雅泸高速公路沿线边坡植被恢复及防护方法研究
|
摘要
雅泸高速公路位于四川盆地西南边缘向高原过渡地带,线路所在区域内地形复杂,生态稳定性差,线路工程的建设易于导致周边生态环境向不利于人类利用的方向发展。为实现生态、和谐、环保的高速公路的建设目标,本文结合雅泸高速公路沿线的气候特点及自然植被状况,对道路沿线边坡植被恢复及综合防护方法开展研究。
论文首先在对道路沿线自然植物群落调查分析的基础上,将雅泸高速公路全线划分为四个区段,并利用现有研究结果,总结了道路沿线适生乡土植物的生态适应性,建立了区段植物选型资源库。通过对研究区域内的已建公路等工程植被恢复的调查,了解植被恢复建设的效果,并分析存在的问题。
其次,利用层次分析法,综合考虑坡面植物的适应性、防护性、景观性及经济性,构造判断矩阵对植物选型资源库中的植物进行综合排序,筛选出各植被区段适宜的坡面植被恢复植物种类。结合道路沿线自然植被的群落特征及边坡特征,选择了混合草本型植物群落、草灌型植物群落、草灌乔型植物群落,利用层次分析法的选型结果进行配置,并计算草本植物的播种量及灌木植物的种植密度。
根据雅泸高速公路沿线边坡坡位、坡比、坡高、岩石种类、岩石风化程度及边坡整体稳定性的不同,提出沿线边坡的综合防护方法,包括直接喷播、挂三维网喷播、骨架内喷播及锚杆框架梁内挂铁丝网喷播的工程技术。
Located in the southwest edge of Sichuan Basin to the plateau transition zone, Yaan-Luku Highway is featured with complicated topography and unstable ecology. Line projects construction is detrimental to the human use of the surrounding area. To realize the goal of building a highway with ecological, harmonious and environmental protection, combining the features of the climate with the natural vegetation along the path, this thesis intends to carry out research on vegetation restoration and comprehensive protection method.
Firstly, based on the investigation and analysis on the natural plant communities along Yaan-Luku Highway, by dint of the existed methods, the suitable native plant ecological adaptability is summarized and the resource library section established. Four sections are divided along the roadline. In addition, through investigating the vegetation restoration of the project which has been built within the study area, the thesis attempts to find out the results. and the existing problems of the restoration of vegetation construction。
Secondly, the author takes into comprehensive considerarion the adaptability, protective performance, landscape performance and economic performance of the slope plants by AHP, constructs judgment matrix to make comprehensive sequencing of the plants in the selection resources, and screens out appropriate plant species for the slope vegetation restoration in each section。Combined with the community characteristic of the natural vegetation and slope characteristics along the path, the thesis elects a mix of herbal plant community, grass-type plant and grass shrub plant community and makes configuration by using the AHP selection results and calculates the amount of herbaceous planting and shrubs in planting density。
In terms of the difference of the slope position, slope ratio, slope height, rock type, degree of rock weathering and slope stability along the Yaan-Luku Highway, the author proposes the integrated protection method for the slope, including direct seeding, hanging three-dimensional network of seeding, seeding and anchor within the framework of the skeleton within the hanging wire seeding beam engineering。
论文首先在对道路沿线自然植物群落调查分析的基础上,将雅泸高速公路全线划分为四个区段,并利用现有研究结果,总结了道路沿线适生乡土植物的生态适应性,建立了区段植物选型资源库。通过对研究区域内的已建公路等工程植被恢复的调查,了解植被恢复建设的效果,并分析存在的问题。
其次,利用层次分析法,综合考虑坡面植物的适应性、防护性、景观性及经济性,构造判断矩阵对植物选型资源库中的植物进行综合排序,筛选出各植被区段适宜的坡面植被恢复植物种类。结合道路沿线自然植被的群落特征及边坡特征,选择了混合草本型植物群落、草灌型植物群落、草灌乔型植物群落,利用层次分析法的选型结果进行配置,并计算草本植物的播种量及灌木植物的种植密度。
根据雅泸高速公路沿线边坡坡位、坡比、坡高、岩石种类、岩石风化程度及边坡整体稳定性的不同,提出沿线边坡的综合防护方法,包括直接喷播、挂三维网喷播、骨架内喷播及锚杆框架梁内挂铁丝网喷播的工程技术。
Located in the southwest edge of Sichuan Basin to the plateau transition zone, Yaan-Luku Highway is featured with complicated topography and unstable ecology. Line projects construction is detrimental to the human use of the surrounding area. To realize the goal of building a highway with ecological, harmonious and environmental protection, combining the features of the climate with the natural vegetation along the path, this thesis intends to carry out research on vegetation restoration and comprehensive protection method.
