企业纵向社会资本与竞争优势

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副题名：基于制造企业的经验研究 作者：张宏 论文级别：博士 学科专业名称：企业管理 中文关键词：企业资源理论 ; 社会资本 ; 企业纵向社会资本 ; 企业竞争能力 ; 企业竞争优势 英文关键词：the resource-based theory of the firm ; social capital ; firm vertical social capital ; firm competitive capability ; firm competitive advantage 学位年度：2007 导师：徐金发 学科代码：120202 学位授予单位：浙江大学 论文提交日期：2007-05-01

摘要

在这个瞬息万变的社会里，“唯一不变的就是改变”了。面临诸多不确定的因素，技术、产品、市场竞争结构、行业发展、分销商的经销能力、消费者的口味变化等，企业不再各自为战，而是相互依赖，构成网络。生产企业要与上下游的供应商和分销商紧密合作，居安思危，通过互动行为维持和获取资源或者能力，从而才能在激烈的市场竞争中生存甚或脱颖而出，实现持续领先。根据企业纵向网络合作情况调研以及相关理论研究回顾，笔者发现有如下几个理论问题和实践困惑亟待解决：①企业纵向社会资本如何培育和发展?即企业纵向社会资本的内涵、维度、特征和作用；②企业纵向联接资源对企业自身的竞争力产生怎样的影响?即企业基本竞争能力的识别和界定，企业纵向社会资本对企业竞争能力的作用机理；③企业纵向网络协作与企业的成本节约、收益增长是否有其必然的内在联系?即企业纵向社会资本对企业竞争优势的直接影响；④作为企业异质性资源的纵向社会资本如何通过企业竞争能力影响企业竞争优势?即企业纵向社会资本通过企业竞争能力的中介传导影响企业竞争优势的作用机制。带着这些问题，本文从企业层面，沿着“企业纵向社会资本——企业竞争能力——企业竞争优势”的逻辑思路，分析了几个要素之间的内在作用机理，展开了一系列理论探讨和经验研究。
     (1)剖析了企业纵向社会资本的内涵及其对企业竞争优势的影响机理。企业社会资本是社会资本理论在企业层面的应用，纵向社会资本又是企业社会资本的一个重要方面，那么，企业社会资本能否沿用社会学的维度划分，企业纵向社会资本又能否沿用这一维度划分；在众多的衡量指标中，在没有既定唯一标准的情况下，企业纵向社会资本怎样衡量才是合适的。笔者在规范分析、实地调研的基础上，解析了企业纵向社会资本的变量指标，并通过探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析等方法和步骤，确定了企业纵向社会资本三个维度的划分及各部分二阶因子的确定具有信度与效度。并在上述分析的基础上，通过结构方程建模技术分析得到企业纵向社会资本结构维度、关系维度、认知维度与企业竞争优势的关系系数分别为0.276(P=0.027)、0.335(P=0.008)和0.269(P=0.016)，研究证实了企业纵向社会资本是实现和提升企业竞争优势的重要资源。
     (2)识别和界定了企业生产能力、营销能力和技术创新能力三种企业基本竞争能力，分析讨论了企业纵向社会资本对企业生产、营销、技术创新等竞争能力发展的可能影响。这些影响在于：①企业纵向社会资本的结构维度主要通过影响网络中成员企业间的联接状况来影响企业的能力发展，即企业能力提升所需的资源的获得渠道是否存在，渠道数量是否足够，成员联接是否紧密，以及网络是否稳定等。②企业纵向社会资本的关系维度影响企业能力发展的几个方面，包括网络成员共同遵守的承诺和彼此的认同，是否具有足够的信任与可信赖性以接近有价值的知识、信息和技术，以及通过资源转移创造价值的期望。③企业纵向社会资本的认知维度为网络成员企业一致的行为和目标提供了共享的认知水平，各个成员企业较高程度的共享语言和代码，将有利于建立共享的认知模式；相似的价值观、企业目标和愿景将把企业行为导向网络共同利益最大化，从而获得长远发展。基本结论是：当企业网络中的社会资本水平比较高时，有利于成员企业之间的知识、信息、技术等资源的获取、共享和转移，可望取得生产、营销、技术创新能力的优化。
     (3)构建并验证了企业纵向社会资本通过企业生产能力、营销能力和技术创新能力影响企业竞争优势的部分中介模型。首先，研究通过结构方程建模技术对判定中介作用的四个条件进行分析：①企业生产能力、营销能力和技术创新能力对企业纵向社会资本的结构维度、关系维度和认知维度的回归，回归系数达到显著性水平。②企业竞争优势对企业纵向社会资本的三个维度进行回归，回归系数达到显著性水平。③企业竞争优势对企业生产能力、营销能力和技术创新能力的回归，回归系数达到显著性水平。④企业竞争优势同时对企业纵向社会资本和企业生产能力、营销能力和技术创新能力的回归，其中，企业竞争优势对生产能力、营销能力和技术创新能力的回归系数达到显著性水平，企业竞争优势对企业纵向社会资本的回归系数减少，不过仍达到显著性水平，即企业生产能力、营销能力和技术创新能力三个中介变量的出现将企业纵向社会资本对企业竞争优势的影响消化了一部分。也就是说，企业纵向社会资本的结构维度、关系维度和认知维度对企业竞争优势具有直接影响，并且通过企业生产能力、营销能力和技术创新能力进一步间接实现影响。其次，研究采用结构方程建模技术，比较完全中介模型和部分中介模型的拟合度，进一步完善了最佳匹配的部分中介模型。修改后的部分中介模型3的拟合优度最好，x~2／df为2.303；RMSEA值为0.033；GFI、AGFI、NFI、IFI和CFI的指标值分别为0.936、0.924、0.937、0.960和0.955，均优于指标建议值，说明模型拟合程度较好。完全中介模型1和部分中介模型2的拟合指标基本符合要求，但拟合值均低于模型3，其中完全中介模型中的GFI、NFI指标值均在0.9以下。上述结果表明模型3为最佳匹配模型，即优化后的部分中介模型为优。综合上述研究结果，说明企业纵向社会资本的结构维度、关系维度和认知维度通过企业生产能力、营销能力和技术创新能力的中介传导作用间接影响企业竞争优势，并对企业竞争优势具有直接影响，部分中介作用模型符合理论原理。从而明确了论文的理论架构和变量间的因果联系。
     最后，系统地归纳了本研究的主要结论，研究存在的不足和后续研究建议。
In the changing society, the unique invariability is change itself. Facing to the uncertain technology, production, market competitive structure, industry development, the capability of distributors and the needs of customers, an enterprise can not compete by itself, It must depend on others, construct cooperation network. As a produce enterprise, it should cooperate with the suppliers and distributors, through interaction to get resources and abilities, in order to survive and keep advantages in the market. According to the investigation of vertical network cooperation and the relative literature reviews, we confirmed some theoretical and practical issues unresolved:①How to construct and explore firm vertical social capital(VSC)?②What are the interactions between three dimensions of vertical social capital with firm competitive capability(FCC)?③Are there necessary relations between enterprise network cooperation with firms' cost and performance?④How does vertical social capital influence firm competitive advantage(FCA) by the mediation of firm capability?
