％)：施精神合并躯体暴力的分别有2人(0.6％)和3人(0.9％)。丈夫回答对未婚妻施单纯躯体暴力的有1人(0.3％)；施精神、躯体合并性暴力的有1人(0.3％)。妻子回答遭受精神和性暴力的有2人(0.6％)。
2．婚前一年未婚妻对未婚夫的暴力：丈夫和妻子分别回答婚前一年未婚妻对未婚夫施暴的总人数有101人(31.9％)和115人(36.3％)；施单纯精神暴力的分别有92人(29.0％)和104人(32.8％)，其中采用冷战，不理睬未婚夫，使其感到痛苦的分别有87人(27.4％)和102人(32.2％)；施单纯躯体暴力的分别有8人(2.5％)和3人(0.9％)；施精神合并躯体暴力的分别有7人(2.2％)和8人(2.5％)。
3．婚前暴力的前三位诱发因素是夫妻的个性与应对方式问题、沟通与交流不足、经济问题或工作问题。SV组中对家庭暴力持“可以”或“看情况”态度的高于非SV组(P＝0.000)。DV组同居、饮酒史、赌博高于非SV组(P＜0.01)。SV组职业与非SV组比较，差异有显著性(P＜0.05)，其中干部或职员的比例(54.9％)明显高于非SV组(46.9％)(P＜0.05)。
4．SV组CTQ-SF情感虐待因子分、躯体虐待因子分及量表总分高于非SV组(P＜0.05)。SV组儿童期目睹家庭暴力的高于非SV组(χ~2＝45.114，P＜0.001)，OR值为3.323，95％CI为2.322-4.755。SV组妻子CTQ-SF性虐待因子分高于非SV组(P＜0.05)
结论
1．约1／3新婚夫妻在婚前一年有暴力的发生，未婚妻对未婚夫暴力的发生与未婚夫对未婚妻暴力的发生大致相当。新婚夫妻婚前一年精神暴力的发生远远超过了躯体暴力和性暴力，其中以精神暴力中的冷战、不理睬对方，使对方感到痛苦的发生最高。这种冷战性精神暴力有可能引发其他精神暴力的合并，也可能引发躯体暴力、性暴力的发生。为预防夫妻暴力的发生和升级，对新婚夫妻进行早期的心理干预势在必行。
2．新婚夫妻在婚前出现暴力的主要诱发因素是个性和／或应对方式问题、沟通与交流问题、经济问题或工作问题。婚前暴力与职业、同居、赌博、饮酒史、对家庭暴力持认可态度、儿童期目睹或遭受家庭暴力均有一定的相关性。
第三部分新婚夫妻暴力预防性心理干预的对照研究
目的
通过对新婚夫妻暴力的重点人群进行预防性心理干预，旨在降低夫妻暴力的发生和升级，并提高婚姻质量。
方法
从317对新婚夫妻中筛选出93对夫妻暴力重点人群，随机分为研究组(42对)和对照组(51对)。研究组主要接受关于夫妻暴力的健康心理教育及预防夫妻暴力发生的心理辅导训练，对照组不接受任何干预。两组分别在干预前接受夫妻暴力调查问卷，简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ-SF)的评定。在干预后6个月接受夫妻暴力调查问卷和Locke-Wallace婚姻调试问卷的评定。研究组完成25对，对照组完成37对。
结果
1．研究前两组的年龄、性别、受教育程度、职业、经济收入、同居史、饮酒史、吸烟史、饮酒次数、赌博史、居住条件、儿童期目睹家庭暴力及各种量表的评分差异均无显著性(P＞0.05)。
2．对家庭暴力态度的变化。随访6月后研究组对家庭暴力持“可以”和“看情况”的态度者15人(30％)低于对照组43人(58.1％)(P＜0.01)。随访6月后，研究组对家庭暴力持“可以”和“看情况"的态度者25人(50.0％)明显下降到15人(30.0％)，但差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。随访6月后，研究组的婚姻调试问卷总分高于对照组(P＜0.01)。
3．①两组间妻子受虐形式的比较：妻子报告随访6月后，研究组受虐的有14人(56.0％)，低于对照组30人(81.8％)(P＜0.05)；随访6月后研究组两种以上家庭暴力未发生，而对照组却有4人(P＞0.05)。丈夫报告随访6月后，研究组受虐的有12人(48.0％)，显著低于对照组29人(78.4％)(P＜0.05)。②两组内妻子受虐形式的比较：妻子报告，研究组在随访6月后妻子受虐总人数有14人(56.0％)低于干预前17人(68.0％)(P＞0.05)；对照组在随访6月后妻子受虐总人数有30人(81.1％)高于干预前27人(73.0％)(P＞0.05)。丈夫报告与妻子类似。
4．①两组间丈夫受虐形式的比较：妻子报告随访6月后，研究组受虐的有14人(56.0％)，显著低于对照组31人(83.8％)(P＜0.05)；研究组精神和躯体暴力未发生(0.0％)，显著低于对照组8人(24.3％)(P＜0.05)。丈夫报告与妻子类似。②两组内丈夫受虐形式的比较：妻子报告，研究组在随访6月后丈夫受虐总人数14人(56.0％)低于干预前17人(68.0％)(P＞0.05)。对照组在随访6月后丈夫受虐总人数31人(83.3％)高于干预前28人(75.7％)(P＞0.05)。丈夫报告与妻子类似。
5．①两组间妻子受虐频率的比较：丈夫报告干预前两组妻子受虐频率比较，差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。随访6月后研究组妻子受虐频率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05)。妻子报告与丈夫类似。②两组内妻子受虐频率的比较：丈夫报告研究组在随访6月后妻子受虐频率比干预前减少(P＞0.05)。对照组在随访6月后妻子受虐频率比干预前明显增加(P＜0.05)。
6．①两组间丈夫受虐频率的比较：妻子报告干预前两组丈夫受虐频率比较，差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。随访6月后研究组丈夫受虐频率明显低于对照组(P＜0.01)。丈夫报告与妻子类似。②两组内丈夫受虐频率的比较：妻子报告：研究组在随访6月后丈夫受虐频率比干预前减少(P＞0.05)。对照组在随访6月后丈夫受虐频率比干预前明显增加(P＜0.05)。
结论
1．预防性心理干预改善了新婚夫妻对家庭暴力的态度，对家庭暴力持“可以”和“看情况”态度者明显减少，持“不可以”态度者明显增多。
2．预防性心理干预，可以减少夫妻暴力的发生，降低夫妻暴力的升级，提高婚姻协调程度和质量。
PartⅠ: Study on psychosocial risk factors of spousal violence
Objective
To investigate the psychosocial risk factors of spousal violence (SV) in order to provide systematic basis of SV prevention.
Methods
