一种无滤波器的单通道D类音频功率放大器设计
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摘要
随着科学技术的不断发展,便携式设备不断涌现,D类音频功率放大器已经开始在在DVD、液晶电视、MP4、手机等消费电子产品中应用,与传统的AB类音频功率放大器相比,其最大的优势在于具有高效率,实际转换效率能达到80%以上,理论转换效率可以达到100%。在这个能源节约的世界里,D类音频功率放大器的市场肯定会越来越大。文章是以参加西安民展微电子有限公司的一种无滤波器的音频功率放大器芯片设计项目为背景的。
本文详细地介绍了一种无滤波器的单通道D类CMOS音频功率放大器系统设计方案、关键功能模块电路的设计,以及各项功能和性能指标的仿真验证。设计中采用了全差分的输入和H桥的输出,可以运用扬声器本身带有滤波器的功能,来达到实现外围电路不用滤波器的目的,这样就可以尽量的减少面积。设计中电路包括输入模块,输出模块,脉宽调制,振荡器,死区时间,基准电路等不同的模块电路,芯片的采样频率大概在300KHz左右。设计的芯片面积为1600*1600μm2。
本文是基于CSMC 0.5μm CMOS工艺,运用Cadence工作平台,对芯片在不同模型、电压、温度组合下进行了仿真验证,使最终结果得到优化。仿真结果表明设计的芯片性能良好,满足预定的指标要求。
With the rapid growth of electronic technology, the portable electronic devices expand very speedily. Class-d has been used in DVD、digital TV、MP4、Mobile phone and so on widely. Its biggest advantage is high efficiency, thus requiring less power from the power supply and smaller heat sinks for the amplifier. The efficiency of translation is more than 80%, even reach 100% in theory. The market of Class-d will be larger and larger. This paper is based on the project which is“Filterless High Efficiency 2.5W Switching Audio Amplifier”in Xi’an Power-Rail Micro.Co.,Ltd.
This paper introduces a Filterless High Efficiency 2.5W Switching Audio Amplifier particularly. The system and the important modules will been designed. This paper also will introduce the results of the simulation. The CMOS chip will adopt the fully differential operation amplifier as the input and the H bridge output. Thus PCB can omit the LC filter. Because the loudspeaker is also a filter. The paper will introduce the modules including input, output, PWM, OSC., dead time ,PTAT and so on. The frequency of this chip is about 300KHz,the area of this CMOS chip is about 1600*1600μm2.
Finally, the simulation has completed by using the Cadence software with the CSMC 0.5μm CMOS process. Many kinds of simulations are finished based on various spice models, operating-temperature and supply-voltage, with the results of the circuit optimized. The simulation results show that the performance in application is excellent and can meet the prospective specifications.
本文详细地介绍了一种无滤波器的单通道D类CMOS音频功率放大器系统设计方案、关键功能模块电路的设计,以及各项功能和性能指标的仿真验证。设计中采用了全差分的输入和H桥的输出,可以运用扬声器本身带有滤波器的功能,来达到实现外围电路不用滤波器的目的,这样就可以尽量的减少面积。设计中电路包括输入模块,输出模块,脉宽调制,振荡器,死区时间,基准电路等不同的模块电路,芯片的采样频率大概在300KHz左右。设计的芯片面积为1600*1600μm2。
本文是基于CSMC 0.5μm CMOS工艺,运用Cadence工作平台,对芯片在不同模型、电压、温度组合下进行了仿真验证,使最终结果得到优化。仿真结果表明设计的芯片性能良好,满足预定的指标要求。
With the rapid growth of electronic technology, the portable electronic devices expand very speedily. Class-d has been used in DVD、digital TV、MP4、Mobile phone and so on widely. Its biggest advantage is high efficiency, thus requiring less power from the power supply and smaller heat sinks for the amplifier. The efficiency of translation is more than 80%, even reach 100% in theory. The market of Class-d will be larger and larger. This paper is based on the project which is“Filterless High Efficiency 2.5W Switching Audio Amplifier”in Xi’an Power-Rail Micro.Co.,Ltd.
This paper introduces a Filterless High Efficiency 2.5W Switching Audio Amplifier particularly. The system and the important modules will been designed. This paper also will introduce the results of the simulation. The CMOS chip will adopt the fully differential operation amplifier as the input and the H bridge output. Thus PCB can omit the LC filter. Because the loudspeaker is also a filter. The paper will introduce the modules including input, output, PWM, OSC., dead time ,PTAT and so on. The frequency of this chip is about 300KHz,the area of this CMOS chip is about 1600*1600μm2.
