桥梁生命周期环境影响终点破坏评价方法研究
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摘要
桥梁是现代交通体系中必不可少的组成部分,是影响城市经济发展和社会进步的重要因素,并在一定程度上标志着一个国家或地区社会经济的发展水平。然而,在桥梁建设以令世人惊叹的规模和速度迅猛发展的同时,带来的环境问题也日益突出。可持续发展已成为国际结构工程的发展趋势,尤以生态环境可持续性最为重要,其主要目标是要保护生态系统、保障人类健康、保存生态资源。从而,解决桥梁建设引起的环境问题,对促进桥梁结构的可持续发展具有长远意义。桥梁不仅在建筑材料生产阶段、施工阶段直接或间接地消耗各种能源、资源、排放环境污染物,在其运营阶段和废弃阶段也是如此。因此,为正确引导桥梁结构可持续发展,就需要对桥梁整个生命周期的环境性能进行系统的分析和综合量化评价,一方面提高人们对桥梁全生命周期环境影响的认识；另一方面为改善桥梁生命周期环境影响提供理论依据及评价工具。
本文依托湖北省自然科学基金项目(2008CDB367),以武汉市南太子湖大桥为工程背景,在系统分析生命周期评价理论的基础上,构建了桥梁生命周期环境影响评价体系,基于Eco-indicator 99模型,建立了桥梁生命周期环境影响终点破坏评价模型,主要研究成果如下：
1.系统研究了生命周期评价理论和典型的影响评价方法,从桥梁的设计、原材料生产与加工、现场的施工、运营维护以及桥梁的废弃5个阶段剖析桥梁生命周期的环境影响,建立了桥梁生命周期环境影响评价体系,并对其中的关键问题评价目标和范围的确定、评价数据的质量要求和收集方式以及清单分析的方法进行了详细分析与讨论；
2.基于Eco-indicator99模型,选取了人类健康受损、生态破坏、资源耗竭3个终点环境影响类型,讨论了各终点类型所涉及的子类型,并确定了各终点的量化方法、标准值以及权重值,最终建立了用于评价我国桥梁生命周期环境影响的终点破坏模型；
3.将所建立的桥梁生命周期环境影响的终点破坏模型应用于武汉市南太子湖大桥,评价结果表明：南太子湖大桥生命周期所产生的环境影响对资源耗竭的影响最大,其次是对人类健康受损的影响,最后是对生态破坏的影响。
The bridge is an integral part of the modern transport system, one of the major factors affecting the city's economic development and social progress, and to a certain extent marked social and economic development level of a country or region. However as the bridge industry developing at a world wonder scale and speed, the environmental problems it brought become more obvious. Sustainable development has become the trend of international structural engineering, in which ecological sustainability is the most important. The main objective of sustainable development is to protect ecosystems, protect human health, and preserve ecological resources. Thus, to solve environmental problems caused by bridge construction have long-term significance to promote the sustainable development of bridge structure. Bridges not only in materials production stage and construction stage directly or indirectly consume a variety of energy and resources and blow off air pollutants, but also in operational stage and abandonment stage. In order to correctly guiding the bridge structure sustainable development, it's in great need to make systematic analyses and quantitative evaluations of bridges'environmental performance throughout the life cycle, on the one hand to raise people's awareness of the bridge life cycle environmental impact; the other hand to provide evaluation tools to improve the life-cycle environmental impact of the bridge.
The research project is funded by the Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province in China (2008CDB367), and the Southern Taizi Lake Bridge in Wuhan was analyzed as a typical case. Based on the systematical analysis of life cycle assessment theory, a life cycle impact assessment system of bridge was built. An endpoint damage assessment model of life cycle environmental impact for bridges was built based on the Eco-indicator 99 model, the main research results are as follows:
1. The life-cycle of bridge was divided into 5 stages:bridge design, raw materials processing, construction, operation, and demolition. Based on the systematical analysis of life cycle assessment impact assessment theory and the typical methods, a life cycle environmental impact assessment system for the bridge was built. The key issues as goal and scope definition, the quality requirements of evaluation data and collection methods of evaluation data are analyzed in detail;
2. Based on Eco-indicator99 model, Human health、ecosystem damage and resource depletion were selected as three endpoint types of environmental impact. The various sub-types of three endpoint types were discussed. And then the quantitative methods, normalization values and weights were identified. Finally a endpoint damage model for evaluating life cycle environmental impact of bridges was built.
3. Finally, the Southern Taizi Lake Bridge in Wuhan was analyzed as a typical case study. The results show that the main environmental damage impact of bridges is the damage to resources, followed by human health, and ecosystem quality.
