平面阵连续波雷达自适应数字波束形成系统
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摘要
与机械扫描雷达相比，相控阵雷达具有许多优点，例如可同时形成多个波束、波
束可灵活捷变等。但常规相控阵雷达不具有抗有源干扰的能力，而采用自适应数字波
束形成技术，则可以使其具有自适应对抗有源干扰的能力。大型相控阵天线的阵元数
往往较多，阵元级自适应处理的设备量和计算量非常大，此时，子阵级自适应处理是
在系统性能和成本之间的折衷选择。连续波雷达的峰值功率与平均功率相等，其发射
机易于固态化，从而可以减小体积、便于瞬时开关机及机动。此外，连续波雷达还具
有低截获概率的特性。本文研究了连续波平面阵雷达自适应波束形成系统的若干关键
问题，主要内容包括：
对于自适应DBF雷达，天线系统和信号处理性能密切相关；同时，天线也是影响
相控阵雷达系统成本的一个重要因素。本文从信号处理的角度分析论证了两种具有低
成本特性的相控阵雷达天线：随机稀布阵列和多馈源空间馈电阵列。给出了一种随机
稀布阵子阵划分的原则及子阵级差波束的综合方法。通过比较两者的优缺点，我们认
为，在现有器件及工艺条件下，对X波段，多馈源空馈阵是一种较好的选择。
众所周知，阵列误差是影响阵列信号处理性能的一个重要因素。因此，阵列误差
校正对自适应DBF雷达十分重要。本文从空馈阵模型出发，提出了一种阵列幅、相误
差、传输系数误差和移相器误差联合校正的方法。该方法利用方向已知的信号源，和
移相器结合实现了误差的联合校正。计算机仿真结果表明该方法可以达到较好的误差
校正性能。虽然该方法是针对空馈阵提出的，但适用于其它具有子阵结构的系统。
连续波雷达有其本身的特点，该体制下的自适应DBF算法和脉冲体制雷达有所不
同。本文分析了连续波雷达自适应DBF的特点，将Fudge等人的阻塞矩阵导数约束算
法推广到平面阵情形，并详细分析、对比了该法和导数约束LCMV算法在雷达系统应
用中的主要性能，相应给出了一种雷达应用中基于GSLC结构的自适应波束形成算法
的设计方法。
平面阵的角误差信号具有方位和俯仰二维方向信息耦合的特点。本文提出了一种
导数约束二维方向信息分离的算法，使二维角度估计问题简化为一维角度估计问题，
简化了实现方案，且测角精度高于常规的一阶逼近算法。如果和阻塞矩阵导数约束算
法结合，该方法可以用来进行上支路固定方向图权系数的优化，而不需额外消耗系统
自由度。
在实际应用中，干扰源和雷达平台的相对运动会导致干扰到达角展宽，从而使自
适应处理性能下降。本文在现有抗运动干扰算法基础上，提出了一种基于GSLC结构
11
的抗运动干扰的自适应波束形成算法，分析了相关参数的选择方法。该法在运动干扰
环境下可以获得较好的性能。
自适应盲波束形成方程o已另夕卜种解决阵列误差问题的有效方法，它往往不需额
外的约束条件，从而可以达到近似最优的性能。本文先从通信应用出发，提出了一种
基于周期平稳信号话相关特性的盲自适应波束形成方法。该法在未知阵列流型的情况
下，通过估计信号导向矢量来达到增强信号、抑制干扰的目的。在此基础上，本文讨
论了盲波束形成方法在连续波雷达中的应用。
除了阵元幅、相误差以外，阵列各通道的不一致性也会导致阵列信号处理性能的
下降。本文J山区信应用出发，提出了一种基于中频信号周期平稳特性的自适应盲均衡
算法，该法在通信应用中可以获得较好的性能。在此基础上，我们提出了一种连续波
空债阵雷达的自适应通道均衡方案。结果表明，上述盲均衡算法在雷达阵列通道均衡
中可以获得较好的性能，并月石田纪了通常的自适应阵列通道均衡算法对硬件实现条件
的严格要求，简化了债电系统和控制电路的设计复杂度。
最后，本文研究了连续波平面阵自适应DBF系统的总体实现方案，结合自适应处
理算法，在分析比较现有器件性能的基础上，基于模块化设计思想给出了一种设计方
案，完成了系统电路的设计。
Abstract
ComPared with a mechedtal scanning haar a phased mp radar has mp adVantages,
such as sforultaneOus multiple beam and flekibly conbolled beam. Howevf, the haonal
phased arra for can not caneel achve interference. With the teCboque of adaghve digital
beaxn-fonnin rpBF), the ndhotal phed N radar could hav this ability For lnye
N with mny sensors, sensor level adaPtiv PrOCessing is comPUdsonally expenSbe and
resultS in high coSt. In this case, the subW level adaPtive ProceSsing is a bethe tradcoff
Wn System --ce and cosL The Peak POwe of CW for is equal tO its average
POwe and itS tIanSndtter can be easily realed with solid State COmPOenL Therefore, it has
small volume, good mobility and can be tal on or offconVedentiy. In addihon. the CW
M also has the proPerty of low probability of IntercePhon (LPD' Some key Problems on
the planar phased arra adaPtive DBF system for X band CW the are reasehed in thes
dissertation. the main work is sununarized as follows:
For the adaPtve DBF ler the anenn System is closely related ed signal ProCessing
