米糠油脱臭馏出物中生物活性成分的研究
|
摘要
本文以米糠油脱臭馏出物为研究对象,研究了精炼工艺对脱臭馏出物中生物活性成分的影响,分析了脱臭馏出物的性质,为其进一步开发利用奠定了科学基础；建立了脱臭馏出物中甾醇测定的方法；研究了物理脱酸与酶法酯化为基础的甾醇和生育酚分离提取技术；建立了甾醇精制工艺,评价了米糠甾醇调节血脂的作用。
研究了米糠油精炼过程中,脱胶、脱酸、脱色、脱蜡、脱臭等工艺对米糠油脱臭馏出物的影响,发现米糠油精炼过程中,毛油的水分、酸度和过氧化值有较大幅度地下降,经过精炼工艺水分从1.12%下降到了0.05%,酸度从8.25%下降到了0.09%,过氧化值从8.54meq/kg下降到了0.26meq/kg,不皂化物的含量没有明显改变,大量浓缩到脱臭馏出物中,脂肪酸的绝对含量及相对含量、生育酚的含量也没有明显降低。
分析了脱臭馏出物的主要组成成分及其理化性质,其水分含量达到了0.8%,酸度高达49.35%,如果提取其中的生物活性成分,必须除去其中的脂肪酸成分,并在预处理工序中要将水分降低到合理的水平,发现脱臭馏出物的脂肪酸组成与米糠油基本一致,在脂肪酸中棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸的比例为20.32%,41.29%,和31.78%,其中不饱和脂肪酸达到了75.26%,容易引发氧化反应,宜采用充惰性气体保存,证实脱臭馏出物的不皂化物含量23.03%,甾醇含量14.82%,生育酚含量1.42%,具有分离提取甾醇和生育酚的价值。
研究了比色法测定脱臭馏出物的甾醇含量,确定了显色反应时间15分钟和测定波长630nm,建立了一种简便、快捷的甾醇测定方法,样品回收率91-103%,相对标准偏差小于5%,采用该方法测定了米糠油、菜籽油、大豆油和玉米油四种脱臭馏出物的甾醇含量。建立了一种植物甾醇的气相色谱检测方法,先以石油醚为溶剂,将样品溶解,再使其硅烷化,最后用气相色谱火焰离子检测器分析,色谱条件：氦载气流速0.5ml/min,检测器温度：320℃,FID空气流速280ml/min,FID氢气流速30ml/min,FID补充氮气流速-20ml/min。
建立了脱臭馏出物物理脱酸、酶催化酯化、甘油酯转酯化、冷却结晶、分子蒸馏的甾醇和生育酚分离提取工艺,研究了脱臭馏出物的预处理技术,在105℃温度和100Pa真空度下,经过薄膜蒸发,米糠油脱臭馏出物水分含量从0.8%降到了0.05%,对影响脱臭馏出物分子蒸馏后酸值和生育酚回收率的四个因素进料速度、蒸馏温度、蒸馏压力和刮膜转速进行了单因素实验,进一步通过正交实验,确定了影响酸值的顺序是：压力、温度、转速和进料速度。通过极差分析获得了四个因素的最佳组合条件,在进料速度11ml/min,蒸馏温度145℃,蒸馏压力13Pa,刮膜转速300转／分时,生育酚回收率达到了82.52%,游离脂肪酸降低了76.01%。
研究了脱臭馏出物的酶催化酯化工艺,经过单因素实验,确定的反应条件为酶剂量0.0010g/g,反应温度60℃,反应时间4h,酯化率95%左右。研究了脱臭馏出物甘油酯的转酯化反应,在料液比10g/ml,转酯化温度70℃,酯化时间2h的条件下,甘油酯含量从18.65%下降到了0.58%。研究了脱臭馏出物酯化产物的冷却结晶工艺,比较了自然降温和冰箱降温方式及养晶温度对甾醇纯度和回收率的影响,得到了纯度为50%左右的甾醇样品。
建立了脱臭馏出物的四次分子蒸馏工艺,第一、二次分子蒸馏条件为进料速度11ml/min,蒸馏温度105℃,蒸馏压力13Pa,刮膜转速300转／分；第三次分子蒸馏条件为进料速度11ml/min,蒸馏温度195℃,蒸馏压力13Pa,刮膜转速300转／分；第四次分子蒸馏条件为进料速度11ml/min,蒸馏温度135℃,蒸馏压力13Pa,刮膜转速300转／分。经过四次分子蒸馏,生育酚纯度52.35%,回收率78.45%。
分析了甾醇精制过程中降温速度、液料比和养晶时间对纯度和回收率的影响,通过响应面优化实验,甾醇纯度和回收率分别达到了92.25%和86.68%,最佳精制条件为降温速度1.54℃/min,液料比10(ml/g),养晶时间9.40h。对比了自制甾醇和商品甾醇的外观、纯度、熔点和旋光度等物理指标,二者差异不大。
研究了三种剂量米糠甾醇对大鼠高血脂症的预防和治疗作用,米糠甾醇能显著降低高血脂症大鼠的血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯和动脉硬化指数,对高密度脂蛋白无显著影响。建立了高血脂症大鼠的建模方法,研究了米糠甾醇对高血脂症大鼠肝脏的影响,实验表明米糠甾醇能够显著降低大鼠的肝重和肝系数。RBS55低剂量组、RBS55高剂量组和RBS90组的实验结果对比表明,纯度为90%的米糠甾醇调节血脂效果优于纯度为55%的低剂量组和高剂量组甾醇。
The object of this study is rice bran oil deodorizer distillate. We investigated the relationship between refining process and bioactive components in deodorizer distillate, explored the characteristics of deodorizer distillate, and provide the foundation of the science of further utilization. The simultaneously analytical method of crude sterol and phytosterol was developed in our study. We also founded the techniques about extraction and isolation of sterol and tocopherol, which were based on the physical deacidification and enzymatic esterification. Furthermore, we established the refining process of sterol, and evaluated function of rice bran sterol regulating the blood fat in rats.
In the study of refining process, we discussed the characteristics of rice bran oil deodorizer distillate effected by degumming, deacidification, bleach, dewaxing, and deodorization technology. Our results proved that the water content, acidity and peroxide value decreased from1.12%,8.25%and8.54meq/kg to0.05%,0.09%and0.26meq/kg in refining process, respectively. At the same time, the contents of unsaponifiable matter, fatty acid and tocopherol were rarely changed in the refining process.
We analyzed the components and physicochemical characteristics of deodorizer distillate. The water content and acidity were0.8%,49.35%respectively. Moreover, the content of unsaponifiables, crude sterol, tocopherol was23.03%,14.82%and1.42%respectively, which proved that the rice bran oil deodorizer distillate was important source for isolation of sterol and tocopherol. It is necessary to remove fatty acid, and control the water content in pretreatment process when we extracted the bioactive components in deodorizer distillate. Our data proved that the fatty acids were similar with them in rice bran oil. The ratio of palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid in deodorizer distillate was20.32%,41.29%, and31.78%respectively. In the storage of rice bran oil deodorizer distillate, the package should be filled with inert gas, because that the content of unsaturated fatty acid was75.26%easily initiating oxidation reaction.
We established the colorimetric analytical method detecting sterol in the deodorizer distillate, which was a rapid and convenient determination with recovery rate as91-103%, and relative standard deviation less as5%. The color reaction was15minutes, and determinated wavelength was630nm. With above analytical methods, we detected the content of crude sterol in the deodorizer distillate of rice bran oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil and corn oil. Moreover, we also found the analytical method based on gas chromatography for plant sterol. The sample was firstly dissolved with petroleum ether, then made it for silanization, finally analyzed with flame ionization detector. The detailed chromatography parameters were helium carrier gas flow rate as0.5ml/min, detector temperature as320℃, FID air flow rate as280ml/min, FID hydrogen flow rate as30ml/min, and FID supplemental nitrogen flow rate as-20ml/min.
We established the extraction and isolation technology of sterol and tocopherol, which were based on the physical deacidification, enzyme catalyzed esterification, tryglyceride ester transesterification, cooling crystallization, molecular distillation. The pretreatment technology was temperature as105℃, vacuum degree as100Pa. The water content decreased from0.8%to0.05%after thin-film evaporation. Meanwhile, we analyzed the recovery rate of tocopherol and acid value of molecular distillation by single factor and orthogonal experiments. The important index decided the efficiency of molecular distillation was in proper sequence as distillation pressure, vapourizing temperature, scraped film speed and feed rate. The optimum technological conditions determined by extreme difference analysis were feed rate as11ml/min, vapourizing temperature as145℃, distillation pressure as13Pa, and scraped film speed as300rpm/min, recovery rate of tocopherol as82.52%, free fatty acid as76.01%. Moreover, we founded the technological process of enzyme catalyzed esterification by single factor experiment, which include enzyme dose as0.0010g/g, temperature as60℃, reaction time as4h, and recovery rate as95%. Furthermore, we studied the conditions of glyceride transesterification, such as solvent ratio as lOg/min, temperature as70℃, transesterification time as2h. The content of glyceride decreased from18.65to0.58%. We also found the conditions of cooling crystallization, comparing with natural cooling process, cooling with refrigerator and cultured crystallization temperature, and obtained the crude sterol with purity as50%.
We explored the four phase distillation process. The first and second distillation were same as feed rate as11ml/min, vapourizing temperature as105℃, distillation pressure as 13Pa, and scraped film speed as300rpm/min. The third distillation was feed rate as11ml/min, vapourizing temperature as195℃, distillation pressure as13Pa, and scraped film speed as300rpm/min. The fourth distillation was feed rate as11ml/min, vapourizing temperature as135℃, distillation pressure as13Pa, and scraped film speed as300rpm/min. The purity of tocopherol was52.35%, and recovery rate was78.45%after fourth-molecular distillation process. At last, we analyzed purity and recovery rate of sterol effected by the cooling rate, solvent ration and cultured crystallization time. With the response surface optimization experiment, the purity and recovery rate of sterol was92.25%and86.68%, when the optimal conditions were such as cooling rate1.54℃/min, solvent ration10(ml/g) and cultured crystallization time9.40h. Our product was similar with commercial sterol at appearance, purity, melting point, optical rotation and other physical characteristics.
We explored the important role of rice bran sterol in preventing and curing the hyperlipemia in rats. The total serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triglyceride and atherogenic index except for high density lipoprotein were obviously decreased in rats administered with our rice bran sterol. We also found that the live weight and liver coefficient of rats decreased with hyperlipidemia rat model fed with rice bran sterol. When compared the results of RBS55low dose group, RBS55high dose group and RBS90group, we found the sterol with purity of90%was more efficient in modulating hyperlipemia than the RBS55low dose group and RBS55high dose group.