Finally, the simulation has completed by using the Cadence software with the CSMC 0.5μm CMOS process. Many kinds of simulations are finished based on various spice models, operating-temperature and supply-voltage, with the results of the circuit optimized. The simulation results show that the performance in application is excellent and can meet the prospective specifications.
引文
[1] Marco Berkhout, Integated Overcurrent Protection System for Class-D Audio Power Amplifiers, IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, 2005, 40(11): 2237-2245
[2] Pietro Adduci, Edoardo Botti, etc. PWM Power Audio Amplifier With Voltage/Current Mixed Feedback for High-Efficiency Speakers. IEEE Trans. On Industrial Electronics, 2007, 54(2): 1141-1150
[3] Brett Forejt, Vijay Rentala. A 700mW Class D Design With Direct Battery Hookup in a 90nm Process. IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, 2005, 40(9): 1880-1887
[4] Enrico Dallago, Giuseppe De Leo. A Current-Mode Power Sigma-Delta Modulator for Audio Applications. IEEE Trans. On Industrial Electronics, 2005, 52(1): 236-242
[5] Cao Zhengxin and Xiong Shaozhen. A New Structure for a CMOS Audio Power AMP with Extremely Low THD and Low Power Consumption. Chinese J. of Semiconductor. 2006, 27(9) : 1552-1556
[6] Nyboe, F.Risbo. Determination of Over current Protection Thresholds for Class D Audio Amplifier. Norchip Conf. 2005. 125-128
[7] Morrow, P.Gaalaas. A 20-W Stereo Class-D Audio Output Power Stage in 0.6um BCDMOS Technology. IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, 2004, 39(11): 1948-1958
[8] Berkhout.M. An Integrated 200W Class-D Audio Amplifier. IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, 2003, 380(7): 1198-1206
[9] Ji-Yeoul RYOO and Gyu-Hyeong CHO. A Single Chip 1 W CMOS Audio Power Amplifier with Pseudo Buffer Analog and Class D Switching Mixed Mode for Mobile Application. 2005, E88-C(9): 1886-1892
[10] Prokin.M. Boost Bridge Audio Amplifier. IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics. 2001, 47(2): 214-224
[11] S Akurai, M Ismail. Robust Design of Rail-to-Rail CMOS Operational Amplifiers for a Low Power Supply Voltage [J]. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 1996, 31(2): 146-156.
[12] J H Huijsing, D Linebarger. Low -Voltage Operational Amplifier with Rail-to-Rail Input and Output Ranges [J]. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 1985, SC-20(6): 1144-1150.
[13] Pietro Adduci, Edoardo Botti. PWM Power Audio Amplifier with Voltage/Current Mixed Feedback for High-Efficiency Speakers [J]. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits,2007, 54(2): 1141 -1149.
[14] Eric, Gaalaas, Bill Yang Liu, Naoaki Nishimura: Integrated Stereo Delta-Sigma Class D Amplifier. IEEE ISSCC 2005, San Francisco.
[15] Lin C H, M Ismail. A Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS Op Amp with Rail-to-Rail Input Output [A]. IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems. 1997. 1193-1196.
[16]茅于海.漫谈音频D类放大器[J].电子技术应用, 2006(05) .
[17]朱正涌.半导体集成电路.清华大学出版社.2001.
[18]陈贵灿.邵志标.程军等.CMOS集成电路设计.西安:西安交通大学出社.2002.
[19]CHANG J S, GWEE B H,LON Y S, et al. A Novel Low–Power Low-Voltage Class-D Amplifier with Feedback for Improving THD Power Efficiency and Gain Linearity[A ]. Proc一IEEE International Symposium On Circuits And System[C].2 001,1:1-635-1-638.
[20] SMITH KM,LAI Z R, SMEDLEY KM. A New PWM Controller with One-cycle Response[J].IEEE Transaction On Power Electronics, 1999,1 4(1):142-150.
[21]马智龙,丁玉薇.程控功率超声发生器[J].声学技术,199 7 , 1 6(1):36-38.
[22]鲍善惠.一种采用集成驱动器的超声波发生器[J].声学技术,1999,1 8(2):3 4-36.