     (1)The construct of vertical social capital and its influence factors to the enterprise competitive advantage were explored. We used some methods, such as theory analyses, enterprise interview, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assured the three dimensions of vertical social capital and the indicators in each dimension. Through Structural Equation Modeling(SME), we get the direct standardized loadings of structural dimension(SD), relational dimension(RD) and cognitive dimension(CD) for social capital to enterprise competitive advantage, which included: 0.276(P=0.0027)、0.335(P=0.008) and 0.269(P=0.016). The outcome certified that vertical social capital is important resources to improve firm competitive advantage.
     (2)The processes and operation mechanisms of three firm capabilities were identified and defined; discussed the possible influences for vertical social capital to production capability (PA), marketing capability (MA) and technological innovation capability (TA). These influences include:①The SD of vertical social capital affect the firm capability mainly through influence the lines relationships among node enterprise. That is to say, whether the resources channels exist, whether the channels are enough, whether the lines between partners are strong, and whether the network is stable.②The RD of vertical social capital affect the firm capability include: the common commotions and identifications; the deepen trust and trustworthy; and the expectation to share valuable knowledge, information and technology, etc.③The CD of vertical social capital supply common cognitive model for node enterprises, the network nodes have shared language and code, they devote to same object, then realize the most benefit. The basic conclusion is: higher social capital level in enterprise network is beneficial to the resources obtaining, share and translation, then affect the PC, MC and TC.
     (3)The model that VSC affects the FCA by the mediation of PC, MC and TC. First, using the structural equation modeling, the dissertation tested the four conditions that confirmed the mediation:①The regression among PC, MC ,TC and SD, RD, CD was conducted, and the loadings were significant.②The regression among FCA and SD, RD, CD was conducted, and the loading was significant.③The regression among FCA and PC, MC, TC was conducted, and the loadings were significant.④The regression among VSC, PC, MC, TC and FCA (FCA). The loadings of PC, MC and TC were significant; the loadings of SD, RD, and CD decreased, but were still significant. The outcomes of the tests showed that PC, MC and TC partly mediated the relations between VSC and FCA, VSC also affect FCA directly. Second, using the structural equation modeling, the dissertation compared the full-mediation model and the two semi-mediation models. The comparative outcomes demonstrated that the adjusted semi-mediation model had best fitness, the fitness index of model 3 including, x~2 /df, RMSEA, GFI、AGFI、NFI、IFI & CFI were 2.303, 0.033, 0.936, 0.924, 0.937, 0.960 & 0.955. The testing outcomes also revealed that the vertical social capital not only directly affect enterprise competitive advantage, but also indirectly influence EFA through the partial mediation of production capability, marketing capability, and technology innovation capability.Finally, we summarized the main conclusions, research limitations and future directions.

引文

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