露天采矿的生态影响综合评价与生态环境保护及修复对策研究
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摘要
矿山采选业是国民经济的基础产业,矿产资源开发活动给生态环境带来了巨大的负面影响,尤其是露天开采,对地表土壤的剥离和自然植被的破坏严重,因此,开展露天采矿的生态环境影响评价研究,并有针对性地选择生态保护和修复对策,具有重要的现实意义。
本文在综合分析国、内外露天采矿的生态环境影响评价、生态环境保护及生态修复研究现状的基础上,以生态环境保护与生态修复的相关理论为基础,结合国内外露天采矿生态环境保护与生态修复工程实践,以新疆某露天开采金矿为研究对象,建立了露天采矿的生态环境影响综合评价指标体系,并提出了相应的露天采矿生态环境保护和生态修复对策。本研究的主要成果有：
(1)建立了露天采矿生态环境影响综合评价指标体系,包括目标层、准则层和指标层,目标层为生态环境影响综合评价指标,准则层选取了土壤退化、植被覆盖度、生物多样性、水资源、生态景观,环境质量等6项指标,指标层由21项二级指标组成。
(2)根据研究区的生态环境特征,确定了评价指标体系的权重、计算和评价方法。采用层次分析法(AHP)确定了各指标的权重,利用百分比标准化法对指标进行量化和标准化,并运用线性综合法进行计算。
(3)采用建立的露天采矿生态环境影响综合评价指标体系,对新疆某露天金矿进行生态环境影响综合评价。结果表明：研究区的生态环境质量现状评价指标值(EIa)为0.4033,生态环境质量属于一般水平；生态环境影响预测评价指标值(EIb)为0.3637,说明矿山开采后的生态环境质量仍为一般水平,其变化幅度(△EI)在0.02至0.05之间,属于略有变化的范围,显示矿区开采对生态环境有一定影响。(4)依据研究区生态环境质量现状评价、生态环境影响预测评价结果,针对性地提出了露天采矿生态环境保护措施：矿区选址与替代方案、野生动植物保护措施和水土保持措施等。通过生态环境保护措施的实施,可维持研究区生态系统完整和生物多样性不发生明显变化：生物量不出现明显下降；野生动物栖息地不受明显影响。
(5)通过研究区生态修复适宜条件分析,提出了生态修复措施：包括土地复垦技术措施、边坡生态修复技术措施。土地复垦技术措施包括表层腐殖质土的剥离与堆放、拦渣坝、挡土坝、导洪排水、土地平整与腐殖质土回填等；边坡生态修复技术措施包括生态植被袋法、三维植被网法、客土吹附法、液压喷播法和厚层基材法等。在采取生态修复措施后,可以有效减缓露天采矿对生态环境的影响。
The mine selection industry is the national economy basic industry, the mineral resource exploitation activities have brought the huge negative influence for the ecological environment, particularly the open-pit mining, is serious to the surface soil's stripping and natural vegetation's destruction, therefore, studying eco-environmental impact assessment on development strip mining's and selecting the ecological protection and restoration measures have the vital practical significance.
This article that based on the comprehensive analysis of present researches of domestic and international open-pit mining environment impact assessment, ecological environment protection and ecological restoration, takes the ecological environmental protection and the ecology repair theories as a foundation, unifies the domestic and foreign open-pit ecological environmental protection and the ecology repair practice, takes the open-air gold mining in Xinjiang as the study object, has established the synthetic evaluation indicator system of ecological environment influence for open-pit mining, and has proposed the corresponding countermeasures about open-pit mining ecological environmental protection and the ecology repair. The main achievement of the research includes:
(1) This article has established the synthetic evaluation indicator system of ecological environment influence for open-pit mining, including the target layer, the criterion layer and the index layer. The target layer is the ecological environment influence quality synthetic evaluation target; the criterion layer includes the soil degradation, the vegetation degree of coverage, the biodiversity, the water resources, the ecology landscape, the environment quality; the index layer is composed of 21 secondary indicators.
(2) According to the characteristics of the ecological environment, this article has determined the evaluating indicator system's weight, the computation and the assessment method, has used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the weight of each index, has quantified and standardized indexes by using the percentage of indicators standardized method and has carried on the computation using the linear synthesis method.
(3) Using synthetic evaluation indicator system of ecological environment influence for open-pit mining, this article takes a comprehensive assessment of eco-environmental impact to some open-air gold mining in Xinjiang. The results shows that: the value of eco-environment index (EIa) is 0.4033, which belongs to the general level; The value of eco-environment prediction index (Elb) is 0.3637, which belongs to the general level, too:the change range (△EI) is between 0.02 to 0.05. which belongs to the slight change, all of these demonstrates that mining has influence to the ecological environment.
(4) According to the results of eco-environment quality, environmental impact prediction and evaluation, this article provides some ecological and environmental protection measures for open-pit mining:such as site select and alternative scheme, wild animals and plants protect measures and conservation measures of water and soil. Through these ecological protection measures, it can make the ecological system not to change significantly; biomass does not decrease obviously; the wild animal habitat is not affected obviously.
(5) By studying the optimal conditions of ecological restoration. this article proposes the ecology repair measure, including land reclamation technical measure and side slope ecology-repair technical measure. Land reclamation technology includes surface humus soil stripping and piling, blocks the dregs dam. retaining dam, flood drainage guide, land leveling and backfilling of soil humus. Side slope ecology repair technical measures includes vegetation bag method, vegetation net method, soil spraying attached, hydraulic seeding method and the thick layer of substrate method. Through the ecology repair measure, it may slow down the open-pit mining effectively to the ecological environment influence availably.
本文在综合分析国、内外露天采矿的生态环境影响评价、生态环境保护及生态修复研究现状的基础上,以生态环境保护与生态修复的相关理论为基础,结合国内外露天采矿生态环境保护与生态修复工程实践,以新疆某露天开采金矿为研究对象,建立了露天采矿的生态环境影响综合评价指标体系,并提出了相应的露天采矿生态环境保护和生态修复对策。本研究的主要成果有：
(1)建立了露天采矿生态环境影响综合评价指标体系,包括目标层、准则层和指标层,目标层为生态环境影响综合评价指标,准则层选取了土壤退化、植被覆盖度、生物多样性、水资源、生态景观,环境质量等6项指标,指标层由21项二级指标组成。
(2)根据研究区的生态环境特征,确定了评价指标体系的权重、计算和评价方法。采用层次分析法(AHP)确定了各指标的权重,利用百分比标准化法对指标进行量化和标准化,并运用线性综合法进行计算。
(3)采用建立的露天采矿生态环境影响综合评价指标体系,对新疆某露天金矿进行生态环境影响综合评价。结果表明：研究区的生态环境质量现状评价指标值(EIa)为0.4033,生态环境质量属于一般水平；生态环境影响预测评价指标值(EIb)为0.3637,说明矿山开采后的生态环境质量仍为一般水平,其变化幅度(△EI)在0.02至0.05之间,属于略有变化的范围,显示矿区开采对生态环境有一定影响。(4)依据研究区生态环境质量现状评价、生态环境影响预测评价结果,针对性地提出了露天采矿生态环境保护措施：矿区选址与替代方案、野生动植物保护措施和水土保持措施等。通过生态环境保护措施的实施,可维持研究区生态系统完整和生物多样性不发生明显变化：生物量不出现明显下降；野生动物栖息地不受明显影响。
(5)通过研究区生态修复适宜条件分析,提出了生态修复措施：包括土地复垦技术措施、边坡生态修复技术措施。土地复垦技术措施包括表层腐殖质土的剥离与堆放、拦渣坝、挡土坝、导洪排水、土地平整与腐殖质土回填等；边坡生态修复技术措施包括生态植被袋法、三维植被网法、客土吹附法、液压喷播法和厚层基材法等。在采取生态修复措施后,可以有效减缓露天采矿对生态环境的影响。
The mine selection industry is the national economy basic industry, the mineral resource exploitation activities have brought the huge negative influence for the ecological environment, particularly the open-pit mining, is serious to the surface soil's stripping and natural vegetation's destruction, therefore, studying eco-environmental impact assessment on development strip mining's and selecting the ecological protection and restoration measures have the vital practical significance.
This article that based on the comprehensive analysis of present researches of domestic and international open-pit mining environment impact assessment, ecological environment protection and ecological restoration, takes the ecological environmental protection and the ecology repair theories as a foundation, unifies the domestic and foreign open-pit ecological environmental protection and the ecology repair practice, takes the open-air gold mining in Xinjiang as the study object, has established the synthetic evaluation indicator system of ecological environment influence for open-pit mining, and has proposed the corresponding countermeasures about open-pit mining ecological environmental protection and the ecology repair. The main achievement of the research includes:
(1) This article has established the synthetic evaluation indicator system of ecological environment influence for open-pit mining, including the target layer, the criterion layer and the index layer. The target layer is the ecological environment influence quality synthetic evaluation target; the criterion layer includes the soil degradation, the vegetation degree of coverage, the biodiversity, the water resources, the ecology landscape, the environment quality; the index layer is composed of 21 secondary indicators.
(2) According to the characteristics of the ecological environment, this article has determined the evaluating indicator system's weight, the computation and the assessment method, has used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the weight of each index, has quantified and standardized indexes by using the percentage of indicators standardized method and has carried on the computation using the linear synthesis method.
(3) Using synthetic evaluation indicator system of ecological environment influence for open-pit mining, this article takes a comprehensive assessment of eco-environmental impact to some open-air gold mining in Xinjiang. The results shows that: the value of eco-environment index (EIa) is 0.4033, which belongs to the general level; The value of eco-environment prediction index (Elb) is 0.3637, which belongs to the general level, too:the change range (△EI) is between 0.02 to 0.05. which belongs to the slight change, all of these demonstrates that mining has influence to the ecological environment.
(4) According to the results of eco-environment quality, environmental impact prediction and evaluation, this article provides some ecological and environmental protection measures for open-pit mining:such as site select and alternative scheme, wild animals and plants protect measures and conservation measures of water and soil. Through these ecological protection measures, it can make the ecological system not to change significantly; biomass does not decrease obviously; the wild animal habitat is not affected obviously.
(5) By studying the optimal conditions of ecological restoration. this article proposes the ecology repair measure, including land reclamation technical measure and side slope ecology-repair technical measure. Land reclamation technology includes surface humus soil stripping and piling, blocks the dregs dam. retaining dam, flood drainage guide, land leveling and backfilling of soil humus. Side slope ecology repair technical measures includes vegetation bag method, vegetation net method, soil spraying attached, hydraulic seeding method and the thick layer of substrate method. Through the ecology repair measure, it may slow down the open-pit mining effectively to the ecological environment influence availably.
引文
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