研究了米糠油精炼过程中,脱胶、脱酸、脱色、脱蜡、脱臭等工艺对米糠油脱臭馏出物的影响,发现米糠油精炼过程中,毛油的水分、酸度和过氧化值有较大幅度地下降,经过精炼工艺水分从1.12%下降到了0.05%,酸度从8.25%下降到了0.09%,过氧化值从8.54meq/kg下降到了0.26meq/kg,不皂化物的含量没有明显改变,大量浓缩到脱臭馏出物中,脂肪酸的绝对含量及相对含量、生育酚的含量也没有明显降低。
分析了脱臭馏出物的主要组成成分及其理化性质,其水分含量达到了0.8%,酸度高达49.35%,如果提取其中的生物活性成分,必须除去其中的脂肪酸成分,并在预处理工序中要将水分降低到合理的水平,发现脱臭馏出物的脂肪酸组成与米糠油基本一致,在脂肪酸中棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸的比例为20.32%,41.29%,和31.78%,其中不饱和脂肪酸达到了75.26%,容易引发氧化反应,宜采用充惰性气体保存,证实脱臭馏出物的不皂化物含量23.03%,甾醇含量14.82%,生育酚含量1.42%,具有分离提取甾醇和生育酚的价值。
研究了比色法测定脱臭馏出物的甾醇含量,确定了显色反应时间15分钟和测定波长630nm,建立了一种简便、快捷的甾醇测定方法,样品回收率91-103%,相对标准偏差小于5%,采用该方法测定了米糠油、菜籽油、大豆油和玉米油四种脱臭馏出物的甾醇含量。建立了一种植物甾醇的气相色谱检测方法,先以石油醚为溶剂,将样品溶解,再使其硅烷化,最后用气相色谱火焰离子检测器分析,色谱条件：氦载气流速0.5ml/min,检测器温度：320℃,FID空气流速280ml/min,FID氢气流速30ml/min,FID补充氮气流速-20ml/min。
建立了脱臭馏出物物理脱酸、酶催化酯化、甘油酯转酯化、冷却结晶、分子蒸馏的甾醇和生育酚分离提取工艺,研究了脱臭馏出物的预处理技术,在105℃温度和100Pa真空度下,经过薄膜蒸发,米糠油脱臭馏出物水分含量从0.8%降到了0.05%,对影响脱臭馏出物分子蒸馏后酸值和生育酚回收率的四个因素进料速度、蒸馏温度、蒸馏压力和刮膜转速进行了单因素实验,进一步通过正交实验,确定了影响酸值的顺序是：压力、温度、转速和进料速度。通过极差分析获得了四个因素的最佳组合条件,在进料速度11ml/min,蒸馏温度145℃,蒸馏压力13Pa,刮膜转速300转／分时,生育酚回收率达到了82.52%,游离脂肪酸降低了76.01%。
研究了脱臭馏出物的酶催化酯化工艺,经过单因素实验,确定的反应条件为酶剂量0.0010g/g,反应温度60℃,反应时间4h,酯化率95%左右。研究了脱臭馏出物甘油酯的转酯化反应,在料液比10g/ml,转酯化温度70℃,酯化时间2h的条件下,甘油酯含量从18.65%下降到了0.58%。研究了脱臭馏出物酯化产物的冷却结晶工艺,比较了自然降温和冰箱降温方式及养晶温度对甾醇纯度和回收率的影响,得到了纯度为50%左右的甾醇样品。
建立了脱臭馏出物的四次分子蒸馏工艺,第一、二次分子蒸馏条件为进料速度11ml/min,蒸馏温度105℃,蒸馏压力13Pa,刮膜转速300转／分；第三次分子蒸馏条件为进料速度11ml/min,蒸馏温度195℃,蒸馏压力13Pa,刮膜转速300转／分；第四次分子蒸馏条件为进料速度11ml/min,蒸馏温度135℃,蒸馏压力13Pa,刮膜转速300转／分。经过四次分子蒸馏,生育酚纯度52.35%,回收率78.45%。
分析了甾醇精制过程中降温速度、液料比和养晶时间对纯度和回收率的影响,通过响应面优化实验,甾醇纯度和回收率分别达到了92.25%和86.68%,最佳精制条件为降温速度1.54℃/min,液料比10(ml/g),养晶时间9.40h。对比了自制甾醇和商品甾醇的外观、纯度、熔点和旋光度等物理指标,二者差异不大。
研究了三种剂量米糠甾醇对大鼠高血脂症的预防和治疗作用,米糠甾醇能显著降低高血脂症大鼠的血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯和动脉硬化指数,对高密度脂蛋白无显著影响。建立了高血脂症大鼠的建模方法,研究了米糠甾醇对高血脂症大鼠肝脏的影响,实验表明米糠甾醇能够显著降低大鼠的肝重和肝系数。RBS55低剂量组、RBS55高剂量组和RBS90组的实验结果对比表明,纯度为90%的米糠甾醇调节血脂效果优于纯度为55%的低剂量组和高剂量组甾醇。
The object of this study is rice bran oil deodorizer distillate. We investigated the relationship between refining process and bioactive components in deodorizer distillate, explored the characteristics of deodorizer distillate, and provide the foundation of the science of further utilization. The simultaneously analytical method of crude sterol and phytosterol was developed in our study. We also founded the techniques about extraction and isolation of sterol and tocopherol, which were based on the physical deacidification and enzymatic esterification. Furthermore, we established the refining process of sterol, and evaluated function of rice bran sterol regulating the blood fat in rats.
In the study of refining process, we discussed the characteristics of rice bran oil deodorizer distillate effected by degumming, deacidification, bleach, dewaxing, and deodorization technology. Our results proved that the water content, acidity and peroxide value decreased from1.12%,8.25%and8.54meq/kg to0.05%,0.09%and0.26meq/kg in refining process, respectively. At the same time, the contents of unsaponifiable matter, fatty acid and tocopherol were rarely changed in the refining process.
We analyzed the components and physicochemical characteristics of deodorizer distillate. The water content and acidity were0.8%,49.35%respectively. Moreover, the content of unsaponifiables, crude sterol, tocopherol was23.03%,14.82%and1.42%respectively, which proved that the rice bran oil deodorizer distillate was important source for isolation of sterol and tocopherol. It is necessary to remove fatty acid, and control the water content in pretreatment process when we extracted the bioactive components in deodorizer distillate. Our data proved that the fatty acids were similar with them in rice bran oil. The ratio of palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid in deodorizer distillate was20.32%,41.29%, and31.78%respectively. In the storage of rice bran oil deodorizer distillate, the package should be filled with inert gas, because that the content of unsaturated fatty acid was75.26%easily initiating oxidation reaction.
We established the colorimetric analytical method detecting sterol in the deodorizer distillate, which was a rapid and convenient determination with recovery rate as91-103%, and relative standard deviation less as5%. The color reaction was15minutes, and determinated wavelength was630nm. With above analytical methods, we detected the content of crude sterol in the deodorizer distillate of rice bran oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil and corn oil. Moreover, we also found the analytical method based on gas chromatography for plant sterol. The sample was firstly dissolved with petroleum ether, then made it for silanization, finally analyzed with flame ionization detector. The detailed chromatography parameters were helium carrier gas flow rate as0.5ml/min, detector temperature as320℃, FID air flow rate as280ml/min, FID hydrogen flow rate as30ml/min, and FID supplemental nitrogen flow rate as-20ml/min.
We established the extraction and isolation technology of sterol and tocopherol, which were based on the physical deacidification, enzyme catalyzed esterification, tryglyceride ester transesterification, cooling crystallization, molecular distillation. The pretreatment technology was temperature as105℃, vacuum degree as100Pa. The water content decreased from0.8%to0.05%after thin-film evaporation. Meanwhile, we analyzed the recovery rate of tocopherol and acid value of molecular distillation by single factor and orthogonal experiments. The important index decided the efficiency of molecular distillation was in proper sequence as distillation pressure, vapourizing temperature, scraped film speed and feed rate. The optimum technological conditions determined by extreme difference analysis were feed rate as11ml/min, vapourizing temperature as145℃, distillation pressure as13Pa, and scraped film speed as300rpm/min, recovery rate of tocopherol as82.52%, free fatty acid as76.01%. Moreover, we founded the technological process of enzyme catalyzed esterification by single factor experiment, which include enzyme dose as0.0010g/g, temperature as60℃, reaction time as4h, and recovery rate as95%. Furthermore, we studied the conditions of glyceride transesterification, such as solvent ratio as lOg/min, temperature as70℃, transesterification time as2h. The content of glyceride decreased from18.65to0.58%. We also found the conditions of cooling crystallization, comparing with natural cooling process, cooling with refrigerator and cultured crystallization temperature, and obtained the crude sterol with purity as50%.
We explored the four phase distillation process. The first and second distillation were same as feed rate as11ml/min, vapourizing temperature as105℃, distillation pressure as 13Pa, and scraped film speed as300rpm/min. The third distillation was feed rate as11ml/min, vapourizing temperature as195℃, distillation pressure as13Pa, and scraped film speed as300rpm/min. The fourth distillation was feed rate as11ml/min, vapourizing temperature as135℃, distillation pressure as13Pa, and scraped film speed as300rpm/min. The purity of tocopherol was52.35%, and recovery rate was78.45%after fourth-molecular distillation process. At last, we analyzed purity and recovery rate of sterol effected by the cooling rate, solvent ration and cultured crystallization time. With the response surface optimization experiment, the purity and recovery rate of sterol was92.25%and86.68%, when the optimal conditions were such as cooling rate1.54℃/min, solvent ration10(ml/g) and cultured crystallization time9.40h. Our product was similar with commercial sterol at appearance, purity, melting point, optical rotation and other physical characteristics.
We explored the important role of rice bran sterol in preventing and curing the hyperlipemia in rats. The total serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triglyceride and atherogenic index except for high density lipoprotein were obviously decreased in rats administered with our rice bran sterol. We also found that the live weight and liver coefficient of rats decreased with hyperlipidemia rat model fed with rice bran sterol. When compared the results of RBS55low dose group, RBS55high dose group and RBS90group, we found the sterol with purity of90%was more efficient in modulating hyperlipemia than the RBS55low dose group and RBS55high dose group.
引文
[1]林亲录,肖华西,喻凤香,等.稻米酶法制取超高纯度麦芽糖浆工艺研究[J].食品科学,2010,(10)：26-29.
[2]朱德峰,张玉屏,陈惠哲.2009年国内外水稻生产、贸易与技术发展概况[J].中国稻米,2010,16(1)：1-3.