本文依托湖北省自然科学基金项目(2008CDB367),以武汉市南太子湖大桥为工程背景,在系统分析生命周期评价理论的基础上,构建了桥梁生命周期环境影响评价体系,基于Eco-indicator 99模型,建立了桥梁生命周期环境影响终点破坏评价模型,主要研究成果如下：
1.系统研究了生命周期评价理论和典型的影响评价方法,从桥梁的设计、原材料生产与加工、现场的施工、运营维护以及桥梁的废弃5个阶段剖析桥梁生命周期的环境影响,建立了桥梁生命周期环境影响评价体系,并对其中的关键问题评价目标和范围的确定、评价数据的质量要求和收集方式以及清单分析的方法进行了详细分析与讨论；
2.基于Eco-indicator99模型,选取了人类健康受损、生态破坏、资源耗竭3个终点环境影响类型,讨论了各终点类型所涉及的子类型,并确定了各终点的量化方法、标准值以及权重值,最终建立了用于评价我国桥梁生命周期环境影响的终点破坏模型；
3.将所建立的桥梁生命周期环境影响的终点破坏模型应用于武汉市南太子湖大桥,评价结果表明：南太子湖大桥生命周期所产生的环境影响对资源耗竭的影响最大,其次是对人类健康受损的影响,最后是对生态破坏的影响。
The bridge is an integral part of the modern transport system, one of the major factors affecting the city's economic development and social progress, and to a certain extent marked social and economic development level of a country or region. However as the bridge industry developing at a world wonder scale and speed, the environmental problems it brought become more obvious. Sustainable development has become the trend of international structural engineering, in which ecological sustainability is the most important. The main objective of sustainable development is to protect ecosystems, protect human health, and preserve ecological resources. Thus, to solve environmental problems caused by bridge construction have long-term significance to promote the sustainable development of bridge structure. Bridges not only in materials production stage and construction stage directly or indirectly consume a variety of energy and resources and blow off air pollutants, but also in operational stage and abandonment stage. In order to correctly guiding the bridge structure sustainable development, it's in great need to make systematic analyses and quantitative evaluations of bridges'environmental performance throughout the life cycle, on the one hand to raise people's awareness of the bridge life cycle environmental impact; the other hand to provide evaluation tools to improve the life-cycle environmental impact of the bridge.
The research project is funded by the Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province in China (2008CDB367), and the Southern Taizi Lake Bridge in Wuhan was analyzed as a typical case. Based on the systematical analysis of life cycle assessment theory, a life cycle impact assessment system of bridge was built. An endpoint damage assessment model of life cycle environmental impact for bridges was built based on the Eco-indicator 99 model, the main research results are as follows:
1. The life-cycle of bridge was divided into 5 stages:bridge design, raw materials processing, construction, operation, and demolition. Based on the systematical analysis of life cycle assessment impact assessment theory and the typical methods, a life cycle environmental impact assessment system for the bridge was built. The key issues as goal and scope definition, the quality requirements of evaluation data and collection methods of evaluation data are analyzed in detail;
2. Based on Eco-indicator99 model, Human health、ecosystem damage and resource depletion were selected as three endpoint types of environmental impact. The various sub-types of three endpoint types were discussed. And then the quantitative methods, normalization values and weights were identified. Finally a endpoint damage model for evaluating life cycle environmental impact of bridges was built.
3. Finally, the Southern Taizi Lake Bridge in Wuhan was analyzed as a typical case study. The results show that the main environmental damage impact of bridges is the damage to resources, followed by human health, and ecosystem quality.
引文
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[3]杨建新,王如松.生命周期评价的回顾与展望[J].环境科学进展,1998,6(2)：21-28.
[4]韩盷峰,马民涛.中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集[C].北京：航空航天大学出版社,2009：951-955.
[5]席德立,彭小燕.LCA中清单分析数据的获得[J].环境科学,1997,18(5)：84-87.
[6]席德立,彭小燕.LCA环境影响分析新探[J].环境科学,1997,18(6)：77-81.
[7]杨建新,王寿宾,徐成.生命周期清单分析中的分配方法[J].中国环境科学,1999,19(3)：285-288.
[8]杨建新,徐成.生命周期环境影响类型分类体系研究[J].上海环境科学,1999,18(6)：246-248.
[9]王寿宾,胡聃,杨建新.综合产品环境审计工具：生命周期清单分析[J].环境科学,2000,21(3)：27-30.
[10]杨建新,王如松,刘晶茹.中国产品生命周期影响评价方法研究[J].环境科学学报,2001,21(2)：234-237.
[11]王寿宾,胡聃,吴千红.生命周期评价中资源耗竭潜力及当量系数的一种算法[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),2001,40(5)：553-557.
[12]莫华,张天柱.生命周期清单分析的数据质量评价[J].环境科学研究,2003,16(5)：55-58.
[13]田亚峥,郑泽根.生命周期影响评价权重系数的确定方法探讨[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2003,25(5)：61-64.
[14]赵辉,陈郁,张树深.环境管理工具：生命周期清单分析方法[J].环境保护,2005,1：26-28.
[15]夏添,邓超,吴军.生命周期评价清单分析的算法研究[J].计算机工程与设计,2005,26(7)：1681-1683.
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