小额信贷与农村生计
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摘要
本文的研究目是确定乡村发展协会信贷（RDA-credit）对孟加拉国农村地区贫困人口生活改善所带来的影响，并且参考中国和孟加拉微型金融项目，对RDA信贷的操作进行评价。这项研究在孟加拉和中国陕西实施，对所选取的6个微型金融机构（MFI）的特点进行了比较性描述分析。根据研究目标需要，分别选取孟家拉的乡村发展协会灌溉管理和水资源管理中心（CIWM）、孟加拉乡村银行、TMSS和社会进步协会（ASA），以及中国的西安信昌小额贷款有限责任公司（XMC）和西安大洋汇鑫小额贷款股份有限公司作为研究对象。同时，在乡村发展协会项目实施的区域，收集小额信贷客户及非客户的资料作为主要数据。其获取方法主要采用焦点小组讨论法。
本研究采用普通最小二乘法和Probit模型来进行分析。研究发现，RDA信贷在提高收入、储蓄、消费水平、资产状况、家族企业以及创造就业等方面，对客户的家庭具有正向影响。最小二乘估计的结果表明，参与RDA信贷计划在统计学上具有显著性，且与年平均收入呈正相关关系，这证明参与RDA信贷计划可提高家庭年均收入，并提供了增加家庭收入的途径。该结果还表明，年均收入、储蓄、就业（天），以及家庭资产之间也存在正相关关系。Probit模型的估计结果表明在社会经济因素影响下参与RDA信贷计划的影响因素。家庭收入、储蓄、年均就业天数、识字率及家庭规模与参与计划正相关，家庭收入、年均就业天数和家庭识字率对参与RDA信贷计划影响显著。决策指标（DMI）结果描述了接受RDA信贷的妇女能够控制信贷的接受、信贷利用及家庭计划。研究还表明，对于参与信贷的人来说，他们的农作物产量、家畜、家禽、奶业及渔业产量的增长率要高于非参与者。根据调查，96%的参与者使用了卫生设施，而非参与者的使用卫生设施率只有34.7%。另外，参加RDA信贷计划后，分别有98.7%和96.3%的人认为水质量和医疗设施改善了，而非参与者的改善情况并不令人满意。这个结果显示了小额信贷的参与者的健康状况比非参与者得到了更大的改善。基于目前的研究，反映出热心参加RDA信贷计划，并且能够有效的将贷款投入到适合的创业活动中的家庭能够有效改善其生活。
孟加拉是现代农村小额信贷的发源地，但是其微型金融机构的信贷机制并不相同。目前的研究集中在乡村银行、TMSS、社会进步协会以及RDA的信贷机制研究方面。本文发现所选取的微型金融服务提供者全部将穷人作为服务对象，但是在客户选择程序、服务费用的收取、信贷分配、妇女优先、基础信贷要求、企业发展技能以及监控和管理等方面存在差异。每个机构都有其采取不同做法的正当理由。然而，由于RDA信贷机制确保了监督和教育信贷，所以普遍认为这一机制是成功并可持续的，虽然一般来讲这并不常见。因此建议不同的微型金融机构之间互相学习和借鉴。
本文比较了中国和孟加拉的微型金融机构在运行机制、服务延伸、可持续性及正规性等方面的经验，为未来的发展提供借鉴。对中国和孟加拉的运行机制的分析发现了几点不同，最明显的差异是服务的延伸、抵押品的状态和监管水平，这些都直接影响MFIs的可持续发展。在中国这些地区，通过贷款资产组合的更高收益来抵消高额成本，MFIs可以从资产和权益中获取利润，使得金融可持续性能够很好的发展下去。与此同时，中国最穷的一些人未能参与小额信贷计划获取抵押贷款。在这种情况下，一定水平的补贴有助于减缓中国不断扩大的收入差距。然而，资金的缺乏、有限的服务和限制性的政策环境束缚了贷款业务的进一步拓展；急需补救措施，使这些机构能够参与到中国经济的增长过程中。本文结论是，只有实施信贷附加的做法，中国小额信贷才能获得实质性的发展。因次，本文建议创建一个灵活的新型机构，由新政策管理而不受其他权限的管控。
本研究对孟加拉和中国的微型金融领域未来的改进进行了阐述。该研究所选取的微型金融机构在两国农村地区的运作非常成功，在这些地区，居民的生活都十分困难。本文发现了18个基本标准，这些标准可以通过不同的要素得到，例如：适应，实践研究，复制，曝光访问，培训研讨会，宣传和随访。基本标准是：MFIs的使命和愿景，政策制定，运行机制，灵活性条款，适当的管理，形成控制行为，产品开发，资金增加，无抵押贷款，固定利率，激励途径，教育信贷，配套计划，技术支持，金融活动深化，合作计划，区域办法和微型金融管理。产品研发、服务机制和分散化管理结构未来将在两国的发展中做出巨大贡献。所选取的MFIs之间可以通过管理机构、产品开发、无抵押贷款、固定利率、教育信贷、配套计划和管理来相互学习。这些MFIs的成功经验也适用于其他发展中国家。通过调整最佳要素可以克服存在的复杂情况。
最后，本文探讨了束缚两国微型金融领域未来发展所面临的的挑战。两国的MFIs应主动交流知识，在政府和MFIs间传播创新知识，在国内和国际间建立可持续的小额信贷干预机制。由于小额信贷的介入能够显著的提升农村贫困人口的生活水平。因此，本文建议政府应抓住微型金融领域发展的机会，扩大市场准入和政策支持，从而保证该行业的持续发展。
The main objective of the dissertation was to determine the RDA-credit impacts onlivelihood improvement of the poor people in rural settings of Bangladesh and asses themicrofinance operating approach of RDA-credit with the reference of China and Bangladeshmicrofinance program. This study was conducted in Bangladesh and Shaanxi province, China.Present paper is descriptive in nature focusing on comparative features of selected MFIs. Withthese passionate outlooks, six microfinance institution (MFIs) were selected for criticalevaluation consisting four from Bangladesh and two from China. Center for Irrigation andWater Management (CIWM) under control of Rural Development Academy (RDA), GrameenBank (GB), Thengamara Mohila Sabuj Sangha (TMSS) and Association for SocialAdvancement (ASA) were chosen from Bangladesh while Xian Xinchang MicrocreditCompany (XMC) and Xian Dayang Huijin Microcredit Company (DHMC) were selectedfrom China as per the objective of the study. Meanwhile, primary data were collected fromRDA-credit clients and non-clients in the RDA project areas. The Focused Group Discussion(FGD) was adopted to gather information from clients and non-clients on the basis of researchobjectives.