[3]王荣海,姚德春.食用植物油应提高自给率[N].长江商报.2012-3-10(1).
[4]Frank D Gunstone.Vegetable oils in food technology:omposition, properties and use[M]. Oxford:Blackwell publishing ltd,2002.299-305.
[5]Rozner S, Garti N.The Activity and absorption relationship of cholesterol and phytosterols[J].Colloids Surf.A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspect,2006,282(20):435-456.
[6]Nikolaus Weber, Petra Weitkamp, Kumar D Mukherjee. Cholesterol-lowering food additives:lipase-catalysed preparation of phytosterol and phytostanol esters[J].Food Research International,2002,35(2-3):177-181.
[7]Antonella A Tonello, Giovanni G Poli.Serum phytosterols not only from dietary intake[J].Br J Nutr.,2006,96(4):791-2.
[8]Wenzl T, Prettner E, Schweiger K.et al. An improved method to discover adulteration of styrian pumpkin deed oil[J], J. Biochem. Biophys.Methods 2002, (53):193-202.
[9]Fizet, C. Process for tocopherols and sterols from natural sources[P]. U.S. Patent 5,487,817,1996-01-30.
[10]Ghosh, S. and Bhattacharyya, D.K. Isolation of tocopherols and sterols concentrate from sunflower oil deodorizer distillate[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1996,73: 271-1274.
[11]Zhang, X. Cambrai, A. Miesch, M., et al. Separation of △5-and △7-phytosterols by adsorption chromatography and semipreparative reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography for quantitative analysis of phytosterols in foods[J].J. Agric. Food Chem.,2006, (54):1196-1202.
[12]Lin, K.-M. Koseoglu, S. Separation of sterols from deodorizer distillate by crystallization[J]. J. Food Lipids.,2003, (10):107-127.
[13]Azadmard-Damirchi, S. Dutta, P. C. Novel solid-Phase extraction method to separate 4-desmethyl-,4,-monomethyl-, and 4,4'-dimethylsterols in vegetable oils[J], J. Chromatogr. A,2006,1108:183-187.
[14]Evans, H. M. Emerson, O. H. Emerson, G. A.The isolation from wheat germ oil of an alcohol, having the properties of vitamin E[J]. J. Biol. Chem.,1936, (113):319-332.
[15]Sies H, Stahl W. Vitamins E and C, β-Carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants, Am. J. Clin. Nutr[J].,1995,62:1315-1321.
[16]Lee, S.H.Zhang, Z.Feng, S. S.Nanoparticles of poly(lactide)-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (PLA-TPGS) copolymers for protein drug delivery[J].Biomaterials,2007, (28):2041-2050.
[17]Mu, L. Feng, S. S. A novel controlled release formulation for the anticancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol(?)):PLGA nanoparticles containing vitamin E TPGS.J. Controlled Release,2003, (86):33-48.
[18]Shimada, Y. Nakai, S. Suenaga, M.et al. Facile purification of tocopherols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate in high yield using lipase[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2000, (77):1009-1013.
[19]Jacobs, L. Process for the Production of Tocotrienols[P]. U.S. Patent:6,838,104, 2005-01-04.
[20]BrownW, SmithF. E. Process for separating tocopherols and sterols from deodorizer sludge and the like[P]. U.S. Patent:3,153,055,1964-10-13.
[21]Martins, P.F. Batistella, C.B. Maciel-Filho, et al. Comparison of two different startegies for tocopherols enrichment using a molecular distillation process[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,2006, (45):753-758.
[22]]Shimada, Y. Purification of steryl esters from soybean oil deodorizer distillate[J], J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2003, (80):341-346.
[23]Lee H, Chung B.H and Park YH.Concentration of tocopherols from soybean sludge by supercritical carbon dioxide[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,991, (68):571-573.
[24]Chang C, Chang Y F, Lee H Z, et al. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of high-value substances from sunflower oil deodorizer distillate[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,2000, (39):4521-4525.
[25]Mendes M F, Pessoa F L P and Uller A M C. An economic evaluation based on experimental study of the vitamin E concentration present in deodorizer distillate of soybean oil using supercritical CO?[J]. J. Supercrit. Fluids,2002, (23):257-265.
[26]Nagesha G, Manohar B and Sankar K U. Enrichment of tocopherols in modified soy deodorizer distillate using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction[J]. Eur. Food Res. Technol.,2003, (217):427-433.
[27]Gast K, Jungfer M, Saure C, ea al. Purification of Tocochromanols from Edible Oil[J]. J. Supercrit. Fluids,2005, (34):17-25.
[28]Weststrate J A, Ayesh R, Bauer-Plank C, et al. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters, part 4. faecal concentrations of bile acids and neutral sterols in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine[J]. Food Chem. Toxicol.,1999, (37):1063-1071.
[29]Ikeda I, Y Tanabe, M Sugano.Effects of sitosterol and sitostanol on micellar solubility of cholesterol[J]. J.Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol.,1989, (35):361-369.
[30]Armstrong M. J, Carey M C. Thermodynamic and molecular determinants of sterol solubilities in bile salt micelles[J]. J. Lipid Res.,1987, (28):144-1155.
[31]Hirota Y, Nagao T, Watanabe Y, ea al. Purification of steryl esters from soybean oil deodorizer distillate[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2003,80:341-346.
[32]Gunawan S, Fabian C, Ju Y H. Isolation and purification of fatty acid steryl esters from soybean oil deodorizer distillate[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,2008, 47:7013-7018.
[33]Watanabe Y, Hirota Y, Nagao T, ea al. Purification of tocopherols and phytosterols by two-step in situ enzymatic reaction[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2004,81: 339-345.
[34]Nagao T, Kobayashi T, Hirota Y, et al. Improvement of a process for purification of tocopherols and sterols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate[J]. J. Mol. Catal. B-Enzym.,2005, (37):56-62.
[35]Torres C F, Torrelo G, Senorans F J, et al. A two steps enzymatic procedure to obtain sterol esters, tocopherols and fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil deodorizer distillate[J]. Process Biochem.,2007, (42):1335-1341.
[36]Bondioli P, Carlo M, Armando L, et al. Squalene recovery from olive oil deodorizer distillate[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1993,70:763-766.
[37]Stoldt J, Brunner G. Phase Equilibrium measurements in complex systems of fats, fat compounds and supercritical carbon dioxide[J].Fluid Phase Equilib.,1998,146, 269-295.
[38]Gunawan S, Kasim N S, Ju Y H. Separation and purification of squalene from soybean oil deodorizer distillate[J]. Sep. Purif. Technol.,2008,60:128-135.
[39]Frega N, Bocci F, Lercker G.High-resolution gas chromatographic determination of alkanols in oils extracted from olives[J]. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society.,1993,70:919-921
[40]Lercker G, Rodriguez-Estrada M T. Chromatographic analysis of unsaponifiable compounds of olive oils and fat-containing foods[J].J. Chromatogr. A,2000,881: 105-129.
[41]Bastic M, Bastic Lj, Jovanovic J A, et al. Hydrocarbon and other weakly polar unsaponifiable in some vegetable oils[J].J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1978, 55:886-891.
[42]Benitez-Sanchez P L, Leon-Camacho M, Aparicio R. A comprehensive study of hazelnut oil composition with comparisons to other vegetable oils, particularly olive oil[J]. Eur. Food Res. Technol.,2003,218:13-19.
[43]McGill A S, Moffat C F, Mackie P R, Cruickshank P. The composition and concentration of n-Alkanes in retail samples of edible oils, J. Sci. Food Agric. 1993,61:357-362.
[44]Wretensjo I, Karlberg B. Characterization of sterols in refined borage oil by GC-MS[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2002,79:1069-1074.
[45]Cert A, Moreda W. New method of stationary phase preparation for silver ion column chromatography:application to the isolation of steroidal hydrocarbons in vegetable oils[J].J. Chromatogr. A,1998,823:291-297.
[46]Verleyen T, Szulczewska A, Verhe R, et al. Comparison of steradiene analysis between GC and HPLC[J].Food Chem.,2002,78:267-272.
[47]Mennie D, Moffat C F, McGill A S. Identification of sterene compounds produced during the processing of ddible oils[J]. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr.,1994, (17): 831-838.
[48]Grob K, Biedermann M, Artho A, et al. LC, GC, and MS of sterol dehydration products in refined olive oil[J]. Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasse.,1994,71:533-538.
[49]Gunawan S, Ismadji S, Ju Y H. Design and operation of a modified silica gel column chromatography[J]. J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Eng.,2008, (39):625-633.
[50]Ikeda R M, Stanley W L, Vannier S H, Spitler E M. The monoterpene hydrocarbon composition of some essential oils[J]. J. Food Sci.,1962, (27):455-458.
[51]Lanzon A, Albi T, Cert A, et al. The hydrocarbon fraction of virgin olive oil and changes resulting from refining[J].J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1994,71:285-291.
[52]Morchio G, Spadone J C, Bracco U. Volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (VAHs) in edible vegetable oils with particular reference to virgin olive oil[J]. Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasse.,1994,71:491-502.
[53]Viviane Pinnel, Jacques Vandegans.GC-MS headspace analysis of the volatile components of soya oil without heating the sample[J].Journal of high resolution chromatography.,2005,19(5):263-266.
[54]Speer K, Steeg E, Hortsmann P, et al. Determination and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in native vegetables oil[J].J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 1990, (13):104.
[55]Mookherjee B D, Chang S S. Characterization of the carbonyl compounds in reverted soybean oil[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1963,40,232-235.
[56]Hill F D, Hammond E G. Studies on the flavor of autoxidized soybean oil[J].J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1965,42:1148-1150.
[57]Chaudry M M, Nelson A I, Perkins E G. Distribution of aldrin and dieldrin in soybeans, oil, and by-products during processing[J].J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1976, 53:695-697.
[58]Chaudry M M, Nelson A I, Perkins E G. Distribution of chlorinated pesticides in soybeans, soybean oil, and Its by-products during processing[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1978,55:851-853.
[59]Halbert M K, Archer J C. Dioxin and furan contamination of deodorizer distillates and natural vitamin E supplements[J]. J. Food Compos. Anal.,2007,20:506-514.
[60]Martins P F, Ito V M, Batistella C B, et al. Free fatty acid separation from vegetable oil deodorizer distillate using molecular distillation process[J].Separ. Purif. Technol.,2005,48:78-84.
[61]Hickman K C D. Purification of sludges, scums and the like to prepare relatively purified tocopherols[P]. U.S. Patent:2,349,270,1944.
[62]Ramamurthi S, Me Curdy A R. (1993) Enzymatic pretreatment of deodororizer distillate for concentration of sterols and tocopherols[J]. J. Am Oil Chem. Soc., 1993,70:287-295.