1. By using multistage stratified sampling methods, 3087 households were selected from Chenzhou city in Hunan Province. After screening, 384 households had SV. 80 households among them were randomly selected for study, in which 80 perpetrators were in the domestic violence (DV) group. For the non-DV group, after matching of family's structure, 96 households without violence behavior were selected, in which after matching of gender and age of perpetrators, 96 normal controls were enrolled.
2. A semi-structured and face-to-face interview was used in this study. A designed study DV questionnaire, the self-report Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), Life Event Scale (LES), Trait Coping Style Questionnaire (TCSQ) and Social Supporting Rating Scale (SSRS) were administered to the study subjects.
Results
1. The overall prevalence of SV was 12.4%. The ratio of male (81.3%) was more than female (18.7%) in perpetrators, but female (81.3%) was more than male (19%) in victims (P<0.05). Age 31 to 40 was most common in SV family (60, 75%). The education level and economic income in DV group were significantly lower than non-DV group (P<0.05) with the unemployment rate was higher in DV group than in non-DV group (P<0.05), However, the economic income of perpetrators were higher in victim groups (P<0.01).
2. The family systems of patriarchy and freedom were significantly more, and system of democracy was significantly less reported by DV group than the non-DV group (P<0.01). unemployment and gambling was more in DV group than the non-DV group (P<0.01). The viewpoints acceptance DV and acceptance DV under some circumstances in perpetrators were significantly more than the non-DV group.
3. Perpetrators and victims respectively reported that the most common form of SV was both emotional and physical abuse (53.8% and 47.5%, respectively), then emotional abuse (35% and 36.3%, respectively), and the less was combined emotional, physical and sexual abuse (1.3% and 3.8%, respectively).
5. Psychoticism factor scores of SCL-90, total scores and negative scores of LES and the EPQ-N scores were higher, and scores of subjective social support, objective support and general supports were lower in DV group than the non-DV group. Negative coping style and EPQ-P scores were respectively higher, but lower in perpetrators than victims, somatization factor scores of SCL-90 were higher in DV group than the non-DV group with one child. Depression factor score of SCL-90 was higher in DV group than the non-DV group with many children. The total score and depression, somatization and anxiety factors scores of SCL-90 were higher in perpetrators than the victims with many children.
6. Risk factors for SV were found as attitude of acceptance DV, acceptance of DV under some circumstances, gambling, high psychoticism factor scores of SCL-90, unemployment, lack of democracy family system, less subjective support, and more negative life events.
Conclusions
1. The overall prevalence of SV was 12.4%. Most of the perpetrators were male and most of the victims were female. The 31 to 40 age group was most common in DV family. Individual with the lower education level, lower economic status, and unemployment was more likely to perpetrate. The family system of patriarchy and freedom may more easily to manifest SV.