The study has adopted OLS and probit model to testify the significance level. The studyfinds positive impact of RDA-credit on clients’ household in respect to increase income,savings, consumption, assets position, household enterprise, and employment generation. TheOLS estimation represents participation in RDA-credit program was positively related withannual average income (as per the evident of positive coefficient) and OLS estimationdemonstrated statistically significant on participation of RDA-credit program. It establishedthat the average household income was determined by the participation of RDA-creditprogram and the participation had showed the way increase an average household income.The OLS result also presented that the annual income, savings, employment/days and assets/households were positively related which influenced by RDA-credit program. The result ofprobit estimation shows the relationship between probabilities in participating RDA-creditprogram on the influences of socio-economic variables. The positive coefficient of householdincome, savings, annual employed days per household, number of literacy and family size associated with positive impact of participation in RDA-credit program. It is depicted fromthis study that among various socio-economic variables, household income, annualemployment days/household and per household number of literacy were significantlyinfluenced in participating RDA-credit program. DMI Results depicted for credit taking,credit utilization and family planning DMI were largely dominated by women who receivedRDA-credits. This study also indicates that clients crop production, livestock, poultry, dairyand fisheries production increasing rate are higher than non-clients. This research investigatedthat in96percent RDA-credit members used sanitary facilities where only34.7percent non-client used sanitary facilities. On the other hand, after participating in the RDA-creditprogram98.7percent and96.3percent clients respectively told that water quality and medicalfacilities improved wherever non-clients improved rate not satisfactory. This result revealsthat participation in microcredit program has uplifted the better health affairs of theparticipants than non-participants. Based on present study, it can be commented thathouseholds who are enthusiastically engaged in RDA-credit program and efficiently investcredit in proper income generating activities can improve their livelihood.
Although Bangladesh is the pioneer adopter of modern microcredit approach but thecredit mechanisms are not similar for all MFIs. Present thesis describes the credit mechanismsof Grameen Bank, Thengamara Mohila Sabuj Sangha, Association for Social Advancement,and RDA-credit in Bangladesh. This study finds all selected microfinance service providerstargeted poor clients but their clients selection process, service charge, credit allocation,priority to women, demand based credit, enterprise skill development and monitoring andsupervision are different. Every institution has its own justification for adopting distinctapproach. However, RDA-credit mechanism is considered to successful and sustainable asbecause it has ensured supervisory and educative credit which is not common in general. It isalso suggested to have mutual learning and cross fertilization among various microfinanceservice providers.
