玉米不同遗传背景籽粒和秸秆品质性状的遗传及其与环境的关系
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摘要
在对192份玉米自交系材料的籽粒品质进行分析的基础上,从5个杂优类群中共选出10个籽粒蛋白质含量差异相对明显的自交系,按Griffing双列杂交设计配成正反交90个杂交组合,分别在河南的南阳、郑州和浚县3个不同环境条件下种植。利用近红外分析技术对杂交种籽粒的蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪、赖氨酸含量以及秸秆的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、酸性洗涤性纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤性纤维(NDF)含量进行了分析,同时对主要农艺性状进行了测定;分析了不同遗传背景杂交种籽粒和秸秆品质性状的遗传效应、杂种优势以及基因型、环境及其互作效应对品质性状和主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明:
1)不同自交系的籽粒营养成分含量各有不同,自交系8085和E28的蛋白质、赖氨酸含量较高,而粗淀粉含量较低;适合作为高蛋白品种选育的亲本材料。郑58和丹340的淀粉含量较高,而蛋白质和赖氨酸含量很低,宜作为高淀粉品种选育的亲本材料;8085和许178的脂肪含量较高,以之为亲本有益于提高组合的含油量。
2)不同自交系的秸秆营养品质含量也不相同,亲本秸秆的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、ADF、NDF平均含量分别为5.28%、3.31%、45.07%、67.49%,变幅分别为2.67%～8.12%、2.65%～4.19%、41.29%～54.75%、59.84%～74.15%。K12蛋白质和脂肪含量较高,而ADF含量和NDF含量较低,以之作亲本有利于改善杂交种秸秆的品质;而自330的ADF和NDF含量较高,蛋白质和脂肪含量较低,对提高杂交种秸秆的品质不利。
3)控制籽粒和秸秆品质性状的基因均以加性效应为主;籽粒的蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉、赖氨酸的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力分别是38.71%和30.19%、17.5%和15.5%、14.82%和13.4%、15.59%和11.93%;而秸秆的蛋白质、脂肪、ADF、NDF的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力分别是8.11%和4.72%、15.53%和1.5%、42.12%和13.39%、11.33%和7.52%。虽然这些性状遗传力都不高,受环境条件的影响较大,但相比之下,籽粒蛋白质含量受环境条件的影响比其它性状小,为高蛋白育种奠定了遗传基础。
4)杂交种的品质性状明显受基因型、环境及其互作的影响,就籽粒蛋白质含量而言,在河南省内呈现由南向北提高的趋势,而秸秆蛋白质含量由北向南呈现提高的趋势。
5)亲本性状一般配合力高的,其特殊配合力未必就高。如自交系2、3的籽粒蛋白质含量的一般配合力均较高,但组合2×3的特殊配合力并不高,而以2×6,7×9,1×8等的特殊配合力效应值较高,其它性状也有类似表现。由此看出籽粒和秸秆的品质性状的一般配合力与特殊配合力没有必然的联系。
6)籽粒的4个品质性状中蛋白质、赖氨酸、脂肪含量均表现负向优势,而所有组合的淀粉含量均表现正向优势,且不同组合优势大小不一;而秸秆的4个品质性状中,有71.11%的组合秸秆粗蛋白质含量表现超中亲优势,22.22%组合有超高亲优势,正向优势明显;脂肪含量的所有组合均表现负向优势;酸性洗涤性纤维含量有一定的正向优势;中性洗涤性纤维含量表现较强的正向优势。因此,要提高秸秆的蛋白质含量和消化率,应当在保持杂交种抗倒的前提下,尽可能选择蛋白质含量高、纤维素含量低的材料作亲本,以提高杂交种的品质。
7)本研究结果显示籽粒产量与品质相关性不显著,表明通过广泛的遗传重组,玉米籽粒品质性状与产量可以同步提高,但是难度定要大于对单一性状的选择。
Based on the analysis of the grain quality of 192 maize inbred lines,ten inbreds from 5 heterotic groups were choosedas parents, according to the relative difference on protein content in kernel, to compose a total of 90 positive and negative hybrid combinations according to Griffing diallel cross design. The crosses were growen in 3 locations of Nanyang, Zhengzhou and Xunxian in Henan Province.The content of crude protein, starch, fat, lysine in kernels and the crude protein, crude fat, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content in stalks were analyzed by use of near-infrared analysis technology, at the same time the main agronomic traits were evaluated, and the analysis also had been made on the genetic effects of grain and straw quality traits of hybrids with different genetic background , the heterosis, genotypes, environments as well as their interaction effects on quality traits and the some major agronomic traits.The results showed that:
1) the nutrient contents in kernel varied with inbred lines, the inbred lines 8085 and E28 are higher in protein and lysine contents, but lower in starch content, so they are suitable for being as materials in high - protein breeding. Zheng 58 and Dan 340 with high starch , low protein and lysine content, fit for as the high-starch breeding material; while the inbreds 8085 and Xu178 have higher fat content , preferably as the high-oil breeding parental material.