2. The most frequent form of SV was both emotional and physical abuse, then emotional abuse, and combined emotional, physical and sexual abuse was the least. Individuals with more psychoticism characteristic, sensitive and doubt condition, neurotic personality, more negative life events, more negative coping styles, and less social supports were more prone to have perpetration, victims had more psychoticism personality than perpetrators, households with one or many children, was most highly found on SV. This may suggest that psychological intervention for the SV in couples with one or many children are critically needed.
3. Risk factors for SV were gambling, the attitude of acceptance SV, sensitive and doubt condition, unemployment, lack of family system of democracy, few subjective support, and more negative life events, preventive intervention SV by aiming directly at risk factors of SV is very important.
PARTⅡStudy on Premarital Violence Among the Newly-married Couple
Objective
To explore the patterns of premarital violence among the newly-married couples within past one year, and to examine the correlation between premarital violence and different patterns of childhood abuse, in order to provide foundation for SV intervention.
Methods
By using cross-sectional survey, two of the five catchment areas in Changsha city were randomly selected. Totally 317 newly-married couples in Changsha city were interviewed. The intimate partner violence (IPV) was assessed with a self-compiled inventory. Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-28 item Short Form (CTQ-SF) were consecutively administrated. We defined the SV groups when at least had once premarital violence, the others was in the non-SV group.
Results
1. Male to female violence in the one year before get married: husbands and wives reported IPV rate was 106 (33.4%) and 81 (25.6%). In which experienced emotional abuse only were 100 (31.5%) and 73 (23.0%) respectively. The common form of emotional abuse reported was ignorance, 87 (27.4%) and 71 (22.4%) respectively. female experienced both emotional and physical abuses rate was 2 (0.6%) and 3 (0.9%) respectively. husbands reported that 1 (0.3%) female experienced physical abuse, and 1 (0.3%) females experienced emotional, physical and sexual abuses while wives reported that 2 (0.6%) females experienced emotional and sexual abuses.
2. Female to male violence in the one year before get married: husbands and wives respectively reported IPV rate was 101 (31.9%) and 115 (36.3%). In which experienced emotional abuse only were 92 (29.0%) and 104 (32.8%) respectively. The common form of emotional abuse reported was ignorance, 87 (27.4%) and 102 (32.2%) respectively. For male experienced physical abuses rate was 8 (2.5%) and 3 (0.9%) respectively, while 7 (2.2%) and 8 (2.5%) male experienced both emotional and physical abuses.
3. The common reasons of premarital violence were personality trait, coping skills, poor communication and economic status. The attitudes of acceptance DV, acceptance DV under some circumstances, premarital cohabitation, alcohol history, and gambling in SV group were more frequent than the no-SV group (P<0.05, or P<0.01). There was significantly difference between SV group and no-SV group on employment(P<0.05), in which the ratio of cadre or workers (54.9%) in SV group was more than in no-SV group (46.9%).
4. The SV group had significantly higher scores of emotional abuse, physical abuse and total scores of CTQ-SF than that the no-SV group. witnessing family violence as a child in SV groups was more(77.0%) than those(50.3%) of no-DV groups (χ2=45.114, P<0.001, OR=3.323, 95%CI: 2.322-4.755). The female SV groups had significantly higher scores of sexual abuse than the female no-SV groups.
Conclusions
1. About one-third newly-married couples reported premarital violence in the year before marry, male to female violence rate was similar as female to male violence, occurrence of emotional abuse was much higher than that of physical abuse and sexual violence in the newly-married couples, ignorance was the most common form, and it may cause physical and sexual abuse with influence marital quality. It was necessary to raise public awareness and to develop an intervention program toward the new- married couples about premarital IPV.
2. The common reasons of premarital violence were personality trait, coping skills, poor communication and economic status, premarital violence was correlated with employment, cohabitation, gambling, alcohol, the attitudes of acceptance DV, acceptance DV under some circumstances, witnessing family violence as a child, and childhood abuse.
PartⅢ: The Comparate Study of Psychological Preventive
Intervention of Spousal Violence to Newly-married Couples
Object
To evaluate psychological preventive intervention of high-risk spousal violence groups for prevention of future SV.
Methods
93 high-risk couples were screened from 317 newly-married couples were randomly assigned to research group and control group. For the research group, session about psychological education of SV and counseling about prevention of SV were given. For the control group, no not intervention was received. A self-designed SV questionnaire, Neurosis and Psychosis Screening Scale, the self-report Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ), Social Supporting Rating Scale (SSRS), and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-28 item Short Form (CTQ-SF) were administered in two groups before intervention. After follow-up six months, a self-designed SV questionnaire and Short Marital-Adjustment and Prediction Test (SMAPT) were administered again. Total 25 couples of research group completed follow up study while 37 couples in control group completed.
Results
1. There was no difference on age, gender, education levels, employment, economic status, cohabitation history, alcohol abuse, drinking frequency, smoking, gambling, habitation condition, witnessing DV, childhood abuse, and scores of every scales between two groups.