[63]邵平.分子蒸馏过程数值模拟及其在菜籽油脱臭馏出物再资源化中的应用研究[D].合肥：合肥工业大学,2006.94-105.
[64]Winters R L. (1986) In proceeding:world conference on emerging technologies in the fats and oils industry[R]. American Oil Chemist Society:Champaign, IL,1986, 185-186.
[65]Bohra J M. Gp implementationin the edible oil industry in india.http://www.apo-tokyo.org/gp/manila_conf02/resource_papers/narrative/bohr a.pdf,2008-05-30
[66]Copeland D, Belcher M. Methods for treating deodorizer distillate[P]. U.S. Patent:6,750,359.2004-06-15.
[67]Chu B S, Baharin B S, Che Man Y B, et al.Separation of vitamin E from palm fatty acid distillate using silica:I Equilibrium of batch adsorption[J]. J. Food Eng., 2004, (62):97-103.
[68]Martins P F, Ito V M, Batistella C B, et al. Free fatty acid separation from vegetable oil deodorizer distillate using molecular distillation process[J]. Sep. Purif. Technol.,2005,48:78-84.
[69]Moreira E A, Baltanas M A. Recovery of phytosterols from unflower oil deodorizer distillates[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2004,81:339-345.
[70]Jean-Paul Helme.Soybean Oil Refining.http://www.asa-europe.org/pdf/oilref.pdf 2008-05-30.
[71]Verleyen T, Verhe R, Garcia L, et al. Gas chromatographic characterization of vegetable oil deodorization distillate[J]. J. Chromatogr. A,,2001,921:277-285.
[72]Mendes M F, Pessoa F L P, Coelho G V, et al. Recovery of the high aggregated compounds present in the deodorizer distillate of the vegetable oils using supercritical fluids[J].J. Supercrit. Fluids.,2005,34:157-162.
[73]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T 5528-2008植物油脂水分及挥发物含量测定[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2011.
[74]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T 5530-2005动植物油脂酸值和酸度测定 [S].北京：中国标准出版社,2011.
[75]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T 5538-2005动植物油脂过氧化值测定[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2011.
[76]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T 5535-2003动植物油脂不皂化物测定[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2011.
[77]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T 17376-2008动植物油脂脂肪酸甲酯制备[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2011.
[78]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T17377-2008动植物油脂脂肪酸甲酯的气相色谱分析[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2011.
[79]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T26635-2011动植物油脂生育酚及生育三烯酚含量测定[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2011.
[80]吴筱丹,李士敏,王思平.粗吻海龙中总甾体的含量测定[J].中草药,2002,33(7)： 613-614.
[81]Rodrigues CEC, Pessoa Filho PA, Meirelles AJA. Phase equilibrium for the system rice bran oil+fatty acid+ethanol+water+oryzanol+tocols[J]. Fluid Phase Equilib,,2004,216:271-283
[82]Vanessa Ribeiro Pestana, Rui Carlos Zambiazi, Carla R B Mendonca, et al.Quality changes and tocopherols and orizanol concentrations in rice bran oil during the refining process[J].J Am Oil Chem Soc.,2008,85:1013-1019.
[83]Abidi SL.Chromatographic analysis of tocol-derived lipid antioxidants[J].J Chromatogr.,2000,881:197-216.
[84]Hoed VV, Depaemelaere G,Ayala JV, et al. Influence of chemical refining on the major and minor components of rice bran oil[J].J Am Oil Chem Soc 2006, 83:315-321
[85]Krishna AG, Kumar H G A, Khatoon S, et al. Effect of cooking of rice bran on the quality of exteacted oil. J Food Lipids.,2006,13:341-353.
[86]Desai ID, Bhagavan H, Salkeld R, et al..Vitamin E content of crude and refined vegetable oils in Southern Brazil.J Food Compos Anal.,1998,3:231-238.
[87]Alpaslan M, Tepe S, Simsek O.Effect of refining processes on the total and individual tocopherol content in sunflower oil.Int J Food Sci Technol.,2001, 36:737-739.
[88]Miettinen T A. Stanol esters in the treatment of hypercholesterolmia[J]. Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,1999,1:50-57.
[89]Frank T Orthoefer..Bailey's industrial oil and fat products:rice bran oil [M]. San Francisco:John Wiley & Sons Inc.2005.465-470.
[90]Slover H T, Thompson R H J R, Merola G V. Determination of tocopherols and sterols by capillary gas chromatography[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,,1983,60: 524-1528.
[91]D. Firestone.AOCS Official Method Ce 3-74, tocopherols and sterols in soya residue by GLC, official methods and recommended practices of the AOCS[S]. American Oil Chemists'Society:Champaign, IL,5th Ed.U.S.A.,1997.
[92]Ruiz-Me'ndev M V, Dobarganes M C. Combination of chromatographic techniques for the analysis of complex deodorizer distillates from an edible oil refining process[J]. Food Chem.,2007,103:1502-1507.
[93]D. Firestone. AOCS Official Method Ce 7-87, Tocopherols (total) in deodorizer distillate, Official Methods and. Recommended Practices of the AOCS [S]. American Oil Chemists'Society:Champaign, IL.5th Ed, U.S.A.1997
[94]Dumont M J, Narine S S. (2007) Characterization of flax and soybean soapstocks, and soybean deodorizer distillate by GC-FID[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2007,84: 1101-1105.
[95]周宝兰.米糠油甾醇组成的研究[J].中国粮油学报,1990,5(1)：28-35.
[96]陆柏益.竹笋中甾醇类化合物的研究——竹笋甾醇化学、工艺学及生物学功能[D].杭州：浙江大学,2007.36-59.
[97]陈茂彬,吴谋成.植物甾醇的毛细管气相色谱分析方法研究[J].中国粮油学报,2004,19(6)：88-90,97.
[98]胡小泓,沈敏元,康逸等.大豆油脱臭馏出物中提取植物甾醇的研究[J].中国油脂,2003,28(12)：47-48.
[99]石秉荣,洪桂秋.超临界流体萃取技术在食品工业的应用[J].食品研究与开发,1996,(1)：14-17
[100]狄济乐.超临界流体萃取技术在现代食品工业中的应用[J].湖南食品与发酵,1996, (1)：38-41
[101]黎鑫旭,陈小明,孟庆雄,等.酶法生产脂肪酸甲酯并提取植物醇[J].油脂工程,2007,5：73-75.
[102]樊明涛,吴守一,马海乐.大豆油脱臭馏出物酯化处理的试验研究[J].中国食品 学报,2003,4：37-40
[103]鲁志成,谷克仁,冶保献,等.浓硫酸催化脱臭馏出物脂肪酸甲酯化工艺研究[J].粮食与油脂,2005,3：21-23
[104]王珊珊.分子蒸馏法从脱臭馏出物中提取VE的研究[D].无锡：江南大学,2008.27-43.
[105]钟南京,李琳,李冰等.甘油酯的液相色谱分析[J].现代食品科技,2012,28(1)： 123-123.
[106]唐年初.豆油脱臭馏出物酶法甲酯化纯化VE的研究[D].无锡：江南大学,2008.37-41,74-92.
[107]张靖,张家穆.含水低级脂肪酸的酯化[J].安徽化工,1994,2：12-15,9
[108]高晶.脱臭馏出物中植物甾醇的提取与精制工艺研究[D].广州：华南理工大学,2004.34-36.
[109]C B Batistella, E B Moraes, R Maciel Filho, et al.Molecular distillation[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology.,2002,98-100:1187-1205
[110]Shimada, Y. Facile purification of tocopherols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate in high yield using lipase[J], J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2000, (77):1009-1013.
[111]唐年初,裘爱泳,胥传来.大豆油脱臭馏出物的酶法甲酯化新工艺[J].食品科学,2007,28(2)：142-144.
[112]张豪,乙引,洪鲲,等.响应而法优化酶促脂肪酸酯化工艺条件[J].农业工程学报,2011,27 (Supp2):125-129.
[113]许文林,黄一波,钱俊红,等.结品法精制混合植物甾醇中-p谷甾醇和豆甾醇[J].过程工程学报,2003,3(1)：73-79.
[114]黄妙玲,卢生奇,王小会,等.分子蒸馏技术制备米糠油植物甾醇的工艺研究[J].中国食品添加剂开发应用,2010,(5)216-219.43.
[115]Vieno Piironen, David G Lindsay, Tasu A Miettinen, et al. Plant sternls: biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition. J. Sci of Food and Agric.,2000, vol.80:939-966.
[116]Akihisa T, Kokke W, Tamura T. Naturally occurring sterols and related compounds from plants. Patterson GW&Nes WD:AOCS, Champaign, IL,1991,172-228.
[117]Khodjaiova LT, Levashina EA, Usolzeva MY, et al. Sterol content alterations in plants can be a source of a multiple resistance to the phytosterol-dependent pests. In:Abstracts of Germaan Russian Cooperation in Biotechnology Workshop IV[M]. Saint Petersburg:Science Press,1996.13-23.
[118]崔杨棣.植物油甾醇.粮食与油脂,1990,(3)：41-52
[119]L.John Goad, Toshihiro Akihisa. Analysis of Sterol[M]. London:Blackie Academic & Professional,1997.23-25.
[120]Dutta PC, Appelqvist L-A. Saturated sterols(stanols) in unhydrogenated edible vegetable oils and in cereal lipids. J. Sci Food Agric.,1996,71:393-391.
[121]Loui s F.Fieser, Mary Fieser.Steroids[M].USA:The Waverly Press Inc.,1989.32-35.
[122]S P Kochhar. Prog. Lipid. Res.,1983,22:161-188.
[123]谭仁祥,王剑文.甾体化学[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2009.34-45.
[124]Vivienne V, Yankah Peter, J H Jones. Phytosterols and health implications-chemical nature and occurrence[J]. Inform.,2001,12:808-811
[125]叶克恭.油脂非三酰丙三醇组分[J].粮食与油脂,1997.(2)：36-40
[126]Dutta PC, Przybylski R, AppelqviS T L-A. Formation and analysis of oxidized sterols in frying fat, in Deep Frying:Practises[J].Chemistry and Nutrition.,1996, 12:112-150
[127]杨波涛.植物甾醇的提取与精制[D].无锡：江南大学,2001.30-35.
[128]孙登文,张凡,刘福祯等.从混合植物甾醇分离豆甾醇和谷甾醇的工艺研究[J].中国油脂,1993(4)：228-230.