tecndque and is an driPOrtan faCor in the System cost. In chaPter l, tWo kinds of low coSt
phased W anenna systeIn. namely sparse mp and mulh-bo pe fed axray are
analyzed and comPared. A principle for SUbanay division and a differenee beaIn Synthesis
method at submp level for SParse anay are ProPOsed. The authr conSders that the multi-
feed sPace feed W is more sultable for X band for Under mpnt condion.
It is well known tha the mp ermr may grealy degrade the perfOnnanee of adaPtive
N signal Processing, so the arra error calibration is very twrtan for adaPve DBF
ler In thes dissertaion, by means of a edbndion source and mp senSOs PhaSe Shifter
we proPOsed a algorithIn for joint1y calibhan the sensors amPitude and PhaSe ermr, sPace
twt parameter error and Phase shifter error for space fed anay The algorithIn also
holds in other anas with subarra de.
The adaPive DBF aIgorithIn for CW ed is qulte differen from that for the Pulse ed
Aner analyzing the featUr of the CW radar we advanced a SPatial blocking fiiter derivative
conSwt algorithm for planar W based on Fudge's 1inear anay algorithIn, and comPared
itS pefformance with derivative conStrained LCMV algorithm. The shaulthen bo
indcate tha the proPOsed algorithIn is bettr than the derivthee constrained LCMV
algorithIn because it avoids the signal caneellation and adaPtive Inain beam distonion
effectively without the gain loss and broadening main beam.
The azimuth and element angle are coupled in the monopulse angle estimation for the planar array. We proposed a derivative constrained beamforming algorithm for separating the two-dimension angle information and simplifying the 2-D angle estimation algorithm to l-D angle estimation algorithm. Moreover, it can result higher angle estimation precision than the first order approximation algorithm.
In practical applications, the relative motion between radar platform and interference can broaden the direction angle of interference signals and severely degrade the performance of adaptive array if the weights adjustment is not fast enough. In chapter 6, we advanced an adaptive beainforming algorithm with GSLC structure and robustness against janlmer motion. The simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm performs better than the conventional GSLC algorithm in moving interference scenarios.
Adaptive blind beamforming algorithm is also an effective method for extracting the required signal in the existence of array errors. We proposed a blind adaptive beamforming algorithm based on the signal抯 self-coherence property. Employing the estimated array manifold, the required signal can be extracted while eliminating the interference. We also discuss the application of the algorithm to CW radar.