2. To compare attitudes on domestic violence between two groups after follow-up six months, the viewpoints of acceptance DV, acceptance under some circumstances of research group were significantly lower than control group (P<0.01). After follow-up six months, the viewpoints of acceptance DV, and acceptance under some circumstances of research group is lower but did not have statistical significantly (P>0.05). The total scores of SMAPT of intervention group was significantly higher than that of control group after follow-up (P<0.01)
3. Patterns of SV to female: wives reported as follow: the percentage of abused in research group was significantly lower than that control group after follow-up six months (56% vs. 81.8%, P<0.05). more or equal two types of SV in research group lower than control group after follow-up six months (P>0.05). husbands reported that the percentage of total abused wives in research group was significantly lower than those of control group after follow-up six months (48% vs. 78.4%, P<0.05). wives reported that the ratio of abused wives in research group was significantly lower after follow-up six months (56% vs. 68%,P>0.05).
4. Patterns of SV to male. wives reported that the percentage of abused men in research group was significantly lower than those of control group after follow-up six months (56% vs. 83.8%, P<0.05). more or equal two types of SV in research group significantly lower than control group after follow-up six months (P<0.05). The percentage of total abused husbands, physical violence in research group lower after follow-up six months (56% vs. 68%,P>0.05). while husbands reported was similar as what wives reported.
5. Frequency of abused female between two groups, husbands reported that there was no difference between two groups on the frequency of abused wives before intervention (P>0.05). the frequency of abused wives in research group were significantly lower than in control group after follow-up six months (P<0.05). the frequency of abused wives decreased in research group (P>0.05) while the frequency of abused wives increased in control group after six months follow-up (P<0.05).
6. Frequency of abused males between two groups, wives reported that there was no difference between two groups on the frequency of abused husbands before intervention (P>0.05). The frequency of abused husbands in research group were significantly lower than in control group after follow-up six months (P<0.01). The frequency of abused husbands decreased (P>0.05) while the frequency of abused husbands in control group significantly increased after follow-up six months (P<0.05).
Conclusions
1. Psychological preventive intervention of SV was effective on the attitudes on SV. The viewpoints of acceptance DV, acceptance under some circumstances decreased significantly, but denying SV rising significantly.
