创业环境、创业战略与创业绩效关系的实证研究
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摘要
经济全球化的到来和世界市场一体化的发展,已经促使所有国外公司以及本土公司在全球范围内扩张业务。为了从全球扩张中受益,这些公司需要在他们业务运作的过程中促进创业。在技术变革、主要市场的交替转移和日益增长的全球市场等强大动力的驱动下,公司已使用了多种方法来扩张他们的全球业务,进行国际创业活动。尤其是汽车行业,汽车行业的国际创业活动正在如火如荼的进行中,全球产量再创新高。
在企业国际创业过程中,环境扮演着重要角色,在一定程度上决定着企业国际化的成败。产业环境、企业内部环境以及制度环境对于企业的发展至关重要,环境的宽松性和不确定性使企业不断地调整创业战略以带来较高的产出。本文以环境-战略-绩效为主线,研究三者间的关系以及对中国汽车企业国际创业的启示。
本文在回顾了基本理论的基础上,详尽地对创业环境理论、创业战略理论和创业绩效理论进行了综述及评述,在此基础上归纳本文的研究要素,明确要素之间的逻辑关系;其次,对研究要素进行界定,提出要素的研究维度;第三,在理论推导的基础上,构建创业环境、创业战略及企业绩效之间的关系模型,并提出了14条假设;对国内17家汽车企业的问卷调研数据进行实证分析,检验结果表明14条假设中有11条通过;最后,对检验结果进行讨论,进一步明确本文研究在理论上和实践上的意义。
The economic globalization and the market integration have facilitated the entrepreneurship of auto industry like a raging fire. Although more and more auto companies come into the hot market, American companies, Japanese companies French companies and German companies has showed great overwhelming superiority. As we all know, our auto industry will hover to the sky in 21st century, so we are facing a new era with fierce competition and many opportunities. In order to improve the competition in the fierce market when facing new environment, Chinese auto enterprises must change their strategies from intra-entrepreneurship to international entrepreneurship.
Compared with internationalization, entrepreneurship is a new concept. They both are a behavior of choosing the market. So the companies should exert internationalized strategies to realize the internationalization, which is not only a economic problem but also an important political problem. Thus it is necessary and profound to study the entrepreneurial mode of auto industry, which is helpful for Chinese auto companies to go to international market, carve out in other countries and improve the competition.
The conditions of entrepreneurship in Chinese auto industry are not so optimistic. So it is crucial to study the entrepreneurial pathway, which provides experiences for our auto industry. The topic is a new task. The current study is based on the view of internationalization and is not systematic, which calls for new research.
The context of this dissertation includes the following five parts:
Firstly, this paper deeply analyzes the relevant theories of this dissertation, of which it analyzes the dependence of firms on entrepreneurial environment, RBT emphasizes the influential factors of corporate performance, TCA analyzes the necessity and rationality of the establishment of the entrepreneurial strategy from the point of view of resource acquisition,and SNA analyzes the cost predominance brought by entrepreneurial strategy to firm in the eye of economics. Basing on the analysis of basic theories, this dissertation summarizes the existing literatures related to firm performance from home and aboard, entrepreneurial environment and entrepreneurial strategy, for instance the research on firm performance based on resource view, evaluation of firm performance, the investigation of the constitution system of entrepreneurial environment element and the constitution of environmental actor, the research on the relationship between entrepreneurial strategy and firm. Predecessors have obtained some achievement, but there is still large research space left, which is the basis of this dissertation. Finally this dissertation summarizes its primary research elements, which include the characteristic of entrepreneurial environment, entrepreneurial strategy, resource acquisition, the capacity of resource combination and the firm performance.
Secondly, this dissertation builds the theory model of the affecting mechanism of entrepreneurial environment on firm performance based on strategy view, divides the entrepreneurial environment into three dimensions of hostile, dynamic and complexity on the basis of current theory research, divides the entrepreneurial strategy into two dimensions of individual strategy and organizing strategy, and puts forward the theory model of the relationship among each element.
Thirdly, this dissertation puts forward the hypothesis of relationship among each element in this theory model basing on the theory deduction, which includes in detail the hypothesis of relationship between characteristic of entrepreneurial environment and entrepreneurial strategy, hypothesis of relationship between entrepreneurial strategy and resource acquisition, hypothesis of relationship between resource acquisition and firm performance, hypothesis of moderation of the capacity of resource combination to the relationship between resource acquisition and firm performance, hypothesis of the effect degree of two kinds of entrepreneurial strategy in different development stage on resource acquisition and 12 hypothesis in all.