Besides sensor amplitude and phase error, mismatch between channels can also degrade the performance of adaptive arrays. In chapter 8, we proposed an adaptive blind equalization algorithm based on the cyclostationaiy pro
束可灵活捷变等。但常规相控阵雷达不具有抗有源干扰的能力，而采用自适应数字波
束形成技术，则可以使其具有自适应对抗有源干扰的能力。大型相控阵天线的阵元数
往往较多，阵元级自适应处理的设备量和计算量非常大，此时，子阵级自适应处理是
在系统性能和成本之间的折衷选择。连续波雷达的峰值功率与平均功率相等，其发射
机易于固态化，从而可以减小体积、便于瞬时开关机及机动。此外，连续波雷达还具
有低截获概率的特性。本文研究了连续波平面阵雷达自适应波束形成系统的若干关键
问题，主要内容包括：
对于自适应DBF雷达，天线系统和信号处理性能密切相关；同时，天线也是影响
相控阵雷达系统成本的一个重要因素。本文从信号处理的角度分析论证了两种具有低
成本特性的相控阵雷达天线：随机稀布阵列和多馈源空间馈电阵列。给出了一种随机
稀布阵子阵划分的原则及子阵级差波束的综合方法。通过比较两者的优缺点，我们认
为，在现有器件及工艺条件下，对X波段，多馈源空馈阵是一种较好的选择。
众所周知，阵列误差是影响阵列信号处理性能的一个重要因素。因此，阵列误差
校正对自适应DBF雷达十分重要。本文从空馈阵模型出发，提出了一种阵列幅、相误
差、传输系数误差和移相器误差联合校正的方法。该方法利用方向已知的信号源，和
移相器结合实现了误差的联合校正。计算机仿真结果表明该方法可以达到较好的误差
校正性能。虽然该方法是针对空馈阵提出的，但适用于其它具有子阵结构的系统。
连续波雷达有其本身的特点，该体制下的自适应DBF算法和脉冲体制雷达有所不
同。本文分析了连续波雷达自适应DBF的特点，将Fudge等人的阻塞矩阵导数约束算
法推广到平面阵情形，并详细分析、对比了该法和导数约束LCMV算法在雷达系统应
用中的主要性能，相应给出了一种雷达应用中基于GSLC结构的自适应波束形成算法
的设计方法。
平面阵的角误差信号具有方位和俯仰二维方向信息耦合的特点。本文提出了一种
导数约束二维方向信息分离的算法，使二维角度估计问题简化为一维角度估计问题，
简化了实现方案，且测角精度高于常规的一阶逼近算法。如果和阻塞矩阵导数约束算
法结合，该方法可以用来进行上支路固定方向图权系数的优化，而不需额外消耗系统
自由度。
在实际应用中，干扰源和雷达平台的相对运动会导致干扰到达角展宽，从而使自
适应处理性能下降。本文在现有抗运动干扰算法基础上，提出了一种基于GSLC结构
11
的抗运动干扰的自适应波束形成算法，分析了相关参数的选择方法。该法在运动干扰
环境下可以获得较好的性能。
自适应盲波束形成方程o已另夕卜种解决阵列误差问题的有效方法，它往往不需额
外的约束条件，从而可以达到近似最优的性能。本文先从通信应用出发，提出了一种
基于周期平稳信号话相关特性的盲自适应波束形成方法。该法在未知阵列流型的情况
下，通过估计信号导向矢量来达到增强信号、抑制干扰的目的。在此基础上，本文讨
论了盲波束形成方法在连续波雷达中的应用。
除了阵元幅、相误差以外，阵列各通道的不一致性也会导致阵列信号处理性能的
下降。本文J山区信应用出发，提出了一种基于中频信号周期平稳特性的自适应盲均衡
算法，该法在通信应用中可以获得较好的性能。在此基础上，我们提出了一种连续波
空债阵雷达的自适应通道均衡方案。结果表明，上述盲均衡算法在雷达阵列通道均衡
中可以获得较好的性能，并月石田纪了通常的自适应阵列通道均衡算法对硬件实现条件
的严格要求，简化了债电系统和控制电路的设计复杂度。
最后，本文研究了连续波平面阵自适应DBF系统的总体实现方案，结合自适应处
理算法，在分析比较现有器件性能的基础上，基于模块化设计思想给出了一种设计方
案，完成了系统电路的设计。
Abstract
ComPared with a mechedtal scanning haar a phased mp radar has mp adVantages,
such as sforultaneOus multiple beam and flekibly conbolled beam. Howevf, the haonal
phased arra for can not caneel achve interference. With the teCboque of adaghve digital
beaxn-fonnin rpBF), the ndhotal phed N radar could hav this ability For lnye
N with mny sensors, sensor level adaPtiv PrOCessing is comPUdsonally expenSbe and
resultS in high coSt. In this case, the subW level adaPtive ProceSsing is a bethe tradcoff
Wn System --ce and cosL The Peak POwe of CW for is equal tO its average
POwe and itS tIanSndtter can be easily realed with solid State COmPOenL Therefore, it has
small volume, good mobility and can be tal on or offconVedentiy. In addihon. the CW
M also has the proPerty of low probability of IntercePhon (LPD' Some key Problems on
the planar phased arra adaPtive DBF system for X band CW the are reasehed in thes
dissertation. the main work is sununarized as follows:
For the adaPtve DBF ler the anenn System is closely related ed signal ProCessing
tecndque and is an driPOrtan faCor in the System cost. In chaPter l, tWo kinds of low coSt