[23]白同云,吕晓德.电磁兼容设计「M].北京:北京邮电出版社, 2001,6 3-168
[24]Cadence Component Description Format User Guide.2000.
[25]HSPICE User’s Manual,Volume 3 Analysis and Methods.HSPICE Version H92.
[26]Cadence.Assura Verification Training Manual.Version 2.0.
[27]Cadence.Assura Verification Lab Manual.Version 2.0.
[28]Franco Maloberti.Analog Design for VLSI Systems.Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2001.P144,P265.
[29]A.Matsuzawa.Low Voltage Mixed Analog/Digital Circuit Design for Portable Equipment.1993.
[30]United States Patent.Method and apparatus for maintaining stability in a circuit under variable load conditions.
[31]Alan B.Grebene.Bipolar and MOS Analog Integrated Circuit Design.1984.P206, P482~486.
[32]Phillip E.Allen,Douglas R.Holberg.CMOS Analog Circuit Design.第二版.电子工业出版社.2002.P153~P157,P395,P445,P462.
[33]Paul R.Gray,Paul J.Hurst,Stephen H.Lewis,etc.Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits.Fourth Edition.2000.P213,P304,P323,P480,P594.
[34] K. D. T. Ngo,“Analysis of a series resonant converter pulse width modulated or current controlled for low switching loss,”IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 3,no. 1, pp. 55–63, Jan. 1988.
[35] T.-F. Wu, H.-P. Yang, and C.-M. Pan,“Analysis and design of variable frequency and phase-shift controlled series resonant converter applied for electric arc welding machines,”in Proc. 21st IEEE IECON, 1995, vol. 1, pp. 656–661.
[36] L. Camage, K. Fujita, T. Ahmed, A. Fukui, M. Nakaoka, H. Fujita, and H. Akagi,“Pulse-density-modulated power control of a 4 kW, 450 kHz voltage-source inverter for induction melting applications,”IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 279–286, Mar./Apr. 1996.
[37] J. T. Matysik,“A new method of integration control with instantaneous current monitoring for class D series-resonant converter,”IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1564–1576, Oct. 2006.
[38] J. Sommarek, A. Virtanen, J. Vankka, and K. Halonen, "Comparison of different class-D power amplifier topologies for 1-bit band-pass delta-sigma D/A," in 2004 Proc. Of Norchip Conf, pp. 8-9, Nov. 2004.
[39] P. Wagh, P. Midya, P. Rakers, J. Caldwell, and T. Schooler, "An all-digital universal RF transmitter," in 2004 Proc. Of IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conf, pp. 549-552, Oct. 2004
[40] S.-G. Jeong and M.-H. Park,“The analysis and compensation of dead time effects in PWM inverters,”IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 38, no.2, pp. 108–114, 1991.
[41] J.-W. Choi and S.-K. Sul,“A new compensation strategy reducing voltage/current distortion in PWM VSI systems operating with low output voltages,”IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1001–1008,1995.
[42] D. Leggate and R. J. Kerman,“Pulse-based dead time compensator for PWM voltage inverters,”in Conf. Rec. IEEE IECON, 1995, vol. 1, pp. 474–481.
[43]童诗白,华成英,模拟电子技术基础[M],北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[44] J. A. Jenscn,“A new principle for a high-Efficiency Power Audio Amplifier for use with a Digital Pro amplifier,”J. Audio Eng. Soc. Vol. 35. No.12. 1987 Dec. pp984-993.
[45] H. Nakagaki, N. Amada, S. Inouc.“A High Efficiency Audio Amplifier,”J. Audio Eng. Soc. Vo1.31. No.6. 1983 Jun. pp984-993. [46 ] H.R. Camenzind, "Modulated Pulse Width Audio Power Amplifier", IEEE Trans. /LE, Vol. AU-14, No. 3, pp.136-140, 1996.
[47] Ronald0 C. Oliveira, Ernane A. A. Coelho and Joao B. Vieira Jr.,Luiz C. Freitas and Valdeir J. Farias, "Switching Power Amplifiers with Soft Commutation for AudioApplications", IEEE ISCS Conf. Rec., pp.557-560, 1996.
[48] Karsten Nielsen, "High-fidelity PWM-based amplifier concept for active loudspeaker systems with very low energy consumption",J. Audio Eng. Soc., Vol. 1.5, No. 7/8, pp. 554-570, 1997
[49] F.A. Himmelstoss and K.H. Edelmoser, "High Dynamic Class-D Power Amplifier", IEEE Trans. CE, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 1329-1333.1998.