2. Psychological preventive intervention of SV may also decrease occurrence of SV, decrease progress of SV, decrease frequency of SV and improve marital quality and adjustment.
探讨夫妻暴力的社会心理高危因素，为进一步心理干预夫妻暴力提供科学的理论依据。
方法
1．采用多级分层抽样方法，在湖南省郴州市抽取3087个家庭。经调查发现其中有384户曾发生夫妻暴力，从中随机抽取80户，将施暴者80人作为暴力组。另外，以家庭结构相同为前提条件，选取96户无暴力行为的家庭，并从中选取与施暴者性别相同、年龄相近的96人作为对照，为非暴力组。
2．采取入户半定式面谈方法。由施暴者、受虐者和非暴力组的成员填写家庭暴力问卷、并接受心理评估。心理评估问卷包括艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、生活事件量表(LES)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)及社会支持评定量表(SSRS)。
结果
1．夫妻暴力的发生率为12.4％。其中施暴者男性的比例(81.3％)显著高于女性(18.7％)，受虐者女性的比例(81.3％)显著高于男性(18.7％)(P＜0.05)；夫妻暴力家庭中31～40岁的人数最多为60人，占75％；暴力组的受教育年限、经济收入低于非暴力组(P＜0.05)。暴力组中无业(12.5％)多于非暴力组(2.1％)(P＜0.05)；施暴者的经济收入高于受虐者(P＜0.05)。
2．家庭体制中暴力组家长制、自由制高于非暴力组(P＜0.01)，而暴力组民主制的家庭体制低于非暴力组(P＜0.01)。暴力组中待业下岗、赌博高于非暴力组(P＜0.01)。暴力组中，对家庭暴力持“可以”吸“看情况”态度者高于非暴力组(P＜0.05)。
3．夫妻暴力的表现形式由施暴者和受虐者分别报告：精神合并躯体虐待的发生最高，分别为53.8％和47.5％，其次是精神虐待，分别为35.0％和36.3％，精神、躯体合并性虐待的发生最低，分别为1.3％和3.8％。
4．暴力组SCL-90精神病因子分、LES总分、负性LES分、EPQ-N分均高于非暴力组(P＜0.05)；暴力组的社会支持总分、客观支持分、主观支持分均低于非暴力组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。施暴者的消极应对分高于受虐者(P＜0.05)，EPQ-P分低于受虐者(P＜0.05)。夫妻独子家庭结构中暴力组SCL-90躯体化因子分高于非暴力组(P＜0.05)；夫妻多子家庭结构中暴力组抑郁因子分高于非暴力组(P＜0.05)；夫妻多子家庭结构中受虐者SCL-90总分、抑郁、焦虑及躯体化因子分均高于施暴者(P＜0.05)。
6．施暴行为的高危因素有施暴者对家庭暴力持“可以”或“看情况”的态度、赌博行为、较高的SCL-90精神病因子分、待业或下岗、较少的客观支持、较多的负性生活事件及家庭体制缺乏民主制。
结论
1．夫妻暴力的发生率为12.4％。施暴者以男性居多，受虐者以女性居多。以31～40岁年龄段夫妻暴力发生最多。受教育年限低、经济收入低、无业者较易有施暴倾向。家庭体制中家长制和自由制作风，容易引发暴力事件。
2．夫妻暴力的表现形式中精神合并躯体虐待最高，其次是精神虐待，精神、躯体合并性虐待最低。施暴者具有情绪不稳的个性特征、敏感多疑的心理、较少的社会支持、消极的应对方式及较多的负性生活事件等，则容易促成施暴行为；受虐者比施暴者多表现精神质的个性特征。其中以夫妻独子及多子家庭结构此类社会心理问题较为突出。
3．施暴者对家庭暴力持认可态度、赌博行为、敏感多疑的心理、待业或下岗、较少的客观支持、较多的负性生活事件及家庭体制缺乏民主制是施暴行为的高危因素。提示应针对夫妻暴力的社会心理学高危因素，进行预防性心理干预。
第二部分新婚登记夫妻婚前暴力的初步调查和评估目的
了解新婚登记夫妻婚前暴力的发生状况，及新婚夫妻暴力的相关特征；探讨儿童期目睹或遭受家庭暴力与夫妻暴力的关系，为制定防治家庭暴力有关政策及心理干预提供科学的理论依据。
方法
采取横断面调查。于2005年11月～2006年2月在长沙市5个市辖区中抽取2个市辖区，再在每个市辖区民政局婚姻登记机构处对领取结婚证愿意接受婚前暴力调查研究的新婚登记夫妻进行自编的新婚夫妻婚前暴力调查问卷、儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ-SF)及简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)的调查。调查对象仅限于初婚的夫妻。经样本估算后，实际有效调查317对。根据新婚夫妻报告在婚前一年至少有一次暴力的发生作为暴力家庭组(spouse violence，SV组)，有122对(244人)，和婚前一年双方都无暴力的发生作为非暴力家庭组(非SV组)，195对(390人)。
结果
1．婚前一年未婚夫对未婚妻的暴力：丈夫和妻子分别回答婚前一年未婚夫对未婚妻施暴的总人数有106人(33.4％)和81人(25.6％)；施单纯精神暴力的分别有100人(31.5％)和73人(23.0％)，其中采用冷战，不理睬未婚妻，使其感到痛苦的分别有87人(27.4％)和71人(22.4％)：施精神合并躯体暴力的分别有2人(0.6％)和3人(0.9％)。丈夫回答对未婚妻施单纯躯体暴力的有1人(0.3％)；施精神、躯体合并性暴力的有1人(0.3％)。妻子回答遭受精神和性暴力的有2人(0.6％)。
2．婚前一年未婚妻对未婚夫的暴力：丈夫和妻子分别回答婚前一年未婚妻对未婚夫施暴的总人数有101人(31.9％)和115人(36.3％)；施单纯精神暴力的分别有92人(29.0％)和104人(32.8％)，其中采用冷战，不理睬未婚夫，使其感到痛苦的分别有87人(27.4％)和102人(32.2％)；施单纯躯体暴力的分别有8人(2.5％)和3人(0.9％)；施精神合并躯体暴力的分别有7人(2.2％)和8人(2.5％)。
3．婚前暴力的前三位诱发因素是夫妻的个性与应对方式问题、沟通与交流不足、经济问题或工作问题。SV组中对家庭暴力持“可以”或“看情况”态度的高于非SV组(P＝0.000)。DV组同居、饮酒史、赌博高于非SV组(P＜0.01)。SV组职业与非SV组比较，差异有显著性(P＜0.05)，其中干部或职员的比例(54.9％)明显高于非SV组(46.9％)(P＜0.05)。