The Fourth part is concerned with empirical research, which validates the theory model and relevant hypothesis with SEM and AMOS basing on the measurement of each variable. The data are obtained from the questionnaires to 112 firms in Changchun city, and the results show that 9 of 12 hypotheses are supported and 3 ones don’t gain supports.
Fifthly, this dissertation discusses the results which are checked out by hypothesis, which shows definitely the significance of theory and practice. The verifiably hypothesis could reveal the operational relationship among each elements, and the practical enlightenment of supported hypothesis; as for these hypothesis proved to be wrong, reveal the reasons combining with entrepreneurial environment and development practice of firm.
The practical enlightenments were put forward from the point of view of the self of firm and the policy includes in detail firm should adapt the external environments; should pay attention to the establishments of variable entrepreneurial strategy in its different development stage; should pay attention to the construction of internal capacity; strengthen the construction of the actor of organization of external environment.
The basic conclusions of this research include that characteristic of entrepreneurial environment is related positively with individual strategy; the hostile of characteristic of entrepreneurial environment is related positively with organizing strategy; the relationship between dynamic, complexity and organizing strategy isn’t significant; entrepreneurial strategy related positively with resource acquisition; the capacity of resource combination has the effect of regulating the relationship between resource acquisition and firm performance, the influence of individual strategy on resource acquisition is more significant in the early stage and grow-up stage.
This dissertation has the following innovations, firstly, builds the synthesis model of the affecting mechanism of entrepreneurial environment on firm performance based on strategy view; secondly, research on the effects of characteristic of environment on different entrepreneurial strategy (individual strategy and organizing strategy); thirdly, research on the effect of entrepreneurial strategy on firm performance with the resource acquisition as intermediary variable and analyzes the affecting mechanism of different entrepreneurial strategy on resource acquisition; fourthly, research on the relationship between resource acquisition and the capacity of resource combination and bring these two elements to the model of influence of entrepreneurial environment on firm performance.
在企业国际创业过程中,环境扮演着重要角色,在一定程度上决定着企业国际化的成败。产业环境、企业内部环境以及制度环境对于企业的发展至关重要,环境的宽松性和不确定性使企业不断地调整创业战略以带来较高的产出。本文以环境-战略-绩效为主线,研究三者间的关系以及对中国汽车企业国际创业的启示。
本文在回顾了基本理论的基础上,详尽地对创业环境理论、创业战略理论和创业绩效理论进行了综述及评述,在此基础上归纳本文的研究要素,明确要素之间的逻辑关系;其次,对研究要素进行界定,提出要素的研究维度;第三,在理论推导的基础上,构建创业环境、创业战略及企业绩效之间的关系模型,并提出了14条假设;对国内17家汽车企业的问卷调研数据进行实证分析,检验结果表明14条假设中有11条通过;最后,对检验结果进行讨论,进一步明确本文研究在理论上和实践上的意义。
The economic globalization and the market integration have facilitated the entrepreneurship of auto industry like a raging fire. Although more and more auto companies come into the hot market, American companies, Japanese companies French companies and German companies has showed great overwhelming superiority. As we all know, our auto industry will hover to the sky in 21st century, so we are facing a new era with fierce competition and many opportunities. In order to improve the competition in the fierce market when facing new environment, Chinese auto enterprises must change their strategies from intra-entrepreneurship to international entrepreneurship.
Compared with internationalization, entrepreneurship is a new concept. They both are a behavior of choosing the market. So the companies should exert internationalized strategies to realize the internationalization, which is not only a economic problem but also an important political problem. Thus it is necessary and profound to study the entrepreneurial mode of auto industry, which is helpful for Chinese auto companies to go to international market, carve out in other countries and improve the competition.
The conditions of entrepreneurship in Chinese auto industry are not so optimistic. So it is crucial to study the entrepreneurial pathway, which provides experiences for our auto industry. The topic is a new task. The current study is based on the view of internationalization and is not systematic, which calls for new research.