[129Hallikainen M A, Sarkkinen E S, Gylling H, et al. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr[J].,2000, 54:715-725
[130]Hendriks H F J, Weststrate J A, Van Vliet T. Spread enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering effect[J]. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.,1999,53:319-327
[131]盛漪.植物甾醇和植物甾烷醇：降低胆固醇健康食品[J].粮食与油脂.2001,11：46-47.
[132]Grandmoujin-Ferjani A., Schuler-Muller I.,Hartmann M-A. Sterol modulation of the plasma membrane from orn roots reconstituted into soybean lipisa. Plant Physiol.1997. vol.113:163-174
[133]崔杨棣.甾醇生理特性及其应用.粮食与油脂,1993(2)：32-42
[134]Armstrong MJ, Carey MC. Thermodynamic and molecular determinants of sterol solubilities in bile salt micelles[J]. J. Lipid Res.,1987,28:1144-1155
[135]Porter NA, Caldwell SE, Mills KA. Mechanisms of free radical oxidation of unsaturated lipids[J]. Lipids.,1995,30:227-290
[136]Smith LL., Review of progress in sterol oxidation[J]. Lipids.,1996,31:453-487.
[137]Gordon MH., Magos P. The effect of sterols on the oxidation of edible oils[J]. Food Chemistry.,1983,10:141-147.
[138]White PJ, Armstrong LS.Effect of selected oat sterol on the deterioration of heated soybean oil. J. AOCS.,1986,63:525-529
[139]Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Mendelsohn AB, et al. Cholesterol reduction and non-illness mortality:meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials[J].,2001, 322:11-15.
[140]Demonty I, Ras RT, Knaap HC van der, et al. Continuous dose-response relationship of the LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of phytosterol intake [J]. J Nutr.,2009, 139:271-284.
[141]Katan MB, Grundy SM, ones P, et al.. Stresa workshop participants, efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels[J]. Mayo Clin Proc.,2003,78:965-978.
[142]Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG. By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease?[J]. BMJ. 1994,08:367-372.
[143]Sal en G, Horak I, Rothkopf M, et al. Lethal atherosclerosis associated with abnormal plasma and tissue sterol composition in sitosterolemia with xanthomatosis[J]. J Lipid Res.,1985,26:1126-1133.
[144]Bhattacharyya AK, Connor WE. Beta-sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis:A newly described lipid storage disease in two sisters[J]. J Clin Invest.,1974,53:1033-1043.
[145]Fransen HP, de Jong N, Wolfs M, et al. Customary use of plant sterol and plant stanol enriched margarine is associated with changes in serum plant sterol and stanol concentrations in humans[J]. J Nutr.2007; 137:1301-1306.
[1461]Davidson MH, Maki KC, Umporowicz DM, et al. Safety and tolerability of esterified phytosterols administered in reduced-fat spread and salad dressing to healthy adult men and women[J].J Am Coll Nutr.,2001,20:307-319.
[147]Clifton PM, Mano M, Duchateau GS, et al. Dose-response effects of different plant sterol sources in fat spreads on serum lipids and C-reactive protein and on the kinetic behavior of serum plant sterols[J]. Eur J Clin Nutr.,2008,62:968-977.
[148]付桂,韩军花,杨月欣,边立华,植物醇(酯)对血脂作用的系统评价研究[J].营养学报,2008,30(2)：181-184,189.
[149]European Food Safety Authority. Consumption of food and beverages with added plant sterols in the European Union. The Efsa Journal.,2008,133:1-21.
[150]U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Food Labeling:Plant Sterol/Stanol Esters and Coronary Heart Disease. Code of Federal Regulation (CFR).21 CFR 101.83.2000.
[151]Commonwealth of Australia. Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code-Amendment No.89-2006. Gazette No. FSC 31.2006.
[152]Labbe MR, Dumais L, Chao E, et al. Health claims on foods in Canada. J Nutr. 2008,138:1221S-1227S.
[153]Lea LJ, Hepburn PA. Safety evaluation of phytosterol-esters. Part 9:Results of a European post-launch monitoring programme[J]. Food Chem Toxicol.,2006, 44:1213-1222.
[154]C R Worz, M Bottorff. Treating dyslipidemic patients with lipid-modifying and combination therapies[J]. Pharmacotherapy,2003,23(5):625-637.
[155]M L Kashyap, ME McGovem, K Berra, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of a once-daily miacinlovastain formulation for patients with dyslipidmia[J].The American journal of Cardiology,2002,89(6):672-679
[156]Sugano M, Kamo F, Ikeda I. Lipid-lowering activity of phytostanols in rats[J]. Atherosclerosis.,1976,24:301-309.
[157]Sugano M, Morioka H, Ikeda I. A comparisan of sitosterol and sitostanol[J]. J. Nutr.,1977,107:2011-2019.
[158]Ikeda L, ffawasaki A, Samezima K. Anti-hypercholesterolemic activi ty of sitosterol and sitostanol in rats. J. Nutr. Sci.,1981,27:243-251.
[159]潘人培.物理实验.南京工学院出版社[M].1986,10-11.
[160]刘闽碧.用Excel做t检验与F检验.海峡预防医学杂志[J].2002(5)：67-68.
[161]Ogawa H, Yamamoto K, Kamisako T, et al. Phytosterol additives increase blood pressure and promote stroke onset in salt-loaded stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.,2003,30:919-924.
[162]Naito Y, Nagata T, Takano Y, et al. Rapeseed oil ingestion and exacerbation of hypertension-related conditions in stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. Toxicology.,2003,187:205-216.
[163]Naito Y, Kasama K, Yoshida H, et al. Thirteen-week dietary intake of rapeseed oil or soybean oil as the only dietary fat in Wistar Kyoto rats-change in blood pressure[J]. Food Chem Toxicol.,2000,38:811-816.
[164]Naito Y, Konishi C, Katsumura H, et al. Increase in blood pressure with enhanced Na+, K+-ATPase activity in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats after 4-weeks intake of rapeseed oil as the sole dietary fat. Pharmacol Toxicol[J].,2000, 87:144-148.
[165]Naito Y, Yoshida H, Nagata T, et al. Dietary intake of rapeseed oil or soybean oil as the only fat nutrient in spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar Kyoto rats-blood pressure and pathophysiology[J]. Toxicology.,2000,146:197-208.
[166]Scoggan KA, Gruber H, Chen Q, et al. Increased incorporation of dietary plant sterols and cholesterol correlates with decreased expression of hepatic and intestinal Abcg5 and Abcg 8 in diabetic BB rats[J]. J Nutr Biochem.,2009,20:177-186.
[167]Ratnayake WM, Plouffe L, L'Abbe MR, et al. Comparative health effects of margarines fortified with plant sterols and stanols on a rat model for hemorrhagic stroke. Lipids.,2003,38:1237-1247.
[168]Ratnayake WM, LAbbe MR, Mueller R, et al. Vegetable oils high in phytosterols make erythrocytes less deformable and shorten the life span of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. J Nutr.,2000,130:1166-1178.
[169]Ratnayake WM, Plouffe L, Hollywood R, et al. Influence of sources of dietary oils on the life span of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. Lipids.,2000, 35:409-420.
[170]Salen G, Shefer S, Nguyen L, et al. Sitosterolemia. J Lipid Res[J].,1992, 33:945-955.
[171]Blair S, Capuzzi D, Gottlieb S. Increment reduction of serum total cholesterol and LDL-C with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy [J]Am. J. Cardiol.,2000,86:46-52.
[172]Heinemann Y, Leiss O, Bergmann K. Effect of low-dose sitostanol on serum cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia[J]. Atherosclerosis.1986, 61:219-223.
[173]Jones PJ, D E MacDougall, Ntanios FY. Dietary phytosterols as cholesterol-lowering agents in humans. Can. J. Physiol. Pharm.,1997,75:217-227.
[174]Assmann G, Cullen P, Erbey J, et al. Plasma sitosterol elevations are associated with an increased incidence of coronary events in men:results of a nested case-control analysis of the Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study[J]. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.,2006,16:13-21.
[175]Patel SB, Salen G, Hideka H, et al. The sitosterolemia locus is found at chromosome[J]. J. Clin.Invest.,1998,102:1041-1044.
[176]Williams C L, Bollella M, Strobino B A. Plant stanol ester and bran fiber in childhood[J].J. Am. Coll. Nutr.,1999,18(6):572-581.
[177]Williams C L, Bollella M, Strobino B A, et al. Lipid-lowering effect of a plant stanol ester spread in young children[J]. Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,1999,1:96-103.
[178]Becker M, Staab D, Bergmann KL. Treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemiain childhood with sitosterol and sitostanol[J]. J. Pediatr.,1993, 122:292-296.
[179]Jones PJ, Ntanios FY, Raeini-Sarjaz M. Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a sitostanol-containing phytosterol mixture with a prudent diet in hyperlipidemic men[J].Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,1999,69:1144-1150.
[180]Rajaratnam RA, Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Independent association of serum squalene and noncholesterol sterols with coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol.,2000,35:1185-1191.
[181]Sudhop T, Gottwald BM, von Bergmann K. Serum plant sterols as a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease. Metabolism.,2002,51:1519-1521.
[182]Weingartner O, Liitjohann D, Ji S, Weisshoff N, et al. Vascular effects of diet supplementation with plant sterols[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol.,2008,51:1553-1561.
[183]Hidaka H, Nakamura T, Aoki T, et al. Increased plasma plant sterol levels in heterozygotes with sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis[J]. J Lipid Res.,1990, 31:881-888.
[184]Glueck CJ, Speirs J, Tracy T, et al. Relationships of serum plant sterols (phytosterols) and cholesterol in 595 hypercholesterolemic subjects, and familial aggregation of phytosterols, cholesterol, and premature coronary heart disease in hyperphytosterolemic probands and their first-degree relatives[J]. Metabolism., 1991,40:842-848.
[185]倪芳妍,刘配莲,孟橘,等.植物中总甾醇测定前处理方法的研究[J].中国油脂, 2001,36(2)：74-76.
[186]冯妹元.常见食物中植物甾醇的气相色谱分析方法和应用的研究[D].南昌：南昌大学,2006.15-26.
[187]A Cert, W Moreda, M C Perez-camino. Chromatographic analysis of minor constituents in vegetable oil[J]. Jounal of chromatography A.,2000,881:131-148.
[188]J P Nelson, A J Milun, H D Fisher. Gas chromatographic determination of tocopherols and sterols in soya sludges and residues-an improved method[J]. Journal of the American oil chemists'society.,1970,47:259-261.
[189]Moreau R A, Whitaker B D, Hicks K B. (2002) Phytosterols,phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods:Structural diversity, quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses[J]. Prog. Lipid Res.,2002,41:457-500.
[2]朱德峰,张玉屏,陈惠哲.2009年国内外水稻生产、贸易与技术发展概况[J].中国稻米,2010,16(1)：1-3.