[50] Ronan A. R. van der Zee and Ed (A. J. M.) van Tuijl, "A power-efficient audio amplifier combining switching and linear techniques", IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 34, No. 7, 1999.
[2] Pietro Adduci, Edoardo Botti, etc. PWM Power Audio Amplifier With Voltage/Current Mixed Feedback for High-Efficiency Speakers. IEEE Trans. On Industrial Electronics, 2007, 54(2): 1141-1150
[3] Brett Forejt, Vijay Rentala. A 700mW Class D Design With Direct Battery Hookup in a 90nm Process. IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, 2005, 40(9): 1880-1887
[4] Enrico Dallago, Giuseppe De Leo. A Current-Mode Power Sigma-Delta Modulator for Audio Applications. IEEE Trans. On Industrial Electronics, 2005, 52(1): 236-242
[5] Cao Zhengxin and Xiong Shaozhen. A New Structure for a CMOS Audio Power AMP with Extremely Low THD and Low Power Consumption. Chinese J. of Semiconductor. 2006, 27(9) : 1552-1556
[6] Nyboe, F.Risbo. Determination of Over current Protection Thresholds for Class D Audio Amplifier. Norchip Conf. 2005. 125-128
[7] Morrow, P.Gaalaas. A 20-W Stereo Class-D Audio Output Power Stage in 0.6um BCDMOS Technology. IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, 2004, 39(11): 1948-1958
[8] Berkhout.M. An Integrated 200W Class-D Audio Amplifier. IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, 2003, 380(7): 1198-1206
[9] Ji-Yeoul RYOO and Gyu-Hyeong CHO. A Single Chip 1 W CMOS Audio Power Amplifier with Pseudo Buffer Analog and Class D Switching Mixed Mode for Mobile Application. 2005, E88-C(9): 1886-1892
[10] Prokin.M. Boost Bridge Audio Amplifier. IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics. 2001, 47(2): 214-224
[11] S Akurai, M Ismail. Robust Design of Rail-to-Rail CMOS Operational Amplifiers for a Low Power Supply Voltage [J]. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 1996, 31(2): 146-156.
[12] J H Huijsing, D Linebarger. Low -Voltage Operational Amplifier with Rail-to-Rail Input and Output Ranges [J]. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 1985, SC-20(6): 1144-1150.
[13] Pietro Adduci, Edoardo Botti. PWM Power Audio Amplifier with Voltage/Current Mixed Feedback for High-Efficiency Speakers [J]. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits,2007, 54(2): 1141 -1149.
[14] Eric, Gaalaas, Bill Yang Liu, Naoaki Nishimura: Integrated Stereo Delta-Sigma Class D Amplifier. IEEE ISSCC 2005, San Francisco.
[15] Lin C H, M Ismail. A Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS Op Amp with Rail-to-Rail Input Output [A]. IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems. 1997. 1193-1196.
[16]茅于海.漫谈音频D类放大器[J].电子技术应用, 2006(05) .
[17]朱正涌.半导体集成电路.清华大学出版社.2001.
[18]陈贵灿.邵志标.程军等.CMOS集成电路设计.西安:西安交通大学出社.2002.
[19]CHANG J S, GWEE B H,LON Y S, et al. A Novel Low–Power Low-Voltage Class-D Amplifier with Feedback for Improving THD Power Efficiency and Gain Linearity[A ]. Proc一IEEE International Symposium On Circuits And System[C].2 001,1:1-635-1-638.
[20] SMITH KM,LAI Z R, SMEDLEY KM. A New PWM Controller with One-cycle Response[J].IEEE Transaction On Power Electronics, 1999,1 4(1):142-150.
[21]马智龙,丁玉薇.程控功率超声发生器[J].声学技术,199 7 , 1 6(1):36-38.
[22]鲍善惠.一种采用集成驱动器的超声波发生器[J].声学技术,1999,1 8(2):3 4-36.
[23]白同云,吕晓德.电磁兼容设计「M].北京:北京邮电出版社, 2001,6 3-168
[24]Cadence Component Description Format User Guide.2000.
[25]HSPICE User’s Manual,Volume 3 Analysis and Methods.HSPICE Version H92.
[26]Cadence.Assura Verification Training Manual.Version 2.0.