2) the nutrient contents in straw also varied with inbreds.The average content of crude protein, crude fat, ADF, NDF in parental straw is 5.28 %, 3.31 %, 45.07 %, 67.49 % and 2.67 %, respectively, the changing range is 2.67%~ 8.12%, 2.65% ~ 4.19%, 41.29% ~ 54.75 % and 74.15% ~ 59.84% ,respectively. The inbred lines K12 with higher protein and fat content, lower ADF and NDF content, is favorable to be as a parent of hybrid to improve the straw quality ; while the 330 inbred line with higher ADF and NDF content, and lower protein and fat content,is disadvantage to improve the straw quality of hybrid.
3) the gene actions controlling the quality traits of grain and straw are mainly additive effect; the broad-sense heritability and narrow sense heritability of grain protein, fat, starch,and lysine are 38.71% and 30.19%, 17.5% and 15.5%, 14.82% and 13.4%, 15.59% and 11.93% respectively; while the broad-sense heritability and narrow sense heritability of straw protein, fat, ADF, NDF are 8.11% and 4.72%, 15.53% and 1.5%, 42.12% and 13.39%, 11.33% and 7.52%, although the heritability of these traits are not high and easy to be effected by environments, the protein content in kernel is less comparatively effecetd by environments than other traits, which establish the genetic basis for the high-protein breeding .
4) The quality traits of hybrids is significantly affected by genotypes, environments and their interaction , view from the point of grain protein content, Henan Province has a trend of increasing from south to north, while the straw protein content has a trend of increasing from north to south..
5) The parents with high general combining ability(GCA)in some traits , may hvae not the high specific combining ability(SCA) in the same traits. Such as inbred lines 2 and 3 both with higher GCA in grain protein content, while the cross 2×3 with lower SCA,on the contrary ,the crosses 2×6,7×9,1×8 performed higher SCA, same performance happened on other traits. which infered that the GCA of grain and straw quality traits may not certainly have corrrelation with SCA.
6) out of the 4 grain quality traits, protein, lysine and fat content all have negative heterosis, but the starch content of all crosses perform positive heterosis,and the heterosis varies with crosses.While out of the 4 straw quality traits, 71.11% crosses performed over mid-parents heterosis in straw crude protein content, 22.22% crosses over-high-parent heterosis, with the obvious positive heterosis. The fat content of all crosses performed negative heterosis; ADF content with a certain positive advantage; and NDF content with more positive heterosis. Therefore, in order to increase the protein content of straw and digestibility, hybrids should be maintained under the premise of lodging resistance, and the parent,probably with more higher protein content and lower cellulose content ,shoud be choosen to improve the quality of hybrids.
7) The results of this study show that the grain yield has no significant correlation with protein ,starch and fat contents in kernel, indicating that it is feasible to improve the maize yield and quality in kernel simultaneously through pyramiding elite genes, but it must be more difficult than to improve a single trait.
1)不同自交系的籽粒营养成分含量各有不同,自交系8085和E28的蛋白质、赖氨酸含量较高,而粗淀粉含量较低;适合作为高蛋白品种选育的亲本材料。郑58和丹340的淀粉含量较高,而蛋白质和赖氨酸含量很低,宜作为高淀粉品种选育的亲本材料;8085和许178的脂肪含量较高,以之为亲本有益于提高组合的含油量。
2)不同自交系的秸秆营养品质含量也不相同,亲本秸秆的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、ADF、NDF平均含量分别为5.28%、3.31%、45.07%、67.49%,变幅分别为2.67%～8.12%、2.65%～4.19%、41.29%～54.75%、59.84%～74.15%。K12蛋白质和脂肪含量较高,而ADF含量和NDF含量较低,以之作亲本有利于改善杂交种秸秆的品质;而自330的ADF和NDF含量较高,蛋白质和脂肪含量较低,对提高杂交种秸秆的品质不利。
3)控制籽粒和秸秆品质性状的基因均以加性效应为主;籽粒的蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉、赖氨酸的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力分别是38.71%和30.19%、17.5%和15.5%、14.82%和13.4%、15.59%和11.93%;而秸秆的蛋白质、脂肪、ADF、NDF的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力分别是8.11%和4.72%、15.53%和1.5%、42.12%和13.39%、11.33%和7.52%。虽然这些性状遗传力都不高,受环境条件的影响较大,但相比之下,籽粒蛋白质含量受环境条件的影响比其它性状小,为高蛋白育种奠定了遗传基础。
4)杂交种的品质性状明显受基因型、环境及其互作的影响,就籽粒蛋白质含量而言,在河南省内呈现由南向北提高的趋势,而秸秆蛋白质含量由北向南呈现提高的趋势。
5)亲本性状一般配合力高的,其特殊配合力未必就高。如自交系2、3的籽粒蛋白质含量的一般配合力均较高,但组合2×3的特殊配合力并不高,而以2×6,7×9,1×8等的特殊配合力效应值较高,其它性状也有类似表现。由此看出籽粒和秸秆的品质性状的一般配合力与特殊配合力没有必然的联系。
6)籽粒的4个品质性状中蛋白质、赖氨酸、脂肪含量均表现负向优势,而所有组合的淀粉含量均表现正向优势,且不同组合优势大小不一;而秸秆的4个品质性状中,有71.11%的组合秸秆粗蛋白质含量表现超中亲优势,22.22%组合有超高亲优势,正向优势明显;脂肪含量的所有组合均表现负向优势;酸性洗涤性纤维含量有一定的正向优势;中性洗涤性纤维含量表现较强的正向优势。因此,要提高秸秆的蛋白质含量和消化率,应当在保持杂交种抗倒的前提下,尽可能选择蛋白质含量高、纤维素含量低的材料作亲本,以提高杂交种的品质。
7)本研究结果显示籽粒产量与品质相关性不显著,表明通过广泛的遗传重组,玉米籽粒品质性状与产量可以同步提高,但是难度定要大于对单一性状的选择。