4．SV组CTQ-SF情感虐待因子分、躯体虐待因子分及量表总分高于非SV组(P＜0.05)。SV组儿童期目睹家庭暴力的高于非SV组(χ~2＝45.114，P＜0.001)，OR值为3.323，95％CI为2.322-4.755。SV组妻子CTQ-SF性虐待因子分高于非SV组(P＜0.05)
结论
1．约1／3新婚夫妻在婚前一年有暴力的发生，未婚妻对未婚夫暴力的发生与未婚夫对未婚妻暴力的发生大致相当。新婚夫妻婚前一年精神暴力的发生远远超过了躯体暴力和性暴力，其中以精神暴力中的冷战、不理睬对方，使对方感到痛苦的发生最高。这种冷战性精神暴力有可能引发其他精神暴力的合并，也可能引发躯体暴力、性暴力的发生。为预防夫妻暴力的发生和升级，对新婚夫妻进行早期的心理干预势在必行。
2．新婚夫妻在婚前出现暴力的主要诱发因素是个性和／或应对方式问题、沟通与交流问题、经济问题或工作问题。婚前暴力与职业、同居、赌博、饮酒史、对家庭暴力持认可态度、儿童期目睹或遭受家庭暴力均有一定的相关性。
第三部分新婚夫妻暴力预防性心理干预的对照研究
目的
通过对新婚夫妻暴力的重点人群进行预防性心理干预，旨在降低夫妻暴力的发生和升级，并提高婚姻质量。
方法
从317对新婚夫妻中筛选出93对夫妻暴力重点人群，随机分为研究组(42对)和对照组(51对)。研究组主要接受关于夫妻暴力的健康心理教育及预防夫妻暴力发生的心理辅导训练，对照组不接受任何干预。两组分别在干预前接受夫妻暴力调查问卷，简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ-SF)的评定。在干预后6个月接受夫妻暴力调查问卷和Locke-Wallace婚姻调试问卷的评定。研究组完成25对，对照组完成37对。
结果
1．研究前两组的年龄、性别、受教育程度、职业、经济收入、同居史、饮酒史、吸烟史、饮酒次数、赌博史、居住条件、儿童期目睹家庭暴力及各种量表的评分差异均无显著性(P＞0.05)。
2．对家庭暴力态度的变化。随访6月后研究组对家庭暴力持“可以”和“看情况”的态度者15人(30％)低于对照组43人(58.1％)(P＜0.01)。随访6月后，研究组对家庭暴力持“可以”和“看情况"的态度者25人(50.0％)明显下降到15人(30.0％)，但差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。随访6月后，研究组的婚姻调试问卷总分高于对照组(P＜0.01)。
3．①两组间妻子受虐形式的比较：妻子报告随访6月后，研究组受虐的有14人(56.0％)，低于对照组30人(81.8％)(P＜0.05)；随访6月后研究组两种以上家庭暴力未发生，而对照组却有4人(P＞0.05)。丈夫报告随访6月后，研究组受虐的有12人(48.0％)，显著低于对照组29人(78.4％)(P＜0.05)。②两组内妻子受虐形式的比较：妻子报告，研究组在随访6月后妻子受虐总人数有14人(56.0％)低于干预前17人(68.0％)(P＞0.05)；对照组在随访6月后妻子受虐总人数有30人(81.1％)高于干预前27人(73.0％)(P＞0.05)。丈夫报告与妻子类似。
4．①两组间丈夫受虐形式的比较：妻子报告随访6月后，研究组受虐的有14人(56.0％)，显著低于对照组31人(83.8％)(P＜0.05)；研究组精神和躯体暴力未发生(0.0％)，显著低于对照组8人(24.3％)(P＜0.05)。丈夫报告与妻子类似。②两组内丈夫受虐形式的比较：妻子报告，研究组在随访6月后丈夫受虐总人数14人(56.0％)低于干预前17人(68.0％)(P＞0.05)。对照组在随访6月后丈夫受虐总人数31人(83.3％)高于干预前28人(75.7％)(P＞0.05)。丈夫报告与妻子类似。
5．①两组间妻子受虐频率的比较：丈夫报告干预前两组妻子受虐频率比较，差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。随访6月后研究组妻子受虐频率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05)。妻子报告与丈夫类似。②两组内妻子受虐频率的比较：丈夫报告研究组在随访6月后妻子受虐频率比干预前减少(P＞0.05)。对照组在随访6月后妻子受虐频率比干预前明显增加(P＜0.05)。
6．①两组间丈夫受虐频率的比较：妻子报告干预前两组丈夫受虐频率比较，差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。随访6月后研究组丈夫受虐频率明显低于对照组(P＜0.01)。丈夫报告与妻子类似。②两组内丈夫受虐频率的比较：妻子报告：研究组在随访6月后丈夫受虐频率比干预前减少(P＞0.05)。对照组在随访6月后丈夫受虐频率比干预前明显增加(P＜0.05)。
结论
1．预防性心理干预改善了新婚夫妻对家庭暴力的态度，对家庭暴力持“可以”和“看情况”态度者明显减少，持“不可以”态度者明显增多。
2．预防性心理干预，可以减少夫妻暴力的发生，降低夫妻暴力的升级，提高婚姻协调程度和质量。
PartⅠ: Study on psychosocial risk factors of spousal violence
Objective
To investigate the psychosocial risk factors of spousal violence (SV) in order to provide systematic basis of SV prevention.
Methods
1. By using multistage stratified sampling methods, 3087 households were selected from Chenzhou city in Hunan Province. After screening, 384 households had SV. 80 households among them were randomly selected for study, in which 80 perpetrators were in the domestic violence (DV) group. For the non-DV group, after matching of family's structure, 96 households without violence behavior were selected, in which after matching of gender and age of perpetrators, 96 normal controls were enrolled.
