长白山不同坡向湿地植被结构特征及生物多样性研究
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摘要
本文以长白山自然保护区北坡、南坡和西坡不同海拔的湿地植物为研究对象,采用样方调查法、利用一元回归分析,研究长白山不同坡向上不同海拔的湿地植物群落的物种组成结构特征、物种多样性、α多样性以及β多样性的变化规律,为今后长白山湿地生态系统的生态过程、结构、功能研究奠定基础,为高山湿地脆弱生境的保护和恢复研究,实现高山湿地的可持续发展提供参考依据。研究结果如下：
对长白山湿地的调查中发现,长白山北坡湿地植物37科83属142种,南坡湿地植物33科71属103种,西坡湿地植物37科83属132种。并根据各坡向上湿地样方中植物种的重要值计算结果,判断并记录长白山各坡向湿地样方的群落组成；根据湿地调查,判断并记录长白山各坡向上的湿地样方的湿地类型。初步分析了各个坡向上不同植被带内湿地的群落特征。
长白山各个坡向湿地在科的层面上,南坡和西坡的相似性最高,南坡和北坡的相似性次之,北坡和西坡最低。在属的层面上,南坡和西坡的相似性最高,西坡和北坡的相似性次之,南坡和北坡最低。
长白山北坡和南坡湿地植物物种多样性随海拔变化没有明显的变化趋势,西坡湿地物种多样性随着海拔的降低而升高,呈负相关变化。物种数在植被交错带升高,湿地类型对湿地植物物种数也有影响。湿地植物群落所处的发展阶段对湿地物种数的影响也较为明显。
长白山三个坡向上不同海拔梯度的α多样性的Shannon-Wiener指数、群落均匀度Pielou指数、优势度Simpson指数,除了西坡多样性指数和海拔梯度呈负相关外,都随海拔梯度没有明显的变化趋势。
长白山北坡湿地植物β多样性Cody指数随海拔梯度格局的变化趋势不显著。但各个植被带内,植被替换率变化较为明显。长白山南坡和西坡湿地植物多样性Cody指数随海拔梯度格局的变化趋势都呈负相关。说明南坡和西坡湿地植物总体上沿海拔降低的方向物种替换率逐渐升高。各个坡向上的Cody指数一般在植被交错带处和湿地类型变化处出现极值。但这种影响在不同的坡向上有所区别。北坡在交错带处出现大值,而南坡和西坡出现小值。南坡和西坡交错带对湿地植物Cody指数的影响有悖常规。
The paper studies the wetland plants at different altitudes on the North Slope, South Slope and West Slope of Changbai Shan Natural Reserve by using quadrat survey method and univariate regression analysis. The research tries to analyze the composition structural features of wetland plant species and the change rule of a variety andβvariety, which lays the groundwork for the further research on the ecological process, structure, function of the whole wetland ecological system on the Changbai Mountain and provides references for the study on protection and restoration of the fragile ecotope of the mountain wetlands and their sustainable development. The study reveals that:
According to the investigation, there were 142 species wetland plants on the North Slope of the Changbai Mountain, belonging to 83 genera and 37 families, the South Slope wetland plants account for 33 families,71 genera and 103 species, and the West Slope wetland plants have 37 families,83 genera and 132 species. Based on the important values obtained from the calculations of the wetland quadrats, the structure of wetland community of the respective slopes are identified and recorded. So are the types of the wetland quadrats. Then the community characteristics of the wetlands on the slopes at different vegetation zones are taken into analysis.
At the level of families of the wetland plants on these three slopes, the South Slope resembles the West slope most, followed by the South Slope and North Slope, the North Slope and the West Slope. At the level of genera, the South Slope and the West Slope have the highest similarity, the West Slope and North Slope the second, and the South Slope and North Slope the third.
The species variety of wetland plants on the North and South Slopes of the Changbai Mountain does not show obvious variation with the changes of altitudes while that of the West Slope presents a negative correlation with altitudes. The plant species increase in the ecotone and the types of wetlands also affect the wetland plants species. The stage of wetland plants community development also show highly influences on the quantity of wetland plant species.
The Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou Species evenness index, Simpson index that show theαdiversity in the different altitudes on the three slopes of Changbai Mountain varies little according to the change of altitudes except that the diversity indices of the West Slope indicate a negative correlation.
The Cody index that indicatesβdiversity of wetland plants of the North Slope of Changbai Mountain display little variation with the altitude change. But in each vegetation zone, the vegetation replacement rate changes significantly. The Cody variety index of the South and West Slope of Changbai Mountain shows negative correlation with altitude change, suggesting that as for general trend of wetland plants on the South and West Slop, the species replacement rate rises with the descending of altitudes. The Cody indices of each slope reached peak values at the boundaries between the ecotone and wetland-type change area. But this change also shows different degrees. The Cody index of the North Slope reaches its maximum in the ecotone while the South and West Slope shows its minimum value. The Cody index is abnormal in the ecotone between the South Slope and the West Slope.