This paper compares the experiences of microfinance institutions in China andBangladesh in the areas of the operating mechanism, outreach, sustainability and regularitystatus and draws lessons for future. Several variations found on operational mechanismbetween China and Bangladesh nevertheless the most observable differences were outreach,collateral status and regulatory status which have direct influenced on MFIs sustainability. Inthe region, the MFIs fare well in terms of financial sustainability as they earn profit on assetsand equity, covering a large amount higher cost levels by earning more from their loanportfolio. At the same time some of the Chinese poorest fail to participate in microcreditprogram for collateral system loan. In such a case, some level of subsidy may be necessary if they contribute to mitigating China’s growing income disparities. Nonetheless the lack offunds, limited service provisions and restrictive policy environment shackles the businessfrom further expansion; requiring urgent remedial steps for resolving existing obstacles andallowing these institutions to participate in China's growth. This study conclusion is that a truedevelopment of microcredit in China can only occur if a credit plus approach is implemented.Therefore, this study proposes the creation of a new flexible type of institution, regulated by anew policy, autonomous from the other controlling authority in china.
This research clarified the feature that can be learned and adopted for the futurebetterment of microfinance sector in Bangladesh and China. This study selected microfinanceinstitution works successfully in the village area where people living condition wereunderprivileged both Bangladesh and china. This study discovered eighteen basics criteriathat can be learned through different elements such as adaption, action research, replication,exposure visit, training workshop, dissemination and follow-up. This study selected basicscriteria are MFIs mission and vision, policy development, operating mechanism, flexibleterms and conditions, proper management, forming controlling act, product development,increases fund, collateral free credit, fixed interest rate, motivation and approach, educativecredit, supporting program, technical assistance, strengthening financial activities,partnership program, area approach and microfinance regulation. Product development,service mechanism and decentralized management structure provide big contribution forfuture in both countries. The selected MFIs can learn from each other’s through Controllinginstitute, product development, collateral free credit, fixed interest rate, educative credit,supporting program and regulation. The successful experiences of studied MFIs can be usedto other developing countries. The cross country knowledge can overcome the presentedcomplicatedness by adapting best elements.
Finally, the study ascertained some challenges in Bangladesh and China which shacklemicrofinance sector for future development. MFIs in both countries should have an initiativeto exchange knowledge and disseminate innovation between government and MFIs to build asustainable microcredit intervention in own country and internationally. As, microcreditintervention significantly improves the livelihood of the rural poor. Therefore, this studysuggested that the government should come forward and take the opportunities offered by themicrofinance sector and extend market access and policy supports en route for a balanceddevelopment of this promising sector.