[3]王荣海,姚德春.食用植物油应提高自给率[N].长江商报.2012-3-10(1).
[4]Frank D Gunstone.Vegetable oils in food technology:omposition, properties and use[M]. Oxford:Blackwell publishing ltd,2002.299-305.
[5]Rozner S, Garti N.The Activity and absorption relationship of cholesterol and phytosterols[J].Colloids Surf.A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspect,2006,282(20):435-456.
[6]Nikolaus Weber, Petra Weitkamp, Kumar D Mukherjee. Cholesterol-lowering food additives:lipase-catalysed preparation of phytosterol and phytostanol esters[J].Food Research International,2002,35(2-3):177-181.
[7]Antonella A Tonello, Giovanni G Poli.Serum phytosterols not only from dietary intake[J].Br J Nutr.,2006,96(4):791-2.
[8]Wenzl T, Prettner E, Schweiger K.et al. An improved method to discover adulteration of styrian pumpkin deed oil[J], J. Biochem. Biophys.Methods 2002, (53):193-202.
[9]Fizet, C. Process for tocopherols and sterols from natural sources[P]. U.S. Patent 5,487,817,1996-01-30.
[10]Ghosh, S. and Bhattacharyya, D.K. Isolation of tocopherols and sterols concentrate from sunflower oil deodorizer distillate[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1996,73: 271-1274.
[11]Zhang, X. Cambrai, A. Miesch, M., et al. Separation of △5-and △7-phytosterols by adsorption chromatography and semipreparative reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography for quantitative analysis of phytosterols in foods[J].J. Agric. Food Chem.,2006, (54):1196-1202.
[12]Lin, K.-M. Koseoglu, S. Separation of sterols from deodorizer distillate by crystallization[J]. J. Food Lipids.,2003, (10):107-127.
[13]Azadmard-Damirchi, S. Dutta, P. C. Novel solid-Phase extraction method to separate 4-desmethyl-,4,-monomethyl-, and 4,4'-dimethylsterols in vegetable oils[J], J. Chromatogr. A,2006,1108:183-187.
[14]Evans, H. M. Emerson, O. H. Emerson, G. A.The isolation from wheat germ oil of an alcohol, having the properties of vitamin E[J]. J. Biol. Chem.,1936, (113):319-332.
[15]Sies H, Stahl W. Vitamins E and C, β-Carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants, Am. J. Clin. Nutr[J].,1995,62:1315-1321.
[16]Lee, S.H.Zhang, Z.Feng, S. S.Nanoparticles of poly(lactide)-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (PLA-TPGS) copolymers for protein drug delivery[J].Biomaterials,2007, (28):2041-2050.
[17]Mu, L. Feng, S. S. A novel controlled release formulation for the anticancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol(?)):PLGA nanoparticles containing vitamin E TPGS.J. Controlled Release,2003, (86):33-48.
[18]Shimada, Y. Nakai, S. Suenaga, M.et al. Facile purification of tocopherols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate in high yield using lipase[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2000, (77):1009-1013.
[19]Jacobs, L. Process for the Production of Tocotrienols[P]. U.S. Patent:6,838,104, 2005-01-04.
[20]BrownW, SmithF. E. Process for separating tocopherols and sterols from deodorizer sludge and the like[P]. U.S. Patent:3,153,055,1964-10-13.
[21]Martins, P.F. Batistella, C.B. Maciel-Filho, et al. Comparison of two different startegies for tocopherols enrichment using a molecular distillation process[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,2006, (45):753-758.
[22]]Shimada, Y. Purification of steryl esters from soybean oil deodorizer distillate[J], J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2003, (80):341-346.
[23]Lee H, Chung B.H and Park YH.Concentration of tocopherols from soybean sludge by supercritical carbon dioxide[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,991, (68):571-573.
[24]Chang C, Chang Y F, Lee H Z, et al. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of high-value substances from sunflower oil deodorizer distillate[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,2000, (39):4521-4525.
[25]Mendes M F, Pessoa F L P and Uller A M C. An economic evaluation based on experimental study of the vitamin E concentration present in deodorizer distillate of soybean oil using supercritical CO?[J]. J. Supercrit. Fluids,2002, (23):257-265.
[26]Nagesha G, Manohar B and Sankar K U. Enrichment of tocopherols in modified soy deodorizer distillate using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction[J]. Eur. Food Res. Technol.,2003, (217):427-433.
[27]Gast K, Jungfer M, Saure C, ea al. Purification of Tocochromanols from Edible Oil[J]. J. Supercrit. Fluids,2005, (34):17-25.
[28]Weststrate J A, Ayesh R, Bauer-Plank C, et al. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters, part 4. faecal concentrations of bile acids and neutral sterols in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine[J]. Food Chem. Toxicol.,1999, (37):1063-1071.
[29]Ikeda I, Y Tanabe, M Sugano.Effects of sitosterol and sitostanol on micellar solubility of cholesterol[J]. J.Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol.,1989, (35):361-369.
[30]Armstrong M. J, Carey M C. Thermodynamic and molecular determinants of sterol solubilities in bile salt micelles[J]. J. Lipid Res.,1987, (28):144-1155.
[31]Hirota Y, Nagao T, Watanabe Y, ea al. Purification of steryl esters from soybean oil deodorizer distillate[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2003,80:341-346.
[32]Gunawan S, Fabian C, Ju Y H. Isolation and purification of fatty acid steryl esters from soybean oil deodorizer distillate[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,2008, 47:7013-7018.
[33]Watanabe Y, Hirota Y, Nagao T, ea al. Purification of tocopherols and phytosterols by two-step in situ enzymatic reaction[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2004,81: 339-345.
[34]Nagao T, Kobayashi T, Hirota Y, et al. Improvement of a process for purification of tocopherols and sterols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate[J]. J. Mol. Catal. B-Enzym.,2005, (37):56-62.
[35]Torres C F, Torrelo G, Senorans F J, et al. A two steps enzymatic procedure to obtain sterol esters, tocopherols and fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil deodorizer distillate[J]. Process Biochem.,2007, (42):1335-1341.
[36]Bondioli P, Carlo M, Armando L, et al. Squalene recovery from olive oil deodorizer distillate[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1993,70:763-766.
[37]Stoldt J, Brunner G. Phase Equilibrium measurements in complex systems of fats, fat compounds and supercritical carbon dioxide[J].Fluid Phase Equilib.,1998,146, 269-295.
[38]Gunawan S, Kasim N S, Ju Y H. Separation and purification of squalene from soybean oil deodorizer distillate[J]. Sep. Purif. Technol.,2008,60:128-135.
[39]Frega N, Bocci F, Lercker G.High-resolution gas chromatographic determination of alkanols in oils extracted from olives[J]. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society.,1993,70:919-921
[40]Lercker G, Rodriguez-Estrada M T. Chromatographic analysis of unsaponifiable compounds of olive oils and fat-containing foods[J].J. Chromatogr. A,2000,881: 105-129.
[41]Bastic M, Bastic Lj, Jovanovic J A, et al. Hydrocarbon and other weakly polar unsaponifiable in some vegetable oils[J].J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1978, 55:886-891.
[42]Benitez-Sanchez P L, Leon-Camacho M, Aparicio R. A comprehensive study of hazelnut oil composition with comparisons to other vegetable oils, particularly olive oil[J]. Eur. Food Res. Technol.,2003,218:13-19.
[43]McGill A S, Moffat C F, Mackie P R, Cruickshank P. The composition and concentration of n-Alkanes in retail samples of edible oils, J. Sci. Food Agric. 1993,61:357-362.
[44]Wretensjo I, Karlberg B. Characterization of sterols in refined borage oil by GC-MS[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2002,79:1069-1074.
[45]Cert A, Moreda W. New method of stationary phase preparation for silver ion column chromatography:application to the isolation of steroidal hydrocarbons in vegetable oils[J].J. Chromatogr. A,1998,823:291-297.
[46]Verleyen T, Szulczewska A, Verhe R, et al. Comparison of steradiene analysis between GC and HPLC[J].Food Chem.,2002,78:267-272.
[47]Mennie D, Moffat C F, McGill A S. Identification of sterene compounds produced during the processing of ddible oils[J]. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr.,1994, (17): 831-838.
[48]Grob K, Biedermann M, Artho A, et al. LC, GC, and MS of sterol dehydration products in refined olive oil[J]. Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasse.,1994,71:533-538.
[49]Gunawan S, Ismadji S, Ju Y H. Design and operation of a modified silica gel column chromatography[J]. J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Eng.,2008, (39):625-633.
[50]Ikeda R M, Stanley W L, Vannier S H, Spitler E M. The monoterpene hydrocarbon composition of some essential oils[J]. J. Food Sci.,1962, (27):455-458.
[51]Lanzon A, Albi T, Cert A, et al. The hydrocarbon fraction of virgin olive oil and changes resulting from refining[J].J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1994,71:285-291.
[52]Morchio G, Spadone J C, Bracco U. Volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (VAHs) in edible vegetable oils with particular reference to virgin olive oil[J]. Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasse.,1994,71:491-502.
[53]Viviane Pinnel, Jacques Vandegans.GC-MS headspace analysis of the volatile components of soya oil without heating the sample[J].Journal of high resolution chromatography.,2005,19(5):263-266.
[54]Speer K, Steeg E, Hortsmann P, et al. Determination and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in native vegetables oil[J].J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 1990, (13):104.
[55]Mookherjee B D, Chang S S. Characterization of the carbonyl compounds in reverted soybean oil[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1963,40,232-235.
[56]Hill F D, Hammond E G. Studies on the flavor of autoxidized soybean oil[J].J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1965,42:1148-1150.
[57]Chaudry M M, Nelson A I, Perkins E G. Distribution of aldrin and dieldrin in soybeans, oil, and by-products during processing[J].J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1976, 53:695-697.
[58]Chaudry M M, Nelson A I, Perkins E G. Distribution of chlorinated pesticides in soybeans, soybean oil, and Its by-products during processing[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,1978,55:851-853.
[59]Halbert M K, Archer J C. Dioxin and furan contamination of deodorizer distillates and natural vitamin E supplements[J]. J. Food Compos. Anal.,2007,20:506-514.
[60]Martins P F, Ito V M, Batistella C B, et al. Free fatty acid separation from vegetable oil deodorizer distillate using molecular distillation process[J].Separ. Purif. Technol.,2005,48:78-84.
[61]Hickman K C D. Purification of sludges, scums and the like to prepare relatively purified tocopherols[P]. U.S. Patent:2,349,270,1944.