Firstly, based on the investigation and analysis on the natural plant communities along Yaan-Luku Highway, by dint of the existed methods, the suitable native plant ecological adaptability is summarized and the resource library section established. Four sections are divided along the roadline. In addition, through investigating the vegetation restoration of the project which has been built within the study area, the thesis attempts to find out the results. and the existing problems of the restoration of vegetation construction。
Secondly, the author takes into comprehensive considerarion the adaptability, protective performance, landscape performance and economic performance of the slope plants by AHP, constructs judgment matrix to make comprehensive sequencing of the plants in the selection resources, and screens out appropriate plant species for the slope vegetation restoration in each section。Combined with the community characteristic of the natural vegetation and slope characteristics along the path, the thesis elects a mix of herbal plant community, grass-type plant and grass shrub plant community and makes configuration by using the AHP selection results and calculates the amount of herbaceous planting and shrubs in planting density。
In terms of the difference of the slope position, slope ratio, slope height, rock type, degree of rock weathering and slope stability along the Yaan-Luku Highway, the author proposes the integrated protection method for the slope, including direct seeding, hanging three-dimensional network of seeding, seeding and anchor within the framework of the skeleton within the hanging wire seeding beam engineering。
引文
[1]周德培,张俊云.植被护坡工程技术.北京：人民交通出版社,2003.
[2]孙书存,包维楷.恢复生态学.北京：化学工业出版社,2005.
[3]彭少麟.恢复生态学.北京：气象出版社,2007.
[4]曲仲湘,吴玉树.植物生态学.第二版.北京：高等教育出版社,1983.
[5]李博.生态学.北京：高等教育出版社,1999.
[6]戈峰.现代生态学.第二版.北京：科学出版社,2008.
[7]Cairns. J. The status of the theoretical and applied science of restoration ecology. The Environmental Professional.1991.11:152～159
[8]Lewis,R.R.III.Wetland restoration/creation enhancement terminology:suggestion for standardization. Wetland Creation and Restoration:The status of the science, Vol.Ⅱ1989, EPA 600
[9]Ministry of works and transport. Use of bio-engineering in the road sector (geo-environmental unit)[R]. Nepal:Ministry of works and transport,1999
[10]Gray, D. H., Sotir, R. B. Biotechnical stabilization of highway cut slope. J. of Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 1992,118(9):1395～1409.
[11]Gray, D. H., Biotechnical stabilization of steepened slope. Transp. Res. Rec,1995, (1474):23～29.
[12]Sotir, R. B., Difini, J. T., McKown, A. F. Soil bioengineering/biotechnical stabilization of a slope failure[A]. Sixth International Geosynthetics Conference Proceedings Atlanta. GA,1998
[13]Shields, Jr. F. D. and Gray, D. H. Effects of Woody Vegetation on Sandy Levee Integrity. Water resources Bulletin,1993,28(5):917～931
[14]Sotir, R. B., Designing soil bioengineering streambank protection for multiple objectives[A]. In proceedings of Conference on Management of Landscape Disturbed by Channel Incision Stabilization Rehabilitation Restoration[C], Oxford, MS, May 1997:325～350
[15]Sotir, R. B., Criteria for woody vegetation placement in streambank protection[A]. In International Erosion Control Association Proceedings[c], Chicago, IL,1998
[16]Goldsmith, W. Soil reinforcement by river plants:progress results[A]. In proceedings of the conference on Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration[C], ASCE.1998
[17]Polster, D. F. Soil bioengineering for steep/unstable slopes and riparian restoration. Watershed Restoration Technical Bulletin,1999,4(4):1～8
[18]Cary. R. F, and R. D. Slayback. Plant materials and establishment techniques for revegetation of California desert highways. Transportation Research record,1983.969.24～26
[19]Kendra Meseley.et, Vegetation management practices.2003
[20]Hansen. D.J.,and C.M. McKell. Native plant estblishment techniques for successful roadside revegetation. Utah Dpartment of Transportation, Salt Lake City, Utah.Grace, J.M.,B.Rummer, B.J.Stokes, andJ.Wilhoit.1998.Evaluation of erosion control techniques on forest roads. Transactions of the ASAE,1991:383～391.