The context of this dissertation includes the following five parts:
Firstly, this paper deeply analyzes the relevant theories of this dissertation, of which it analyzes the dependence of firms on entrepreneurial environment, RBT emphasizes the influential factors of corporate performance, TCA analyzes the necessity and rationality of the establishment of the entrepreneurial strategy from the point of view of resource acquisition,and SNA analyzes the cost predominance brought by entrepreneurial strategy to firm in the eye of economics. Basing on the analysis of basic theories, this dissertation summarizes the existing literatures related to firm performance from home and aboard, entrepreneurial environment and entrepreneurial strategy, for instance the research on firm performance based on resource view, evaluation of firm performance, the investigation of the constitution system of entrepreneurial environment element and the constitution of environmental actor, the research on the relationship between entrepreneurial strategy and firm. Predecessors have obtained some achievement, but there is still large research space left, which is the basis of this dissertation. Finally this dissertation summarizes its primary research elements, which include the characteristic of entrepreneurial environment, entrepreneurial strategy, resource acquisition, the capacity of resource combination and the firm performance.
Secondly, this dissertation builds the theory model of the affecting mechanism of entrepreneurial environment on firm performance based on strategy view, divides the entrepreneurial environment into three dimensions of hostile, dynamic and complexity on the basis of current theory research, divides the entrepreneurial strategy into two dimensions of individual strategy and organizing strategy, and puts forward the theory model of the relationship among each element.
Thirdly, this dissertation puts forward the hypothesis of relationship among each element in this theory model basing on the theory deduction, which includes in detail the hypothesis of relationship between characteristic of entrepreneurial environment and entrepreneurial strategy, hypothesis of relationship between entrepreneurial strategy and resource acquisition, hypothesis of relationship between resource acquisition and firm performance, hypothesis of moderation of the capacity of resource combination to the relationship between resource acquisition and firm performance, hypothesis of the effect degree of two kinds of entrepreneurial strategy in different development stage on resource acquisition and 12 hypothesis in all.
The Fourth part is concerned with empirical research, which validates the theory model and relevant hypothesis with SEM and AMOS basing on the measurement of each variable. The data are obtained from the questionnaires to 112 firms in Changchun city, and the results show that 9 of 12 hypotheses are supported and 3 ones don’t gain supports.
Fifthly, this dissertation discusses the results which are checked out by hypothesis, which shows definitely the significance of theory and practice. The verifiably hypothesis could reveal the operational relationship among each elements, and the practical enlightenment of supported hypothesis; as for these hypothesis proved to be wrong, reveal the reasons combining with entrepreneurial environment and development practice of firm.
The practical enlightenments were put forward from the point of view of the self of firm and the policy includes in detail firm should adapt the external environments; should pay attention to the establishments of variable entrepreneurial strategy in its different development stage; should pay attention to the construction of internal capacity; strengthen the construction of the actor of organization of external environment.
The basic conclusions of this research include that characteristic of entrepreneurial environment is related positively with individual strategy; the hostile of characteristic of entrepreneurial environment is related positively with organizing strategy; the relationship between dynamic, complexity and organizing strategy isn’t significant; entrepreneurial strategy related positively with resource acquisition; the capacity of resource combination has the effect of regulating the relationship between resource acquisition and firm performance, the influence of individual strategy on resource acquisition is more significant in the early stage and grow-up stage.
This dissertation has the following innovations, firstly, builds the synthesis model of the affecting mechanism of entrepreneurial environment on firm performance based on strategy view; secondly, research on the effects of characteristic of environment on different entrepreneurial strategy (individual strategy and organizing strategy); thirdly, research on the effect of entrepreneurial strategy on firm performance with the resource acquisition as intermediary variable and analyzes the affecting mechanism of different entrepreneurial strategy on resource acquisition; fourthly, research on the relationship between resource acquisition and the capacity of resource combination and bring these two elements to the model of influence of entrepreneurial environment on firm performance.
引文
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2 H.H.Stevenson and J.C.Jarillo, A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship:Entrepreneurial Management, Strategic Management Journal, V.11, 17-27,1990.
3李志能,郁义鸿,罗伯特·D·希斯瑞克,创业学,复旦大学出版社,2000 年 3 月,P9。
4 Chandler, AD. (1962) Strategy and Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
5 Child, John (1972) Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance:the Role of Strategic Choice, Sociology Vol 6, pp. 1-22.