[27]Cadence.Assura Verification Lab Manual.Version 2.0.
[28]Franco Maloberti.Analog Design for VLSI Systems.Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2001.P144,P265.
[29]A.Matsuzawa.Low Voltage Mixed Analog/Digital Circuit Design for Portable Equipment.1993.
[30]United States Patent.Method and apparatus for maintaining stability in a circuit under variable load conditions.
[31]Alan B.Grebene.Bipolar and MOS Analog Integrated Circuit Design.1984.P206, P482~486.
[32]Phillip E.Allen,Douglas R.Holberg.CMOS Analog Circuit Design.第二版.电子工业出版社.2002.P153~P157,P395,P445,P462.
[33]Paul R.Gray,Paul J.Hurst,Stephen H.Lewis,etc.Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits.Fourth Edition.2000.P213,P304,P323,P480,P594.
[34] K. D. T. Ngo,“Analysis of a series resonant converter pulse width modulated or current controlled for low switching loss,”IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 3,no. 1, pp. 55–63, Jan. 1988.
[35] T.-F. Wu, H.-P. Yang, and C.-M. Pan,“Analysis and design of variable frequency and phase-shift controlled series resonant converter applied for electric arc welding machines,”in Proc. 21st IEEE IECON, 1995, vol. 1, pp. 656–661.
[36] L. Camage, K. Fujita, T. Ahmed, A. Fukui, M. Nakaoka, H. Fujita, and H. Akagi,“Pulse-density-modulated power control of a 4 kW, 450 kHz voltage-source inverter for induction melting applications,”IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 279–286, Mar./Apr. 1996.
[37] J. T. Matysik,“A new method of integration control with instantaneous current monitoring for class D series-resonant converter,”IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1564–1576, Oct. 2006.
[38] J. Sommarek, A. Virtanen, J. Vankka, and K. Halonen, "Comparison of different class-D power amplifier topologies for 1-bit band-pass delta-sigma D/A," in 2004 Proc. Of Norchip Conf, pp. 8-9, Nov. 2004.
[39] P. Wagh, P. Midya, P. Rakers, J. Caldwell, and T. Schooler, "An all-digital universal RF transmitter," in 2004 Proc. Of IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conf, pp. 549-552, Oct. 2004
[40] S.-G. Jeong and M.-H. Park,“The analysis and compensation of dead time effects in PWM inverters,”IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 38, no.2, pp. 108–114, 1991.
[41] J.-W. Choi and S.-K. Sul,“A new compensation strategy reducing voltage/current distortion in PWM VSI systems operating with low output voltages,”IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1001–1008,1995.
[42] D. Leggate and R. J. Kerman,“Pulse-based dead time compensator for PWM voltage inverters,”in Conf. Rec. IEEE IECON, 1995, vol. 1, pp. 474–481.
[43]童诗白,华成英,模拟电子技术基础[M],北京:高等教育出版社,2001
[44] J. A. Jenscn,“A new principle for a high-Efficiency Power Audio Amplifier for use with a Digital Pro amplifier,”J. Audio Eng. Soc. Vol. 35. No.12. 1987 Dec. pp984-993.
[45] H. Nakagaki, N. Amada, S. Inouc.“A High Efficiency Audio Amplifier,”J. Audio Eng. Soc. Vo1.31. No.6. 1983 Jun. pp984-993. [46 ] H.R. Camenzind, "Modulated Pulse Width Audio Power Amplifier", IEEE Trans. /LE, Vol. AU-14, No. 3, pp.136-140, 1996.
[47] Ronald0 C. Oliveira, Ernane A. A. Coelho and Joao B. Vieira Jr.,Luiz C. Freitas and Valdeir J. Farias, "Switching Power Amplifiers with Soft Commutation for AudioApplications", IEEE ISCS Conf. Rec., pp.557-560, 1996.
[48] Karsten Nielsen, "High-fidelity PWM-based amplifier concept for active loudspeaker systems with very low energy consumption",J. Audio Eng. Soc., Vol. 1.5, No. 7/8, pp. 554-570, 1997
[49] F.A. Himmelstoss and K.H. Edelmoser, "High Dynamic Class-D Power Amplifier", IEEE Trans. CE, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 1329-1333.1998.
[50] Ronan A. R. van der Zee and Ed (A. J. M.) van Tuijl, "A power-efficient audio amplifier combining switching and linear techniques", IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 34, No. 7, 1999.