本研究采用普通最小二乘法和Probit模型来进行分析。研究发现，RDA信贷在提高收入、储蓄、消费水平、资产状况、家族企业以及创造就业等方面，对客户的家庭具有正向影响。最小二乘估计的结果表明，参与RDA信贷计划在统计学上具有显著性，且与年平均收入呈正相关关系，这证明参与RDA信贷计划可提高家庭年均收入，并提供了增加家庭收入的途径。该结果还表明，年均收入、储蓄、就业（天），以及家庭资产之间也存在正相关关系。Probit模型的估计结果表明在社会经济因素影响下参与RDA信贷计划的影响因素。家庭收入、储蓄、年均就业天数、识字率及家庭规模与参与计划正相关，家庭收入、年均就业天数和家庭识字率对参与RDA信贷计划影响显著。决策指标（DMI）结果描述了接受RDA信贷的妇女能够控制信贷的接受、信贷利用及家庭计划。研究还表明，对于参与信贷的人来说，他们的农作物产量、家畜、家禽、奶业及渔业产量的增长率要高于非参与者。根据调查，96%的参与者使用了卫生设施，而非参与者的使用卫生设施率只有34.7%。另外，参加RDA信贷计划后，分别有98.7%和96.3%的人认为水质量和医疗设施改善了，而非参与者的改善情况并不令人满意。这个结果显示了小额信贷的参与者的健康状况比非参与者得到了更大的改善。基于目前的研究，反映出热心参加RDA信贷计划，并且能够有效的将贷款投入到适合的创业活动中的家庭能够有效改善其生活。
孟加拉是现代农村小额信贷的发源地，但是其微型金融机构的信贷机制并不相同。目前的研究集中在乡村银行、TMSS、社会进步协会以及RDA的信贷机制研究方面。本文发现所选取的微型金融服务提供者全部将穷人作为服务对象，但是在客户选择程序、服务费用的收取、信贷分配、妇女优先、基础信贷要求、企业发展技能以及监控和管理等方面存在差异。每个机构都有其采取不同做法的正当理由。然而，由于RDA信贷机制确保了监督和教育信贷，所以普遍认为这一机制是成功并可持续的，虽然一般来讲这并不常见。因此建议不同的微型金融机构之间互相学习和借鉴。
本文比较了中国和孟加拉的微型金融机构在运行机制、服务延伸、可持续性及正规性等方面的经验，为未来的发展提供借鉴。对中国和孟加拉的运行机制的分析发现了几点不同，最明显的差异是服务的延伸、抵押品的状态和监管水平，这些都直接影响MFIs的可持续发展。在中国这些地区，通过贷款资产组合的更高收益来抵消高额成本，MFIs可以从资产和权益中获取利润，使得金融可持续性能够很好的发展下去。与此同时，中国最穷的一些人未能参与小额信贷计划获取抵押贷款。在这种情况下，一定水平的补贴有助于减缓中国不断扩大的收入差距。然而，资金的缺乏、有限的服务和限制性的政策环境束缚了贷款业务的进一步拓展；急需补救措施，使这些机构能够参与到中国经济的增长过程中。本文结论是，只有实施信贷附加的做法，中国小额信贷才能获得实质性的发展。因次，本文建议创建一个灵活的新型机构，由新政策管理而不受其他权限的管控。
本研究对孟加拉和中国的微型金融领域未来的改进进行了阐述。该研究所选取的微型金融机构在两国农村地区的运作非常成功，在这些地区，居民的生活都十分困难。本文发现了18个基本标准，这些标准可以通过不同的要素得到，例如：适应，实践研究，复制，曝光访问，培训研讨会，宣传和随访。基本标准是：MFIs的使命和愿景，政策制定，运行机制，灵活性条款，适当的管理，形成控制行为，产品开发，资金增加，无抵押贷款，固定利率，激励途径，教育信贷，配套计划，技术支持，金融活动深化，合作计划，区域办法和微型金融管理。产品研发、服务机制和分散化管理结构未来将在两国的发展中做出巨大贡献。所选取的MFIs之间可以通过管理机构、产品开发、无抵押贷款、固定利率、教育信贷、配套计划和管理来相互学习。这些MFIs的成功经验也适用于其他发展中国家。通过调整最佳要素可以克服存在的复杂情况。
最后，本文探讨了束缚两国微型金融领域未来发展所面临的的挑战。两国的MFIs应主动交流知识，在政府和MFIs间传播创新知识，在国内和国际间建立可持续的小额信贷干预机制。由于小额信贷的介入能够显著的提升农村贫困人口的生活水平。因此，本文建议政府应抓住微型金融领域发展的机会，扩大市场准入和政策支持，从而保证该行业的持续发展。
The main objective of the dissertation was to determine the RDA-credit impacts onlivelihood improvement of the poor people in rural settings of Bangladesh and asses themicrofinance operating approach of RDA-credit with the reference of China and Bangladeshmicrofinance program. This study was conducted in Bangladesh and Shaanxi province, China.Present paper is descriptive in nature focusing on comparative features of selected MFIs. Withthese passionate outlooks, six microfinance institution (MFIs) were selected for criticalevaluation consisting four from Bangladesh and two from China. Center for Irrigation andWater Management (CIWM) under control of Rural Development Academy (RDA), GrameenBank (GB), Thengamara Mohila Sabuj Sangha (TMSS) and Association for SocialAdvancement (ASA) were chosen from Bangladesh while Xian Xinchang MicrocreditCompany (XMC) and Xian Dayang Huijin Microcredit Company (DHMC) were selectedfrom China as per the objective of the study. Meanwhile, primary data were collected fromRDA-credit clients and non-clients in the RDA project areas. The Focused Group Discussion(FGD) was adopted to gather information from clients and non-clients on the basis of researchobjectives.