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7 Miles, Raymond. E.&Snow, Charles. C.(1978): Organizational Strategy. Structure and Process, New Yorks: McGraw-Hill.
8 Duncan, Robert B. (1972) Characteristics of Perceived Environments and Perceived Environmental Uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, pp. 314.
9乔治·斯蒂纳,约翰·斯蒂纳(Steiner, George A&Steiner, John F.)《企业、政府与社会》,华夏出版社,2002 年.
10理查德 L.达夫特(Daft, Richard L.)《管理学》,机械工业出版社,2003 年.
11 Milliken, Frances(1987) Three Types of Perceived Uncertainty About the Environment: State, Effect, and Response Uncertainty, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 12, No. 1, 133-43.
12也有学者称之为同质性(homogeneous) (Thompson. 1967),差异性(diversity) (Lawrence & Lorsch. 1967),简单一复杂性(simple-complex) (Duncan. 1972)。
13也有学者称之为稳定性(stable) (Thompson. 1967),静态一动态性(static-dynamic) (Duncan, 1972)。
14也有学者称之为资源依赖性(Resource Dependency)(达夫特,2002),在本文中不研究环境的这一特性。
15宽松性指环境中可用的和企业所需要的资源的稀缺或充裕程度。
16亨利·明茨伯格等:(战略历程:纵览战略管理学派》,机械工业出版社,2001 年,第 196 页.
17转引自王永龙:《动态复杂性环境中的组织创新研究》,《经济管理·新管理》2002 年第 6 期,提出者:格罗夫等人。
18赵锡斌:《企业环境研究的几个基本理论问愚》,《武汉大学学报一哲学社会科学版》,2004 年第 I 期,第 12-17 页。
19 Scott, W Richard (1995): Institutions and Organizations, Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage. pp.33。
20 林嵩、姜彦福,结构方程模型理论及其在管理研究中的应用,科学学与科学技术管理,2006,(2): 38-42.
21 曲波等,结构方程模型及其应用,中国卫生统计,2005,22(6):405-407.
22 AMOS 是结构化方程模型分析软件之一,由 smallwaters 公司开发设计。
24 冒险性利润,是指企业因其他企业战略萎缩、自己采取冒险性战略而取得的超过正常利润的利润(Stanley,2001)。
25 James M. Laux. 法国汽车企业早期创业,Johan-Mcgrill 出版社,1963 年第二版。
26 James J. Flink. 美国汽车发展的三个阶段,Blackpub-Southwest 出版社,1972 年。
27 Liangwei& Michael H Sadwichel, 2002. Environment and Strategy: A view of Regulations. Organization Science. Vol 12:115-136.
28 参见注释 19。
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11 Milliken, Frances(1987) Three Types of Perceived Uncertainty About the Environment: State, Effect, and Response Uncertainty, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 12, No. 1, 133-43.
12也有学者称之为同质性(homogeneous) (Thompson. 1967),差异性(diversity) (Lawrence & Lorsch. 1967),简单一复杂性(simple-complex) (Duncan. 1972)。
13也有学者称之为稳定性(stable) (Thompson. 1967),静态一动态性(static-dynamic) (Duncan, 1972)。
14也有学者称之为资源依赖性(Resource Dependency)(达夫特,2002),在本文中不研究环境的这一特性。
15宽松性指环境中可用的和企业所需要的资源的稀缺或充裕程度。
16亨利·明茨伯格等:(战略历程:纵览战略管理学派》,机械工业出版社,2001 年,第 196 页.
17转引自王永龙:《动态复杂性环境中的组织创新研究》,《经济管理·新管理》2002 年第 6 期,提出者:格罗夫等人。
18赵锡斌:《企业环境研究的几个基本理论问愚》,《武汉大学学报一哲学社会科学版》,2004 年第 I 期,第 12-17 页。
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20 林嵩、姜彦福,结构方程模型理论及其在管理研究中的应用,科学学与科学技术管理,2006,(2): 38-42.
21 曲波等,结构方程模型及其应用,中国卫生统计,2005,22(6):405-407.
22 AMOS 是结构化方程模型分析软件之一,由 smallwaters 公司开发设计。
24 冒险性利润,是指企业因其他企业战略萎缩、自己采取冒险性战略而取得的超过正常利润的利润(Stanley,2001)。
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28 参见注释 19。
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