2. A semi-structured and face-to-face interview was used in this study. A designed study DV questionnaire, the self-report Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), Life Event Scale (LES), Trait Coping Style Questionnaire (TCSQ) and Social Supporting Rating Scale (SSRS) were administered to the study subjects.
Results
1. The overall prevalence of SV was 12.4%. The ratio of male (81.3%) was more than female (18.7%) in perpetrators, but female (81.3%) was more than male (19%) in victims (P<0.05). Age 31 to 40 was most common in SV family (60, 75%). The education level and economic income in DV group were significantly lower than non-DV group (P<0.05) with the unemployment rate was higher in DV group than in non-DV group (P<0.05), However, the economic income of perpetrators were higher in victim groups (P<0.01).
2. The family systems of patriarchy and freedom were significantly more, and system of democracy was significantly less reported by DV group than the non-DV group (P<0.01). unemployment and gambling was more in DV group than the non-DV group (P<0.01). The viewpoints acceptance DV and acceptance DV under some circumstances in perpetrators were significantly more than the non-DV group.
3. Perpetrators and victims respectively reported that the most common form of SV was both emotional and physical abuse (53.8% and 47.5%, respectively), then emotional abuse (35% and 36.3%, respectively), and the less was combined emotional, physical and sexual abuse (1.3% and 3.8%, respectively).
5. Psychoticism factor scores of SCL-90, total scores and negative scores of LES and the EPQ-N scores were higher, and scores of subjective social support, objective support and general supports were lower in DV group than the non-DV group. Negative coping style and EPQ-P scores were respectively higher, but lower in perpetrators than victims, somatization factor scores of SCL-90 were higher in DV group than the non-DV group with one child. Depression factor score of SCL-90 was higher in DV group than the non-DV group with many children. The total score and depression, somatization and anxiety factors scores of SCL-90 were higher in perpetrators than the victims with many children.
6. Risk factors for SV were found as attitude of acceptance DV, acceptance of DV under some circumstances, gambling, high psychoticism factor scores of SCL-90, unemployment, lack of democracy family system, less subjective support, and more negative life events.
Conclusions
1. The overall prevalence of SV was 12.4%. Most of the perpetrators were male and most of the victims were female. The 31 to 40 age group was most common in DV family. Individual with the lower education level, lower economic status, and unemployment was more likely to perpetrate. The family system of patriarchy and freedom may more easily to manifest SV.
2. The most frequent form of SV was both emotional and physical abuse, then emotional abuse, and combined emotional, physical and sexual abuse was the least. Individuals with more psychoticism characteristic, sensitive and doubt condition, neurotic personality, more negative life events, more negative coping styles, and less social supports were more prone to have perpetration, victims had more psychoticism personality than perpetrators, households with one or many children, was most highly found on SV. This may suggest that psychological intervention for the SV in couples with one or many children are critically needed.
3. Risk factors for SV were gambling, the attitude of acceptance SV, sensitive and doubt condition, unemployment, lack of family system of democracy, few subjective support, and more negative life events, preventive intervention SV by aiming directly at risk factors of SV is very important.
PARTⅡStudy on Premarital Violence Among the Newly-married Couple
Objective
To explore the patterns of premarital violence among the newly-married couples within past one year, and to examine the correlation between premarital violence and different patterns of childhood abuse, in order to provide foundation for SV intervention.
Methods
By using cross-sectional survey, two of the five catchment areas in Changsha city were randomly selected. Totally 317 newly-married couples in Changsha city were interviewed. The intimate partner violence (IPV) was assessed with a self-compiled inventory. Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-28 item Short Form (CTQ-SF) were consecutively administrated. We defined the SV groups when at least had once premarital violence, the others was in the non-SV group.
Results
1. Male to female violence in the one year before get married: husbands and wives reported IPV rate was 106 (33.4%) and 81 (25.6%). In which experienced emotional abuse only were 100 (31.5%) and 73 (23.0%) respectively. The common form of emotional abuse reported was ignorance, 87 (27.4%) and 71 (22.4%) respectively. female experienced both emotional and physical abuses rate was 2 (0.6%) and 3 (0.9%) respectively. husbands reported that 1 (0.3%) female experienced physical abuse, and 1 (0.3%) females experienced emotional, physical and sexual abuses while wives reported that 2 (0.6%) females experienced emotional and sexual abuses.
2. Female to male violence in the one year before get married: husbands and wives respectively reported IPV rate was 101 (31.9%) and 115 (36.3%). In which experienced emotional abuse only were 92 (29.0%) and 104 (32.8%) respectively. The common form of emotional abuse reported was ignorance, 87 (27.4%) and 102 (32.2%) respectively. For male experienced physical abuses rate was 8 (2.5%) and 3 (0.9%) respectively, while 7 (2.2%) and 8 (2.5%) male experienced both emotional and physical abuses.