phased W anenna systeIn. namely sparse mp and mulh-bo pe fed axray are
analyzed and comPared. A principle for SUbanay division and a differenee beaIn Synthesis
method at submp level for SParse anay are ProPOsed. The authr conSders that the multi-
feed sPace feed W is more sultable for X band for Under mpnt condion.
It is well known tha the mp ermr may grealy degrade the perfOnnanee of adaPtive
N signal Processing, so the arra error calibration is very twrtan for adaPve DBF
ler In thes dissertaion, by means of a edbndion source and mp senSOs PhaSe Shifter
we proPOsed a algorithIn for joint1y calibhan the sensors amPitude and PhaSe ermr, sPace
twt parameter error and Phase shifter error for space fed anay The algorithIn also
holds in other anas with subarra de.
The adaPive DBF aIgorithIn for CW ed is qulte differen from that for the Pulse ed
Aner analyzing the featUr of the CW radar we advanced a SPatial blocking fiiter derivative
conSwt algorithm for planar W based on Fudge's 1inear anay algorithIn, and comPared
itS pefformance with derivative conStrained LCMV algorithm. The shaulthen bo
indcate tha the proPOsed algorithIn is bettr than the derivthee constrained LCMV
algorithIn because it avoids the signal caneellation and adaPtive Inain beam distonion
effectively without the gain loss and broadening main beam.
The azimuth and element angle are coupled in the monopulse angle estimation for the planar array. We proposed a derivative constrained beamforming algorithm for separating the two-dimension angle information and simplifying the 2-D angle estimation algorithm to l-D angle estimation algorithm. Moreover, it can result higher angle estimation precision than the first order approximation algorithm.
In practical applications, the relative motion between radar platform and interference can broaden the direction angle of interference signals and severely degrade the performance of adaptive array if the weights adjustment is not fast enough. In chapter 6, we advanced an adaptive beainforming algorithm with GSLC structure and robustness against janlmer motion. The simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm performs better than the conventional GSLC algorithm in moving interference scenarios.
Adaptive blind beamforming algorithm is also an effective method for extracting the required signal in the existence of array errors. We proposed a blind adaptive beamforming algorithm based on the signal抯 self-coherence property. Employing the estimated array manifold, the required signal can be extracted while eliminating the interference. We also discuss the application of the algorithm to CW radar.
Besides sensor amplitude and phase error, mismatch between channels can also degrade the performance of adaptive arrays. In chapter 8, we proposed an adaptive blind equalization algorithm based on the cyclostationaiy pro
引文
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