对长白山湿地的调查中发现,长白山北坡湿地植物37科83属142种,南坡湿地植物33科71属103种,西坡湿地植物37科83属132种。并根据各坡向上湿地样方中植物种的重要值计算结果,判断并记录长白山各坡向湿地样方的群落组成；根据湿地调查,判断并记录长白山各坡向上的湿地样方的湿地类型。初步分析了各个坡向上不同植被带内湿地的群落特征。
长白山各个坡向湿地在科的层面上,南坡和西坡的相似性最高,南坡和北坡的相似性次之,北坡和西坡最低。在属的层面上,南坡和西坡的相似性最高,西坡和北坡的相似性次之,南坡和北坡最低。
长白山北坡和南坡湿地植物物种多样性随海拔变化没有明显的变化趋势,西坡湿地物种多样性随着海拔的降低而升高,呈负相关变化。物种数在植被交错带升高,湿地类型对湿地植物物种数也有影响。湿地植物群落所处的发展阶段对湿地物种数的影响也较为明显。
长白山三个坡向上不同海拔梯度的α多样性的Shannon-Wiener指数、群落均匀度Pielou指数、优势度Simpson指数,除了西坡多样性指数和海拔梯度呈负相关外,都随海拔梯度没有明显的变化趋势。
长白山北坡湿地植物β多样性Cody指数随海拔梯度格局的变化趋势不显著。但各个植被带内,植被替换率变化较为明显。长白山南坡和西坡湿地植物多样性Cody指数随海拔梯度格局的变化趋势都呈负相关。说明南坡和西坡湿地植物总体上沿海拔降低的方向物种替换率逐渐升高。各个坡向上的Cody指数一般在植被交错带处和湿地类型变化处出现极值。但这种影响在不同的坡向上有所区别。北坡在交错带处出现大值,而南坡和西坡出现小值。南坡和西坡交错带对湿地植物Cody指数的影响有悖常规。
The paper studies the wetland plants at different altitudes on the North Slope, South Slope and West Slope of Changbai Shan Natural Reserve by using quadrat survey method and univariate regression analysis. The research tries to analyze the composition structural features of wetland plant species and the change rule of a variety andβvariety, which lays the groundwork for the further research on the ecological process, structure, function of the whole wetland ecological system on the Changbai Mountain and provides references for the study on protection and restoration of the fragile ecotope of the mountain wetlands and their sustainable development. The study reveals that:
According to the investigation, there were 142 species wetland plants on the North Slope of the Changbai Mountain, belonging to 83 genera and 37 families, the South Slope wetland plants account for 33 families,71 genera and 103 species, and the West Slope wetland plants have 37 families,83 genera and 132 species. Based on the important values obtained from the calculations of the wetland quadrats, the structure of wetland community of the respective slopes are identified and recorded. So are the types of the wetland quadrats. Then the community characteristics of the wetlands on the slopes at different vegetation zones are taken into analysis.
At the level of families of the wetland plants on these three slopes, the South Slope resembles the West slope most, followed by the South Slope and North Slope, the North Slope and the West Slope. At the level of genera, the South Slope and the West Slope have the highest similarity, the West Slope and North Slope the second, and the South Slope and North Slope the third.
The species variety of wetland plants on the North and South Slopes of the Changbai Mountain does not show obvious variation with the changes of altitudes while that of the West Slope presents a negative correlation with altitudes. The plant species increase in the ecotone and the types of wetlands also affect the wetland plants species. The stage of wetland plants community development also show highly influences on the quantity of wetland plant species.
The Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou Species evenness index, Simpson index that show theαdiversity in the different altitudes on the three slopes of Changbai Mountain varies little according to the change of altitudes except that the diversity indices of the West Slope indicate a negative correlation.
The Cody index that indicatesβdiversity of wetland plants of the North Slope of Changbai Mountain display little variation with the altitude change. But in each vegetation zone, the vegetation replacement rate changes significantly. The Cody variety index of the South and West Slope of Changbai Mountain shows negative correlation with altitude change, suggesting that as for general trend of wetland plants on the South and West Slop, the species replacement rate rises with the descending of altitudes. The Cody indices of each slope reached peak values at the boundaries between the ecotone and wetland-type change area. But this change also shows different degrees. The Cody index of the North Slope reaches its maximum in the ecotone while the South and West Slope shows its minimum value. The Cody index is abnormal in the ecotone between the South Slope and the West Slope.
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