[21]陕西省水土保持局,西北水土保持生物土壤研究所.水土保持林草措施.北京：农业出版社.1979：208～210.
[22]席嘉宾,杨中艺等.西安地区高等级高速公路边坡护坡绿化草种的引种栽培试验.草原科学.1998,15(5)：53～58.
[23]刘德荣等.坡面液压喷播绿化草种及组合的筛选.北京林业大学学报.2000,22(2)：41～45.
[24]余晓华.我国西南紫色土地区公路护坡草种适应性研究.生态科学.2002,21(4)：342～345.
[25]罗军,朱开明等.高速公路坡面防护草种选择和应用技术研究.湖南林业科技.2001,28(2)：12～15.
[26]席嘉宾.高等级公路边坡牧草绿化混播试验的研究.甘肃农业大学学报.1997,32(2)：271～275.
[27]刘建宁.山西太旧高速公路边坡绿化种草技术研究,中国草地.1999,33(6)：23～26.
[28]龙忠富.草本植物混播对公路边坡的防护效果研究.中国水土保持.2003,(3)：25～26.
[29]陈迎辉.高速公路边坡喷播植草草种配比及播种量的研究.湖南林业科技.2004,31(3)：17～19.
[30]马海天才,廖北心等.岩石边坡生态防护草种混播比例的研究.草原与草坪.2004,106(3)：57～59.
[31]胥晓刚,杨东生等.不同植物种类在边坡植被恢复中的适应性研究.公路.2004,(6)：157～160.
[32]宋林旭.灌木在边坡生态防护中的作用.中国水土保持.2005,(7)：34～35.
[33]李清河,江泽平等.灌木的生态特性与生态效能的研究与进展.干旱区资源与环境.2006,20(2)：159～163.
[34]陈学平等.公路边坡灌木化植被建植技术研究.公路.2007,(8)：206～209.
[35]季蒙等.呼包高速公路路基边坡灌木防护效果试验.林业科技开发.2004,18(4)：29～31.
[36]张文娟等.北方城市森林建设典型灌木树种蒸腾耗水特征.干旱区资源与环境.2009,23(7)：131～136.
[37]田召圣.四种灌木在呼准铁路路基边坡植物防护中的应用.甘肃林业科技.2008,33(2)：72～73.
[38]朱大龙,丁鹰等.路堑石质边坡植被灌木化建植.草原与草坪.2009,134(3)：52～55、60.
[39]王喜华.不同类型植被对边坡防护作用的探讨.路基工程.2007,132(3)：147～148.
[40]江源等.高速公路边坡植被恢复效果研究.公路交通科技.2007,24(7)：147～152.
[41]郑煜基.草灌混播在边坡绿化防护中的应用.生态环境.2007,16(1)：149～151.
[42]陶岩等.公路边坡植被恢复中草灌配置模式实验研究.武汉理工大学学报.2008,30(6)：70～73.
[43]Stephen C. Trombulak and Christopher A. Frissell. Review of Ecological Effect of Roads on Terrestrial and Aqutic communities. Conservation Biology February.2000,14(1):18～30
[44]宋永昌.植被生态学.上海：华东师范大学出版社,2001：22～25.
[45]四川植被协作组编.四川植被.成都：四川人们出版社,1980.
[46]胥晓刚,王景平等.四川成雅高速公路环保与景观重建的应用探讨.交通环保.2003：19～21.
[47]黄红亚,徐文源等.西攀高速公路生态环境保护与恢复研究.交通建设与管理.2007：57～59.
[48]施金生.福建省高速公路景观绿化植物的选择和配置.福建热带科技.2002,27(3)：19～22.
[49]李树华.建造以乡土植物为主题的园林绿地.中国园林.2005,21(1)：47～50.
[50]Forman RTT, Sperling D, Bissonette JA, etal. Road Ecology:Science and Solutions. Washington:Island P ress,2002.
[51]Washington State Department of T ransportation Environmental and Engineering Service Center Design Of ice. Roadside Manual. Washington state department of t ransportation, Directional Documents and Engineering Publications,2003.
[52]陈济丁,王麒.公路绿化的草种选择和草皮建植方法.公路.1994,(4)：46～48.