Based on the analysis of the grain quality of 192 maize inbred lines,ten inbreds from 5 heterotic groups were choosedas parents, according to the relative difference on protein content in kernel, to compose a total of 90 positive and negative hybrid combinations according to Griffing diallel cross design. The crosses were growen in 3 locations of Nanyang, Zhengzhou and Xunxian in Henan Province.The content of crude protein, starch, fat, lysine in kernels and the crude protein, crude fat, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content in stalks were analyzed by use of near-infrared analysis technology, at the same time the main agronomic traits were evaluated, and the analysis also had been made on the genetic effects of grain and straw quality traits of hybrids with different genetic background , the heterosis, genotypes, environments as well as their interaction effects on quality traits and the some major agronomic traits.The results showed that:
1) the nutrient contents in kernel varied with inbred lines, the inbred lines 8085 and E28 are higher in protein and lysine contents, but lower in starch content, so they are suitable for being as materials in high - protein breeding. Zheng 58 and Dan 340 with high starch , low protein and lysine content, fit for as the high-starch breeding material; while the inbreds 8085 and Xu178 have higher fat content , preferably as the high-oil breeding parental material.
2) the nutrient contents in straw also varied with inbreds.The average content of crude protein, crude fat, ADF, NDF in parental straw is 5.28 %, 3.31 %, 45.07 %, 67.49 % and 2.67 %, respectively, the changing range is 2.67%~ 8.12%, 2.65% ~ 4.19%, 41.29% ~ 54.75 % and 74.15% ~ 59.84% ,respectively. The inbred lines K12 with higher protein and fat content, lower ADF and NDF content, is favorable to be as a parent of hybrid to improve the straw quality ; while the 330 inbred line with higher ADF and NDF content, and lower protein and fat content,is disadvantage to improve the straw quality of hybrid.
3) the gene actions controlling the quality traits of grain and straw are mainly additive effect; the broad-sense heritability and narrow sense heritability of grain protein, fat, starch,and lysine are 38.71% and 30.19%, 17.5% and 15.5%, 14.82% and 13.4%, 15.59% and 11.93% respectively; while the broad-sense heritability and narrow sense heritability of straw protein, fat, ADF, NDF are 8.11% and 4.72%, 15.53% and 1.5%, 42.12% and 13.39%, 11.33% and 7.52%, although the heritability of these traits are not high and easy to be effected by environments, the protein content in kernel is less comparatively effecetd by environments than other traits, which establish the genetic basis for the high-protein breeding .
4) The quality traits of hybrids is significantly affected by genotypes, environments and their interaction , view from the point of grain protein content, Henan Province has a trend of increasing from south to north, while the straw protein content has a trend of increasing from north to south..
5) The parents with high general combining ability(GCA)in some traits , may hvae not the high specific combining ability(SCA) in the same traits. Such as inbred lines 2 and 3 both with higher GCA in grain protein content, while the cross 2×3 with lower SCA,on the contrary ,the crosses 2×6,7×9,1×8 performed higher SCA, same performance happened on other traits. which infered that the GCA of grain and straw quality traits may not certainly have corrrelation with SCA.
6) out of the 4 grain quality traits, protein, lysine and fat content all have negative heterosis, but the starch content of all crosses perform positive heterosis,and the heterosis varies with crosses.While out of the 4 straw quality traits, 71.11% crosses performed over mid-parents heterosis in straw crude protein content, 22.22% crosses over-high-parent heterosis, with the obvious positive heterosis. The fat content of all crosses performed negative heterosis; ADF content with a certain positive advantage; and NDF content with more positive heterosis. Therefore, in order to increase the protein content of straw and digestibility, hybrids should be maintained under the premise of lodging resistance, and the parent,probably with more higher protein content and lower cellulose content ,shoud be choosen to improve the quality of hybrids.
7) The results of this study show that the grain yield has no significant correlation with protein ,starch and fat contents in kernel, indicating that it is feasible to improve the maize yield and quality in kernel simultaneously through pyramiding elite genes, but it must be more difficult than to improve a single trait.
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