[62]Ramamurthi S, Me Curdy A R. (1993) Enzymatic pretreatment of deodororizer distillate for concentration of sterols and tocopherols[J]. J. Am Oil Chem. Soc., 1993,70:287-295.
[63]邵平.分子蒸馏过程数值模拟及其在菜籽油脱臭馏出物再资源化中的应用研究[D].合肥：合肥工业大学,2006.94-105.
[64]Winters R L. (1986) In proceeding:world conference on emerging technologies in the fats and oils industry[R]. American Oil Chemist Society:Champaign, IL,1986, 185-186.
[65]Bohra J M. Gp implementationin the edible oil industry in india.http://www.apo-tokyo.org/gp/manila_conf02/resource_papers/narrative/bohr a.pdf,2008-05-30
[66]Copeland D, Belcher M. Methods for treating deodorizer distillate[P]. U.S. Patent:6,750,359.2004-06-15.
[67]Chu B S, Baharin B S, Che Man Y B, et al.Separation of vitamin E from palm fatty acid distillate using silica:I Equilibrium of batch adsorption[J]. J. Food Eng., 2004, (62):97-103.
[68]Martins P F, Ito V M, Batistella C B, et al. Free fatty acid separation from vegetable oil deodorizer distillate using molecular distillation process[J]. Sep. Purif. Technol.,2005,48:78-84.
[69]Moreira E A, Baltanas M A. Recovery of phytosterols from unflower oil deodorizer distillates[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2004,81:339-345.
[70]Jean-Paul Helme.Soybean Oil Refining.http://www.asa-europe.org/pdf/oilref.pdf 2008-05-30.
[71]Verleyen T, Verhe R, Garcia L, et al. Gas chromatographic characterization of vegetable oil deodorization distillate[J]. J. Chromatogr. A,,2001,921:277-285.
[72]Mendes M F, Pessoa F L P, Coelho G V, et al. Recovery of the high aggregated compounds present in the deodorizer distillate of the vegetable oils using supercritical fluids[J].J. Supercrit. Fluids.,2005,34:157-162.
[73]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T 5528-2008植物油脂水分及挥发物含量测定[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2011.
[74]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T 5530-2005动植物油脂酸值和酸度测定 [S].北京：中国标准出版社,2011.
[75]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T 5538-2005动植物油脂过氧化值测定[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2011.
[76]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T 5535-2003动植物油脂不皂化物测定[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2011.
[77]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T 17376-2008动植物油脂脂肪酸甲酯制备[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2011.
[78]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T17377-2008动植物油脂脂肪酸甲酯的气相色谱分析[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2011.
[79]中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T26635-2011动植物油脂生育酚及生育三烯酚含量测定[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2011.
[80]吴筱丹,李士敏,王思平.粗吻海龙中总甾体的含量测定[J].中草药,2002,33(7)： 613-614.
[81]Rodrigues CEC, Pessoa Filho PA, Meirelles AJA. Phase equilibrium for the system rice bran oil+fatty acid+ethanol+water+oryzanol+tocols[J]. Fluid Phase Equilib,,2004,216:271-283
[82]Vanessa Ribeiro Pestana, Rui Carlos Zambiazi, Carla R B Mendonca, et al.Quality changes and tocopherols and orizanol concentrations in rice bran oil during the refining process[J].J Am Oil Chem Soc.,2008,85:1013-1019.
[83]Abidi SL.Chromatographic analysis of tocol-derived lipid antioxidants[J].J Chromatogr.,2000,881:197-216.
[84]Hoed VV, Depaemelaere G,Ayala JV, et al. Influence of chemical refining on the major and minor components of rice bran oil[J].J Am Oil Chem Soc 2006, 83:315-321
[85]Krishna AG, Kumar H G A, Khatoon S, et al. Effect of cooking of rice bran on the quality of exteacted oil. J Food Lipids.,2006,13:341-353.
[86]Desai ID, Bhagavan H, Salkeld R, et al..Vitamin E content of crude and refined vegetable oils in Southern Brazil.J Food Compos Anal.,1998,3:231-238.
[87]Alpaslan M, Tepe S, Simsek O.Effect of refining processes on the total and individual tocopherol content in sunflower oil.Int J Food Sci Technol.,2001, 36:737-739.
[88]Miettinen T A. Stanol esters in the treatment of hypercholesterolmia[J]. Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,1999,1:50-57.
[89]Frank T Orthoefer..Bailey's industrial oil and fat products:rice bran oil [M]. San Francisco:John Wiley & Sons Inc.2005.465-470.
[90]Slover H T, Thompson R H J R, Merola G V. Determination of tocopherols and sterols by capillary gas chromatography[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,,1983,60: 524-1528.
[91]D. Firestone.AOCS Official Method Ce 3-74, tocopherols and sterols in soya residue by GLC, official methods and recommended practices of the AOCS[S]. American Oil Chemists'Society:Champaign, IL,5th Ed.U.S.A.,1997.
[92]Ruiz-Me'ndev M V, Dobarganes M C. Combination of chromatographic techniques for the analysis of complex deodorizer distillates from an edible oil refining process[J]. Food Chem.,2007,103:1502-1507.
[93]D. Firestone. AOCS Official Method Ce 7-87, Tocopherols (total) in deodorizer distillate, Official Methods and. Recommended Practices of the AOCS [S]. American Oil Chemists'Society:Champaign, IL.5th Ed, U.S.A.1997
[94]Dumont M J, Narine S S. (2007) Characterization of flax and soybean soapstocks, and soybean deodorizer distillate by GC-FID[J]. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2007,84: 1101-1105.
[95]周宝兰.米糠油甾醇组成的研究[J].中国粮油学报,1990,5(1)：28-35.
[96]陆柏益.竹笋中甾醇类化合物的研究——竹笋甾醇化学、工艺学及生物学功能[D].杭州：浙江大学,2007.36-59.
[97]陈茂彬,吴谋成.植物甾醇的毛细管气相色谱分析方法研究[J].中国粮油学报,2004,19(6)：88-90,97.
[98]胡小泓,沈敏元,康逸等.大豆油脱臭馏出物中提取植物甾醇的研究[J].中国油脂,2003,28(12)：47-48.
[99]石秉荣,洪桂秋.超临界流体萃取技术在食品工业的应用[J].食品研究与开发,1996,(1)：14-17
[100]狄济乐.超临界流体萃取技术在现代食品工业中的应用[J].湖南食品与发酵,1996, (1)：38-41
[101]黎鑫旭,陈小明,孟庆雄,等.酶法生产脂肪酸甲酯并提取植物醇[J].油脂工程,2007,5：73-75.
[102]樊明涛,吴守一,马海乐.大豆油脱臭馏出物酯化处理的试验研究[J].中国食品 学报,2003,4：37-40
[103]鲁志成,谷克仁,冶保献,等.浓硫酸催化脱臭馏出物脂肪酸甲酯化工艺研究[J].粮食与油脂,2005,3：21-23
[104]王珊珊.分子蒸馏法从脱臭馏出物中提取VE的研究[D].无锡：江南大学,2008.27-43.
[105]钟南京,李琳,李冰等.甘油酯的液相色谱分析[J].现代食品科技,2012,28(1)： 123-123.
[106]唐年初.豆油脱臭馏出物酶法甲酯化纯化VE的研究[D].无锡：江南大学,2008.37-41,74-92.
[107]张靖,张家穆.含水低级脂肪酸的酯化[J].安徽化工,1994,2：12-15,9
[108]高晶.脱臭馏出物中植物甾醇的提取与精制工艺研究[D].广州：华南理工大学,2004.34-36.
[109]C B Batistella, E B Moraes, R Maciel Filho, et al.Molecular distillation[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology.,2002,98-100:1187-1205
[110]Shimada, Y. Facile purification of tocopherols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate in high yield using lipase[J], J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.,2000, (77):1009-1013.
[111]唐年初,裘爱泳,胥传来.大豆油脱臭馏出物的酶法甲酯化新工艺[J].食品科学,2007,28(2)：142-144.
[112]张豪,乙引,洪鲲,等.响应而法优化酶促脂肪酸酯化工艺条件[J].农业工程学报,2011,27 (Supp2):125-129.
[113]许文林,黄一波,钱俊红,等.结品法精制混合植物甾醇中-p谷甾醇和豆甾醇[J].过程工程学报,2003,3(1)：73-79.
[114]黄妙玲,卢生奇,王小会,等.分子蒸馏技术制备米糠油植物甾醇的工艺研究[J].中国食品添加剂开发应用,2010,(5)216-219.43.
[115]Vieno Piironen, David G Lindsay, Tasu A Miettinen, et al. Plant sternls: biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition. J. Sci of Food and Agric.,2000, vol.80:939-966.
[116]Akihisa T, Kokke W, Tamura T. Naturally occurring sterols and related compounds from plants. Patterson GW&Nes WD:AOCS, Champaign, IL,1991,172-228.
[117]Khodjaiova LT, Levashina EA, Usolzeva MY, et al. Sterol content alterations in plants can be a source of a multiple resistance to the phytosterol-dependent pests. In:Abstracts of Germaan Russian Cooperation in Biotechnology Workshop IV[M]. Saint Petersburg:Science Press,1996.13-23.
[118]崔杨棣.植物油甾醇.粮食与油脂,1990,(3)：41-52
[119]L.John Goad, Toshihiro Akihisa. Analysis of Sterol[M]. London:Blackie Academic & Professional,1997.23-25.
[120]Dutta PC, Appelqvist L-A. Saturated sterols(stanols) in unhydrogenated edible vegetable oils and in cereal lipids. J. Sci Food Agric.,1996,71:393-391.
[121]Loui s F.Fieser, Mary Fieser.Steroids[M].USA:The Waverly Press Inc.,1989.32-35.
[122]S P Kochhar. Prog. Lipid. Res.,1983,22:161-188.
[123]谭仁祥,王剑文.甾体化学[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2009.34-45.
[124]Vivienne V, Yankah Peter, J H Jones. Phytosterols and health implications-chemical nature and occurrence[J]. Inform.,2001,12:808-811
[125]叶克恭.油脂非三酰丙三醇组分[J].粮食与油脂,1997.(2)：36-40
[126]Dutta PC, Przybylski R, AppelqviS T L-A. Formation and analysis of oxidized sterols in frying fat, in Deep Frying:Practises[J].Chemistry and Nutrition.,1996, 12:112-150
[127]杨波涛.植物甾醇的提取与精制[D].无锡：江南大学,2001.30-35.
[128]孙登文,张凡,刘福祯等.从混合植物甾醇分离豆甾醇和谷甾醇的工艺研究[J].中国油脂,1993(4)：228-230.