[53]王云,龙春林,刘怡涛等.植物在高速公路边坡防护中的作用.水土保持研究.2005,12(6)：199～202.
[54]铁道第二勘察设计院,西南交通大学等.岩石边坡快速恢复植被的工程技术研究,2005.
[55]吴彦奇,杨烈.四川草坪草种植气候区划的探讨.草地学报.2000,8(1)：8～12.
[56]李昆仑.层次分析法在城市道路景观评价中的运用.武汉大学学报(工学版).2005,38(1)：143～148、152.
[57]《运筹学》教材编写组编.运筹学.北京：清华大学出版社,1990.
[58]吴小欢.AHP理论中关于判断矩阵一致性问题研究.广西大学.硕士论文.2006.
[59]#12
[60]陈海波.高速公路石质边坡生态防护植物筛选及灌木建植技术研究.交通标准化.2009：173～177.
[61]陈学平.湖北沪蓉西高速公路护坡植被重建研究.北京林业大学.博士论文.2009.
[62]陈学平,江玉林.公路边坡灌木化植被建植技术研究.公路.2007,(8)：206～209.
[63]孙儒泳.基础生态学.第二版.北京：高等教育出版社：175.
[64]孙书存.恢复生态学北京：化学工业出版社：155.
[65]刘孔杰,刘龙,周有秀.生物多样性在路域植被恢复中的应用.交通环保.2002,23(4)：10～12.
[66]外狞麻子.坡面绿化的研究现状和展望.水土保持科技情报.1999,(2)：29～31.
[67]刘龙.公路植被群落诱导技术初探.公路交通技术：17～20.
[68]#12
[69]Luarcet R. Plant Species Diversity and Polyploidy in Islands of Natural Vegetation Isolated in Extensive Cultivated Lands. Biodiversity and Conservation,1997,6 (4):591～613.
[70]Coppin N J.Richards 1 G. Use of Vegetation in Civil Engineering. Oxford.Butterworth-Heinemann,
1990.
[71]张俊云,周德培,李绍才.岩石边坡生态种植基试验研究.岩石力学与工程学报.2001,20(2)：239～242.
[72]Burns W J. Engineering geology and relative stability of the southern half of Newell creek canyon[M. S. Thesis.Oregon:Portland State University,1999.
[73]Furuya G, Sassa K, Hiura H, et al. Mechanism of c reep movement caused by landslide activity and underground erosion in crystalline schist, Shikoku Island, Southwestern Japan. Engineering Geology. 1999, (53):311～325.
[74]Reid M E, Nielsen H P, Dreiss S J. Hydraulic factors triggering a shallow hillslope failure. Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists,1988, (25):349～361.
[75]Toth J. Groundwater as a geologic agent:an overview of the causes, processes, and manifestations. Hydrogeology Journal,1999, (7):1～14.
[76]柳治国,刘世奇.边坡综合防护技术研究.公路工程..2008,33(4)：20～24.
[77]Robbin B Sotir. Soil bioengineering takes root. Civil Engineering.1998,68(7):50～53.
[2]孙书存,包维楷.恢复生态学.北京：化学工业出版社,2005.
[3]彭少麟.恢复生态学.北京：气象出版社,2007.
[4]曲仲湘,吴玉树.植物生态学.第二版.北京：高等教育出版社,1983.
[5]李博.生态学.北京：高等教育出版社,1999.
[6]戈峰.现代生态学.第二版.北京：科学出版社,2008.
[7]Cairns. J. The status of the theoretical and applied science of restoration ecology. The Environmental Professional.1991.11:152～159
[8]Lewis,R.R.III.Wetland restoration/creation enhancement terminology:suggestion for standardization. Wetland Creation and Restoration:The status of the science, Vol.Ⅱ1989, EPA 600
[9]Ministry of works and transport. Use of bio-engineering in the road sector (geo-environmental unit)[R]. Nepal:Ministry of works and transport,1999
[10]Gray, D. H., Sotir, R. B. Biotechnical stabilization of highway cut slope. J. of Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 1992,118(9):1395～1409.
[11]Gray, D. H., Biotechnical stabilization of steepened slope. Transp. Res. Rec,1995, (1474):23～29.
[12]Sotir, R. B., Difini, J. T., McKown, A. F. Soil bioengineering/biotechnical stabilization of a slope failure[A]. Sixth International Geosynthetics Conference Proceedings Atlanta. GA,1998
[13]Shields, Jr. F. D. and Gray, D. H. Effects of Woody Vegetation on Sandy Levee Integrity. Water resources Bulletin,1993,28(5):917～931
[14]Sotir, R. B., Designing soil bioengineering streambank protection for multiple objectives[A]. In proceedings of Conference on Management of Landscape Disturbed by Channel Incision Stabilization Rehabilitation Restoration[C], Oxford, MS, May 1997:325～350
[15]Sotir, R. B., Criteria for woody vegetation placement in streambank protection[A]. In International Erosion Control Association Proceedings[c], Chicago, IL,1998
[16]Goldsmith, W. Soil reinforcement by river plants:progress results[A]. In proceedings of the conference on Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration[C], ASCE.1998
[17]Polster, D. F. Soil bioengineering for steep/unstable slopes and riparian restoration. Watershed Restoration Technical Bulletin,1999,4(4):1～8
[18]Cary. R. F, and R. D. Slayback. Plant materials and establishment techniques for revegetation of California desert highways. Transportation Research record,1983.969.24～26
[19]Kendra Meseley.et, Vegetation management practices.2003
[20]Hansen. D.J.,and C.M. McKell. Native plant estblishment techniques for successful roadside revegetation. Utah Dpartment of Transportation, Salt Lake City, Utah.Grace, J.M.,B.Rummer, B.J.Stokes, andJ.Wilhoit.1998.Evaluation of erosion control techniques on forest roads. Transactions of the ASAE,1991:383～391.
[21]陕西省水土保持局,西北水土保持生物土壤研究所.水土保持林草措施.北京：农业出版社.1979：208～210.
[22]席嘉宾,杨中艺等.西安地区高等级高速公路边坡护坡绿化草种的引种栽培试验.草原科学.1998,15(5)：53～58.
[23]刘德荣等.坡面液压喷播绿化草种及组合的筛选.北京林业大学学报.2000,22(2)：41～45.
[24]余晓华.我国西南紫色土地区公路护坡草种适应性研究.生态科学.2002,21(4)：342～345.
[25]罗军,朱开明等.高速公路坡面防护草种选择和应用技术研究.湖南林业科技.2001,28(2)：12～15.
[26]席嘉宾.高等级公路边坡牧草绿化混播试验的研究.甘肃农业大学学报.1997,32(2)：271～275.
[27]刘建宁.山西太旧高速公路边坡绿化种草技术研究,中国草地.1999,33(6)：23～26.
[28]龙忠富.草本植物混播对公路边坡的防护效果研究.中国水土保持.2003,(3)：25～26.
[29]陈迎辉.高速公路边坡喷播植草草种配比及播种量的研究.湖南林业科技.2004,31(3)：17～19.
[30]马海天才,廖北心等.岩石边坡生态防护草种混播比例的研究.草原与草坪.2004,106(3)：57～59.
[31]胥晓刚,杨东生等.不同植物种类在边坡植被恢复中的适应性研究.公路.2004,(6)：157～160.
[32]宋林旭.灌木在边坡生态防护中的作用.中国水土保持.2005,(7)：34～35.
[33]李清河,江泽平等.灌木的生态特性与生态效能的研究与进展.干旱区资源与环境.2006,20(2)：159～163.
[34]陈学平等.公路边坡灌木化植被建植技术研究.公路.2007,(8)：206～209.
[35]季蒙等.呼包高速公路路基边坡灌木防护效果试验.林业科技开发.2004,18(4)：29～31.
[36]张文娟等.北方城市森林建设典型灌木树种蒸腾耗水特征.干旱区资源与环境.2009,23(7)：131～136.
[37]田召圣.四种灌木在呼准铁路路基边坡植物防护中的应用.甘肃林业科技.2008,33(2)：72～73.
[38]朱大龙,丁鹰等.路堑石质边坡植被灌木化建植.草原与草坪.2009,134(3)：52～55、60.
[39]王喜华.不同类型植被对边坡防护作用的探讨.路基工程.2007,132(3)：147～148.
[40]江源等.高速公路边坡植被恢复效果研究.公路交通科技.2007,24(7)：147～152.
[41]郑煜基.草灌混播在边坡绿化防护中的应用.生态环境.2007,16(1)：149～151.
[42]陶岩等.公路边坡植被恢复中草灌配置模式实验研究.武汉理工大学学报.2008,30(6)：70～73.