3. The common reasons of premarital violence were personality trait, coping skills, poor communication and economic status. The attitudes of acceptance DV, acceptance DV under some circumstances, premarital cohabitation, alcohol history, and gambling in SV group were more frequent than the no-SV group (P<0.05, or P<0.01). There was significantly difference between SV group and no-SV group on employment(P<0.05), in which the ratio of cadre or workers (54.9%) in SV group was more than in no-SV group (46.9%).
4. The SV group had significantly higher scores of emotional abuse, physical abuse and total scores of CTQ-SF than that the no-SV group. witnessing family violence as a child in SV groups was more(77.0%) than those(50.3%) of no-DV groups (χ2=45.114, P<0.001, OR=3.323, 95%CI: 2.322-4.755). The female SV groups had significantly higher scores of sexual abuse than the female no-SV groups.
Conclusions
1. About one-third newly-married couples reported premarital violence in the year before marry, male to female violence rate was similar as female to male violence, occurrence of emotional abuse was much higher than that of physical abuse and sexual violence in the newly-married couples, ignorance was the most common form, and it may cause physical and sexual abuse with influence marital quality. It was necessary to raise public awareness and to develop an intervention program toward the new- married couples about premarital IPV.
2. The common reasons of premarital violence were personality trait, coping skills, poor communication and economic status, premarital violence was correlated with employment, cohabitation, gambling, alcohol, the attitudes of acceptance DV, acceptance DV under some circumstances, witnessing family violence as a child, and childhood abuse.
PartⅢ: The Comparate Study of Psychological Preventive
Intervention of Spousal Violence to Newly-married Couples
Object
To evaluate psychological preventive intervention of high-risk spousal violence groups for prevention of future SV.
Methods
93 high-risk couples were screened from 317 newly-married couples were randomly assigned to research group and control group. For the research group, session about psychological education of SV and counseling about prevention of SV were given. For the control group, no not intervention was received. A self-designed SV questionnaire, Neurosis and Psychosis Screening Scale, the self-report Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ), Social Supporting Rating Scale (SSRS), and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-28 item Short Form (CTQ-SF) were administered in two groups before intervention. After follow-up six months, a self-designed SV questionnaire and Short Marital-Adjustment and Prediction Test (SMAPT) were administered again. Total 25 couples of research group completed follow up study while 37 couples in control group completed.
Results
1. There was no difference on age, gender, education levels, employment, economic status, cohabitation history, alcohol abuse, drinking frequency, smoking, gambling, habitation condition, witnessing DV, childhood abuse, and scores of every scales between two groups.
2. To compare attitudes on domestic violence between two groups after follow-up six months, the viewpoints of acceptance DV, acceptance under some circumstances of research group were significantly lower than control group (P<0.01). After follow-up six months, the viewpoints of acceptance DV, and acceptance under some circumstances of research group is lower but did not have statistical significantly (P>0.05). The total scores of SMAPT of intervention group was significantly higher than that of control group after follow-up (P<0.01)
3. Patterns of SV to female: wives reported as follow: the percentage of abused in research group was significantly lower than that control group after follow-up six months (56% vs. 81.8%, P<0.05). more or equal two types of SV in research group lower than control group after follow-up six months (P>0.05). husbands reported that the percentage of total abused wives in research group was significantly lower than those of control group after follow-up six months (48% vs. 78.4%, P<0.05). wives reported that the ratio of abused wives in research group was significantly lower after follow-up six months (56% vs. 68%,P>0.05).
4. Patterns of SV to male. wives reported that the percentage of abused men in research group was significantly lower than those of control group after follow-up six months (56% vs. 83.8%, P<0.05). more or equal two types of SV in research group significantly lower than control group after follow-up six months (P<0.05). The percentage of total abused husbands, physical violence in research group lower after follow-up six months (56% vs. 68%,P>0.05). while husbands reported was similar as what wives reported.
5. Frequency of abused female between two groups, husbands reported that there was no difference between two groups on the frequency of abused wives before intervention (P>0.05). the frequency of abused wives in research group were significantly lower than in control group after follow-up six months (P<0.05). the frequency of abused wives decreased in research group (P>0.05) while the frequency of abused wives increased in control group after six months follow-up (P<0.05).
6. Frequency of abused males between two groups, wives reported that there was no difference between two groups on the frequency of abused husbands before intervention (P>0.05). The frequency of abused husbands in research group were significantly lower than in control group after follow-up six months (P<0.01). The frequency of abused husbands decreased (P>0.05) while the frequency of abused husbands in control group significantly increased after follow-up six months (P<0.05).
Conclusions
1. Psychological preventive intervention of SV was effective on the attitudes on SV. The viewpoints of acceptance DV, acceptance under some circumstances decreased significantly, but denying SV rising significantly.
2. Psychological preventive intervention of SV may also decrease occurrence of SV, decrease progress of SV, decrease frequency of SV and improve marital quality and adjustment.
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