The study has adopted OLS and probit model to testify the significance level. The studyfinds positive impact of RDA-credit on clients’ household in respect to increase income,savings, consumption, assets position, household enterprise, and employment generation. TheOLS estimation represents participation in RDA-credit program was positively related withannual average income (as per the evident of positive coefficient) and OLS estimationdemonstrated statistically significant on participation of RDA-credit program. It establishedthat the average household income was determined by the participation of RDA-creditprogram and the participation had showed the way increase an average household income.The OLS result also presented that the annual income, savings, employment/days and assets/households were positively related which influenced by RDA-credit program. The result ofprobit estimation shows the relationship between probabilities in participating RDA-creditprogram on the influences of socio-economic variables. The positive coefficient of householdincome, savings, annual employed days per household, number of literacy and family size associated with positive impact of participation in RDA-credit program. It is depicted fromthis study that among various socio-economic variables, household income, annualemployment days/household and per household number of literacy were significantlyinfluenced in participating RDA-credit program. DMI Results depicted for credit taking,credit utilization and family planning DMI were largely dominated by women who receivedRDA-credits. This study also indicates that clients crop production, livestock, poultry, dairyand fisheries production increasing rate are higher than non-clients. This research investigatedthat in96percent RDA-credit members used sanitary facilities where only34.7percent non-client used sanitary facilities. On the other hand, after participating in the RDA-creditprogram98.7percent and96.3percent clients respectively told that water quality and medicalfacilities improved wherever non-clients improved rate not satisfactory. This result revealsthat participation in microcredit program has uplifted the better health affairs of theparticipants than non-participants. Based on present study, it can be commented thathouseholds who are enthusiastically engaged in RDA-credit program and efficiently investcredit in proper income generating activities can improve their livelihood.
Although Bangladesh is the pioneer adopter of modern microcredit approach but thecredit mechanisms are not similar for all MFIs. Present thesis describes the credit mechanismsof Grameen Bank, Thengamara Mohila Sabuj Sangha, Association for Social Advancement,and RDA-credit in Bangladesh. This study finds all selected microfinance service providerstargeted poor clients but their clients selection process, service charge, credit allocation,priority to women, demand based credit, enterprise skill development and monitoring andsupervision are different. Every institution has its own justification for adopting distinctapproach. However, RDA-credit mechanism is considered to successful and sustainable asbecause it has ensured supervisory and educative credit which is not common in general. It isalso suggested to have mutual learning and cross fertilization among various microfinanceservice providers.
This paper compares the experiences of microfinance institutions in China andBangladesh in the areas of the operating mechanism, outreach, sustainability and regularitystatus and draws lessons for future. Several variations found on operational mechanismbetween China and Bangladesh nevertheless the most observable differences were outreach,collateral status and regulatory status which have direct influenced on MFIs sustainability. Inthe region, the MFIs fare well in terms of financial sustainability as they earn profit on assetsand equity, covering a large amount higher cost levels by earning more from their loanportfolio. At the same time some of the Chinese poorest fail to participate in microcreditprogram for collateral system loan. In such a case, some level of subsidy may be necessary if they contribute to mitigating China’s growing income disparities. Nonetheless the lack offunds, limited service provisions and restrictive policy environment shackles the businessfrom further expansion; requiring urgent remedial steps for resolving existing obstacles andallowing these institutions to participate in China's growth. This study conclusion is that a truedevelopment of microcredit in China can only occur if a credit plus approach is implemented.Therefore, this study proposes the creation of a new flexible type of institution, regulated by anew policy, autonomous from the other controlling authority in china.
This research clarified the feature that can be learned and adopted for the futurebetterment of microfinance sector in Bangladesh and China. This study selected microfinanceinstitution works successfully in the village area where people living condition wereunderprivileged both Bangladesh and china. This study discovered eighteen basics criteriathat can be learned through different elements such as adaption, action research, replication,exposure visit, training workshop, dissemination and follow-up. This study selected basicscriteria are MFIs mission and vision, policy development, operating mechanism, flexibleterms and conditions, proper management, forming controlling act, product development,increases fund, collateral free credit, fixed interest rate, motivation and approach, educativecredit, supporting program, technical assistance, strengthening financial activities,partnership program, area approach and microfinance regulation. Product development,service mechanism and decentralized management structure provide big contribution forfuture in both countries. The selected MFIs can learn from each other’s through Controllinginstitute, product development, collateral free credit, fixed interest rate, educative credit,supporting program and regulation. The successful experiences of studied MFIs can be usedto other developing countries. The cross country knowledge can overcome the presentedcomplicatedness by adapting best elements.
Finally, the study ascertained some challenges in Bangladesh and China which shacklemicrofinance sector for future development. MFIs in both countries should have an initiativeto exchange knowledge and disseminate innovation between government and MFIs to build asustainable microcredit intervention in own country and internationally. As, microcreditintervention significantly improves the livelihood of the rural poor. Therefore, this studysuggested that the government should come forward and take the opportunities offered by themicrofinance sector and extend market access and policy supports en route for a balanceddevelopment of this promising sector.
引文
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