[43]Stephen C. Trombulak and Christopher A. Frissell. Review of Ecological Effect of Roads on Terrestrial and Aqutic communities. Conservation Biology February.2000,14(1):18～30
[44]宋永昌.植被生态学.上海：华东师范大学出版社,2001：22～25.
[45]四川植被协作组编.四川植被.成都：四川人们出版社,1980.
[46]胥晓刚,王景平等.四川成雅高速公路环保与景观重建的应用探讨.交通环保.2003：19～21.
[47]黄红亚,徐文源等.西攀高速公路生态环境保护与恢复研究.交通建设与管理.2007：57～59.
[48]施金生.福建省高速公路景观绿化植物的选择和配置.福建热带科技.2002,27(3)：19～22.
[49]李树华.建造以乡土植物为主题的园林绿地.中国园林.2005,21(1)：47～50.
[50]Forman RTT, Sperling D, Bissonette JA, etal. Road Ecology:Science and Solutions. Washington:Island P ress,2002.
[51]Washington State Department of T ransportation Environmental and Engineering Service Center Design Of ice. Roadside Manual. Washington state department of t ransportation, Directional Documents and Engineering Publications,2003.
[52]陈济丁,王麒.公路绿化的草种选择和草皮建植方法.公路.1994,(4)：46～48.
[53]王云,龙春林,刘怡涛等.植物在高速公路边坡防护中的作用.水土保持研究.2005,12(6)：199～202.
[54]铁道第二勘察设计院,西南交通大学等.岩石边坡快速恢复植被的工程技术研究,2005.
[55]吴彦奇,杨烈.四川草坪草种植气候区划的探讨.草地学报.2000,8(1)：8～12.
[56]李昆仑.层次分析法在城市道路景观评价中的运用.武汉大学学报(工学版).2005,38(1)：143～148、152.
[57]《运筹学》教材编写组编.运筹学.北京：清华大学出版社,1990.
[58]吴小欢.AHP理论中关于判断矩阵一致性问题研究.广西大学.硕士论文.2006.
[59]#12
[60]陈海波.高速公路石质边坡生态防护植物筛选及灌木建植技术研究.交通标准化.2009：173～177.
[61]陈学平.湖北沪蓉西高速公路护坡植被重建研究.北京林业大学.博士论文.2009.
[62]陈学平,江玉林.公路边坡灌木化植被建植技术研究.公路.2007,(8)：206～209.
[63]孙儒泳.基础生态学.第二版.北京：高等教育出版社：175.
[64]孙书存.恢复生态学北京：化学工业出版社：155.
[65]刘孔杰,刘龙,周有秀.生物多样性在路域植被恢复中的应用.交通环保.2002,23(4)：10～12.
[66]外狞麻子.坡面绿化的研究现状和展望.水土保持科技情报.1999,(2)：29～31.
[67]刘龙.公路植被群落诱导技术初探.公路交通技术：17～20.
[68]#12
[69]Luarcet R. Plant Species Diversity and Polyploidy in Islands of Natural Vegetation Isolated in Extensive Cultivated Lands. Biodiversity and Conservation,1997,6 (4):591～613.
[70]Coppin N J.Richards 1 G. Use of Vegetation in Civil Engineering. Oxford.Butterworth-Heinemann,
1990.
[71]张俊云,周德培,李绍才.岩石边坡生态种植基试验研究.岩石力学与工程学报.2001,20(2)：239～242.
[72]Burns W J. Engineering geology and relative stability of the southern half of Newell creek canyon[M. S. Thesis.Oregon:Portland State University,1999.
[73]Furuya G, Sassa K, Hiura H, et al. Mechanism of c reep movement caused by landslide activity and underground erosion in crystalline schist, Shikoku Island, Southwestern Japan. Engineering Geology. 1999, (53):311～325.
[74]Reid M E, Nielsen H P, Dreiss S J. Hydraulic factors triggering a shallow hillslope failure. Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists,1988, (25):349～361.
[75]Toth J. Groundwater as a geologic agent:an overview of the causes, processes, and manifestations. Hydrogeology Journal,1999, (7):1～14.
[76]柳治国,刘世奇.边坡综合防护技术研究.公路工程..2008,33(4)：20～24.
[77]Robbin B Sotir. Soil bioengineering takes root. Civil Engineering.1998,68(7):50～53.