[129Hallikainen M A, Sarkkinen E S, Gylling H, et al. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr[J].,2000, 54:715-725
[130]Hendriks H F J, Weststrate J A, Van Vliet T. Spread enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering effect[J]. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.,1999,53:319-327
[131]盛漪.植物甾醇和植物甾烷醇：降低胆固醇健康食品[J].粮食与油脂.2001,11：46-47.
[132]Grandmoujin-Ferjani A., Schuler-Muller I.,Hartmann M-A. Sterol modulation of the plasma membrane from orn roots reconstituted into soybean lipisa. Plant Physiol.1997. vol.113:163-174
[133]崔杨棣.甾醇生理特性及其应用.粮食与油脂,1993(2)：32-42
[134]Armstrong MJ, Carey MC. Thermodynamic and molecular determinants of sterol solubilities in bile salt micelles[J]. J. Lipid Res.,1987,28:1144-1155
[135]Porter NA, Caldwell SE, Mills KA. Mechanisms of free radical oxidation of unsaturated lipids[J]. Lipids.,1995,30:227-290
[136]Smith LL., Review of progress in sterol oxidation[J]. Lipids.,1996,31:453-487.
[137]Gordon MH., Magos P. The effect of sterols on the oxidation of edible oils[J]. Food Chemistry.,1983,10:141-147.
[138]White PJ, Armstrong LS.Effect of selected oat sterol on the deterioration of heated soybean oil. J. AOCS.,1986,63:525-529
[139]Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Mendelsohn AB, et al. Cholesterol reduction and non-illness mortality:meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials[J].,2001, 322:11-15.
[140]Demonty I, Ras RT, Knaap HC van der, et al. Continuous dose-response relationship of the LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of phytosterol intake [J]. J Nutr.,2009, 139:271-284.
[141]Katan MB, Grundy SM, ones P, et al.. Stresa workshop participants, efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels[J]. Mayo Clin Proc.,2003,78:965-978.
[142]Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG. By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease?[J]. BMJ. 1994,08:367-372.
[143]Sal en G, Horak I, Rothkopf M, et al. Lethal atherosclerosis associated with abnormal plasma and tissue sterol composition in sitosterolemia with xanthomatosis[J]. J Lipid Res.,1985,26:1126-1133.
[144]Bhattacharyya AK, Connor WE. Beta-sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis:A newly described lipid storage disease in two sisters[J]. J Clin Invest.,1974,53:1033-1043.
[145]Fransen HP, de Jong N, Wolfs M, et al. Customary use of plant sterol and plant stanol enriched margarine is associated with changes in serum plant sterol and stanol concentrations in humans[J]. J Nutr.2007; 137:1301-1306.
[1461]Davidson MH, Maki KC, Umporowicz DM, et al. Safety and tolerability of esterified phytosterols administered in reduced-fat spread and salad dressing to healthy adult men and women[J].J Am Coll Nutr.,2001,20:307-319.
[147]Clifton PM, Mano M, Duchateau GS, et al. Dose-response effects of different plant sterol sources in fat spreads on serum lipids and C-reactive protein and on the kinetic behavior of serum plant sterols[J]. Eur J Clin Nutr.,2008,62:968-977.
[148]付桂,韩军花,杨月欣,边立华,植物醇(酯)对血脂作用的系统评价研究[J].营养学报,2008,30(2)：181-184,189.
[149]European Food Safety Authority. Consumption of food and beverages with added plant sterols in the European Union. The Efsa Journal.,2008,133:1-21.
[150]U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Food Labeling:Plant Sterol/Stanol Esters and Coronary Heart Disease. Code of Federal Regulation (CFR).21 CFR 101.83.2000.
[151]Commonwealth of Australia. Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code-Amendment No.89-2006. Gazette No. FSC 31.2006.
[152]Labbe MR, Dumais L, Chao E, et al. Health claims on foods in Canada. J Nutr. 2008,138:1221S-1227S.
[153]Lea LJ, Hepburn PA. Safety evaluation of phytosterol-esters. Part 9:Results of a European post-launch monitoring programme[J]. Food Chem Toxicol.,2006, 44:1213-1222.
[154]C R Worz, M Bottorff. Treating dyslipidemic patients with lipid-modifying and combination therapies[J]. Pharmacotherapy,2003,23(5):625-637.
[155]M L Kashyap, ME McGovem, K Berra, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of a once-daily miacinlovastain formulation for patients with dyslipidmia[J].The American journal of Cardiology,2002,89(6):672-679
[156]Sugano M, Kamo F, Ikeda I. Lipid-lowering activity of phytostanols in rats[J]. Atherosclerosis.,1976,24:301-309.
[157]Sugano M, Morioka H, Ikeda I. A comparisan of sitosterol and sitostanol[J]. J. Nutr.,1977,107:2011-2019.
[158]Ikeda L, ffawasaki A, Samezima K. Anti-hypercholesterolemic activi ty of sitosterol and sitostanol in rats. J. Nutr. Sci.,1981,27:243-251.
[159]潘人培.物理实验.南京工学院出版社[M].1986,10-11.
[160]刘闽碧.用Excel做t检验与F检验.海峡预防医学杂志[J].2002(5)：67-68.
[161]Ogawa H, Yamamoto K, Kamisako T, et al. Phytosterol additives increase blood pressure and promote stroke onset in salt-loaded stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.,2003,30:919-924.
[162]Naito Y, Nagata T, Takano Y, et al. Rapeseed oil ingestion and exacerbation of hypertension-related conditions in stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. Toxicology.,2003,187:205-216.
[163]Naito Y, Kasama K, Yoshida H, et al. Thirteen-week dietary intake of rapeseed oil or soybean oil as the only dietary fat in Wistar Kyoto rats-change in blood pressure[J]. Food Chem Toxicol.,2000,38:811-816.
[164]Naito Y, Konishi C, Katsumura H, et al. Increase in blood pressure with enhanced Na+, K+-ATPase activity in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats after 4-weeks intake of rapeseed oil as the sole dietary fat. Pharmacol Toxicol[J].,2000, 87:144-148.
[165]Naito Y, Yoshida H, Nagata T, et al. Dietary intake of rapeseed oil or soybean oil as the only fat nutrient in spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar Kyoto rats-blood pressure and pathophysiology[J]. Toxicology.,2000,146:197-208.
[166]Scoggan KA, Gruber H, Chen Q, et al. Increased incorporation of dietary plant sterols and cholesterol correlates with decreased expression of hepatic and intestinal Abcg5 and Abcg 8 in diabetic BB rats[J]. J Nutr Biochem.,2009,20:177-186.
[167]Ratnayake WM, Plouffe L, L'Abbe MR, et al. Comparative health effects of margarines fortified with plant sterols and stanols on a rat model for hemorrhagic stroke. Lipids.,2003,38:1237-1247.
[168]Ratnayake WM, LAbbe MR, Mueller R, et al. Vegetable oils high in phytosterols make erythrocytes less deformable and shorten the life span of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. J Nutr.,2000,130:1166-1178.
[169]Ratnayake WM, Plouffe L, Hollywood R, et al. Influence of sources of dietary oils on the life span of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. Lipids.,2000, 35:409-420.
[170]Salen G, Shefer S, Nguyen L, et al. Sitosterolemia. J Lipid Res[J].,1992, 33:945-955.
[171]Blair S, Capuzzi D, Gottlieb S. Increment reduction of serum total cholesterol and LDL-C with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy [J]Am. J. Cardiol.,2000,86:46-52.
[172]Heinemann Y, Leiss O, Bergmann K. Effect of low-dose sitostanol on serum cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia[J]. Atherosclerosis.1986, 61:219-223.
[173]Jones PJ, D E MacDougall, Ntanios FY. Dietary phytosterols as cholesterol-lowering agents in humans. Can. J. Physiol. Pharm.,1997,75:217-227.
[174]Assmann G, Cullen P, Erbey J, et al. Plasma sitosterol elevations are associated with an increased incidence of coronary events in men:results of a nested case-control analysis of the Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study[J]. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.,2006,16:13-21.
[175]Patel SB, Salen G, Hideka H, et al. The sitosterolemia locus is found at chromosome[J]. J. Clin.Invest.,1998,102:1041-1044.
[176]Williams C L, Bollella M, Strobino B A. Plant stanol ester and bran fiber in childhood[J].J. Am. Coll. Nutr.,1999,18(6):572-581.
[177]Williams C L, Bollella M, Strobino B A, et al. Lipid-lowering effect of a plant stanol ester spread in young children[J]. Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,1999,1:96-103.
[178]Becker M, Staab D, Bergmann KL. Treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemiain childhood with sitosterol and sitostanol[J]. J. Pediatr.,1993, 122:292-296.
[179]Jones PJ, Ntanios FY, Raeini-Sarjaz M. Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a sitostanol-containing phytosterol mixture with a prudent diet in hyperlipidemic men[J].Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,1999,69:1144-1150.
[180]Rajaratnam RA, Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Independent association of serum squalene and noncholesterol sterols with coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol.,2000,35:1185-1191.
[181]Sudhop T, Gottwald BM, von Bergmann K. Serum plant sterols as a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease. Metabolism.,2002,51:1519-1521.
[182]Weingartner O, Liitjohann D, Ji S, Weisshoff N, et al. Vascular effects of diet supplementation with plant sterols[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol.,2008,51:1553-1561.
[183]Hidaka H, Nakamura T, Aoki T, et al. Increased plasma plant sterol levels in heterozygotes with sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis[J]. J Lipid Res.,1990, 31:881-888.
[184]Glueck CJ, Speirs J, Tracy T, et al. Relationships of serum plant sterols (phytosterols) and cholesterol in 595 hypercholesterolemic subjects, and familial aggregation of phytosterols, cholesterol, and premature coronary heart disease in hyperphytosterolemic probands and their first-degree relatives[J]. Metabolism., 1991,40:842-848.
[185]倪芳妍,刘配莲,孟橘,等.植物中总甾醇测定前处理方法的研究[J].中国油脂, 2001,36(2)：74-76.
[186]冯妹元.常见食物中植物甾醇的气相色谱分析方法和应用的研究[D].南昌：南昌大学,2006.15-26.
[187]A Cert, W Moreda, M C Perez-camino. Chromatographic analysis of minor constituents in vegetable oil[J]. Jounal of chromatography A.,2000,881:131-148.
[188]J P Nelson, A J Milun, H D Fisher. Gas chromatographic determination of tocopherols and sterols in soya sludges and residues-an improved method[J]. Journal of the American oil chemists'society.,1970,47:259-261.
[189]Moreau R A, Whitaker B D, Hicks K B. (2002) Phytosterols,phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods:Structural diversity, quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses[J]. Prog. Lipid Res.,2002,41:457-500.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |