美国新生体验计划研究
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摘要
美国的新生体验计划是本论文的研究对象。新生体验计划发展于上个世纪七十年代,最初是为了解决美国高等教育的日益下降的保留率,后来发展成为确保学生在大学成功学习的重要手段。
本论文首先对美国新生体验计划的历史发展进行了描绘,然后对计划的主要内容设计进行阐述,最后是对新生体验计划评价的重点介绍。本文将新生体验计划的内容根据其属性归为四大类,即入学服务(入学管理、定向辅导活动及宿舍计划);学术援助(学术指导、辅助教育以及图书馆与信息素养);课程(新生研讨班及课程学习共同体);课外活动(服务学习)。
新生体验计划并非一个单独的项目、活动或课程,而是新生们在本科第一年中的经验总和,以上所提及的各项活动都必须相互贯穿并紧密配合,才能给新生们提供一个融学习与社交系统为一体而更为完整的新生体验以获得成功。这一目的的达成,必须有赖于大学各个部门,特别是学生事务部门以及学术事务部门的合作与配合。
美国的新生体验计划与过去的新生教育最大的不同就是它在每一个阶段或每一项活动里都融入了更多学术的部分,并尝试通过一种新的学习方式(学习共同体)来获得新生们更多的参与和投入以提高学习和教育的质量。为了更好地改善各项活动的内容和实施方式,大学本身以及美国多个专业的评价机构皆为不同的活动开发了多种评价的工具以收集有效的信息反馈。
美国新生体验计划的一些理念和改革的做法,除了可以提供给中国关于如何丰富其新生教育的内容以外,同时也可为中国大学未来学生事务管理和教学管理改革提供一些可借鉴性的做法。
The "first-year experience" in the United States was first seen as an approach to fix the problem of retention that has greatly disturb the higher education institution in the 70's but is now seen as a comprehensive and intentional approach to the first college year, which is far more than a single event, program, or course, but sum of all experiences students have in their first year at college, to ease their transition to college and to make a student success.
This dissertation has given attention to the origins, history and evolution of the First-Year Experience (FYE) movement in the United States, but emphasis is place on the in-depth description of the college programs and initiatives, which has been categorized to enrollment service (enrollment management, orientation and residence hall program), academic support (academic advising, supplemental instruction and the library and information literacy), Curricular (freshman seminar and Curricular learning community) and co-curricular (service-learning) according to the programs nature.
The first-year experience program is distinct from the former freshman courses or activities offer by the institution since it has integrated more academic elements into every single event or program at all stages where learning community is a pedagogical approach applied to enhance student engagement to promote student success. Comprehensive assessment programs based on well-designed and controlled assessment studies are conducted systematically and continuously to fine tune the first-year experience program.
Although the fact that student retention is a likely outcome of the first-year experience, but there is no contradiction between retention and the educational objective of enhancing student development by fostering student learning and success through the first-year experience. Therefore the experience of the United States in developing the "First-year Experience" is still our good source of reference in planning and developing similar program for our first-year student.
本论文首先对美国新生体验计划的历史发展进行了描绘,然后对计划的主要内容设计进行阐述,最后是对新生体验计划评价的重点介绍。本文将新生体验计划的内容根据其属性归为四大类,即入学服务(入学管理、定向辅导活动及宿舍计划);学术援助(学术指导、辅助教育以及图书馆与信息素养);课程(新生研讨班及课程学习共同体);课外活动(服务学习)。
新生体验计划并非一个单独的项目、活动或课程,而是新生们在本科第一年中的经验总和,以上所提及的各项活动都必须相互贯穿并紧密配合,才能给新生们提供一个融学习与社交系统为一体而更为完整的新生体验以获得成功。这一目的的达成,必须有赖于大学各个部门,特别是学生事务部门以及学术事务部门的合作与配合。
美国的新生体验计划与过去的新生教育最大的不同就是它在每一个阶段或每一项活动里都融入了更多学术的部分,并尝试通过一种新的学习方式(学习共同体)来获得新生们更多的参与和投入以提高学习和教育的质量。为了更好地改善各项活动的内容和实施方式,大学本身以及美国多个专业的评价机构皆为不同的活动开发了多种评价的工具以收集有效的信息反馈。
美国新生体验计划的一些理念和改革的做法,除了可以提供给中国关于如何丰富其新生教育的内容以外,同时也可为中国大学未来学生事务管理和教学管理改革提供一些可借鉴性的做法。
The "first-year experience" in the United States was first seen as an approach to fix the problem of retention that has greatly disturb the higher education institution in the 70's but is now seen as a comprehensive and intentional approach to the first college year, which is far more than a single event, program, or course, but sum of all experiences students have in their first year at college, to ease their transition to college and to make a student success.
This dissertation has given attention to the origins, history and evolution of the First-Year Experience (FYE) movement in the United States, but emphasis is place on the in-depth description of the college programs and initiatives, which has been categorized to enrollment service (enrollment management, orientation and residence hall program), academic support (academic advising, supplemental instruction and the library and information literacy), Curricular (freshman seminar and Curricular learning community) and co-curricular (service-learning) according to the programs nature.
The first-year experience program is distinct from the former freshman courses or activities offer by the institution since it has integrated more academic elements into every single event or program at all stages where learning community is a pedagogical approach applied to enhance student engagement to promote student success. Comprehensive assessment programs based on well-designed and controlled assessment studies are conducted systematically and continuously to fine tune the first-year experience program.
Although the fact that student retention is a likely outcome of the first-year experience, but there is no contradiction between retention and the educational objective of enhancing student development by fostering student learning and success through the first-year experience. Therefore the experience of the United States in developing the "First-year Experience" is still our good source of reference in planning and developing similar program for our first-year student.
引文
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2 Braxton,J.M.,(2002).Reworking the Student Departure Puzzle.Nashiville:Venderbilt University Press.
3 Robert D.Reason,Patrick T.Terenzini and Robert J.Domingo.(2006).First things first:Developing academic competence in the first year of college.Research in Higher Education,47(2):149-175.
4 杨箐、邵建防.大学新生入学教育研究[J].湖北经济学院学报(人文社会科学版),2006(4).
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6 冯博雅.‘成长小组'与同辈互助——解决新生适应问题的的学校小组工作模式探索[J].广东工业大学学报(社会科学版),2006(12).
7 杨涌、杨拯、卓强、刘群峰.对新生入学教育的思考[J].中国西部科技,2007(1).
8 朱勇.入学教育对大学生德育影响探索[J]高教研究,2007(2).
9[加拿大]迈克尔·富兰.变革的力量[M]—透视教育改革.教育科学出版社.2004。
1 Dwyer,J.O.(1989).A historical look at the freshman year experience.In Upcraft,M L.,Gardner,J.N,and Associates,The freshman year experience:Helping students survive and Succeed in College(pp.25-39).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
2 Kelly,J.M.(1996).The first-year college experience:Strategies for improvement.Retrieved December 15,2007 from http://www.newfoundations.com/OrgTheory/Kelly721Sp06.html
3 Mary Stuart Hunter.(2006).Lessons learned:Achieving institutional change in support of students in transition.New Directions for Student Services,2006(114).
4 John R.Thelin.(2004).A history of American higher education.Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press.p.260.
5 Ibid.p.317.
6 Ibid.pp.326-331.
7 Jennifer,L.,& Crissman Ishler.(2005).Today's first-year student.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N.,Barefoot,B.O.,& Associates(Eds.),Challenge and supporting the first-year student-A handbook for improving the first year of college(pp.15-26).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
8 More First-Year College Students Return for Second Year;Fewer Students Graduate in Five Years(April 26,2001).Retrieved November 12,2007,from http://www.act.org/news/releases/2001/04-26-01.html
9 Nist,Sherrie L.,& Jodi Patrick Holschuh.(2003).College Success Strategies.New York:Penguin Academic.pp.3-9.
10 Pascarella,E.T.& Terenzini,P.T.(1991).How college affect students.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.pp.58-59.
11 Dwyer,J.O.(1989).A historical look at the freshman year experience.In Upcraft,M.L.,& Gardner,J.N.(Eds.),The freshman year experience(pp.24-39).San Fransico:Jossey-Bass.
12 Alan Seidman(ed.).(2005).College student retention:Formula for student success.Westport,CT:Praeger Publisher.pp.89-106.
13 Tinto,V.(1987).Leaving College:Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.pp.7-12.
14 Bean,J.P.(1980).Using retention research in enrollment management.In D.Hossler,Bean,J.P.& Associates(eds.),The strategic management of college enrollments,(pp.170-185).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
15 Levitz,R.,Noel,L.,& Richter,B.(1999).Strategic moves for retention success.New Directions for Higher Education,108:31-49.(Retrieved February 22,2007,from Academic Search Premier Database)
16 National Collegiate Retention and Persistence to Degree Rates:2006.Retrieved February 23,2008 from www.act.org/research/policymakers/pdf/retain_2006.pdf
17 Kathy Cammarata Boyd.(2005).Rite of passage.Retrived December 17,2007,from http://news.research.ohiou.edu/perspectives/index.php?item=119&page=124
18 Pascarella,E.T.,and Terenzini,P.T.(1991).How college affects students:findings and insights from twenty years of research.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
19 吕达,周满生.当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国·第一册).人民教育出版社.2004:36.
20 如上.74.
21 如上.100.
22 如上.101-107.
23 转自朱雪文.彻底大学本科教育:美国研究型大学的蓝图.全球教育展望,2001(3):68.
24 如上.69.
25 Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N,& Associates(Eds.).(1989),The freshman year experience:Helping students survive and succeed in college.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
26 Forest,James J.F.,& Kinser,K.(eds.).(2002).Higher education in the United states:An encyclopedia,volume I.Santa Barbara,CA:ABC-CLIO.pp.625-627.
27 Gahagan,J.S.(2000).A historical and theoretical framework for the first-year seminar,The 2000 national survey of first-year seminar programs:Continuing Innovations In The Collegiate Curriculum(Monograph No.35)(pp.5-10).Columbia,SC:University of South Carolina,Author.
28 第一代大学生是指该大学生的父母并没有接受过高等教育,或者曾经接受高等教育,但并没有获得任何高等教育的资格认定。因此这些大学生在大学的管理当中被视为特殊的群体,管理层会针对这个群体给予一些帮助和辅导,让他们在适应大学的生活和学习上更顺利地取得成功。在美国,学历和经济上的成功以及社会的流动有着非常密切的关系,因此第一代大学生被认为是改变该家庭命运的一代,必须受到特别的关注。社会及大学一般从三个方面着手以了解这个群体,既(1)影响群体学习经验的特性(characteristics)(2)第一代大学生对于学习的准备程度(level of academic preparation)(3)第一代大学生对于高等教育的适应和期望。转自Forest,James J.F.,&Kinser,K.(eds3,.(2002).Higher education in the United States:An encyclopedia,volume I.Santa Barbara,CA:ABC-CLIO.p.262.
29 Dwyer,J.O.(1989).A historical look at the freshman year experience.In Upcraft,M.L.,& Gardner,J.N.(Eds.),The freshman year experience(pp.24-39).San Fransico:Jossey-Bass.
30 Robert D.Reason,Patrick T.Terenzini and Robert J.Domingo.(2006).First things first:Developing academic competence in the first year of college.Research in Higher Education,47(2):149-171.
31 Barefoot,B.(2005).Current institutional practices in the first college year.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.,Barefoot,B.,& Associates,Challenging & supporting the firstyear student(pp.47-63).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
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8 Tinto,V.(1975).Dropout from higher education:A theoretical synthesis of recent research.Review of Educational Research 45:89-125.
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13 Ibid.p.598.
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23 Gardner,J.N.,Jewler,A.J.,& Barefoot,B.O.(2007).Your college experience:Strategies for success(seventh edition).Boston,MA:Thomson Wadsworth.pp.66-67.
24 Astin,A.(1977).Four critical years:Effects of college on beliefs,attitudes,and knowledge.San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass
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26 Kidwell,K.S.(2005).Understanding the college first-year experience.The Clearing House,78(6),253-255.
27 Collaboration和cooperation经常被交替使用(中文都用合作),然而它们是有着本质上的区别的。Collaboration指的是一种长期的伙伴合作关系,他们之间有更多的共同决策与风险分担的承诺;它们之间的合作经常是建立在同一个或相近的哲学基础上;为达成共同的目标,会一同设计出新的课程或活动,因此在collaboration的合作关系中会出现更多的创意。Retrieved September 3,2007,from www.ala.org/ala/aasl/conferencesandevents/confarchive/CoopToCollab.pdf
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30 Schroeder,C.(2003).The first year and beyond.About Campus,8(4):10.
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32 Gardner,J.N.,Upcraft,M.L.,& Barefoot,B.(2005).Principles of good practice for the first college year and summary of recommendations.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N,Barefoot,B.,& associates(Eds,),Challenging & supporting the first-year student(pp.520-521).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
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18 Rice,R.(1992).Reaction of participants to either pre-college orientation or freshman seminar courses.Journal of the Freshman Year Experience,4(2),85-100.
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20 Anderson,E.(1985).Forces influencing student persistence and achievement.In L. Noel,R.S.Levitz,D.Saluri,and Associates(Ed.).Increasing student retention(pp.44-61).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
21 CAS,2001,p.222
22 Gardner,J.N.,& Jewler,A.J.(1985).College is only the beginning:A student guide to higher education(p.6).Belmont,CA:Wadsworth Publishing Company.
23 Overland W.I.,& Rentz,A.L.(2004).Orientation.In Fiona J.D.MacKinnon &Associates(eds.).Rentz's student affairs practice in higher education (pp.252-255).Springfield:Charles C Thomas.
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25天普大学副院长助理以及《共同阅读计划:不只是单纯的阅读》论文的作者。
26 Schroeder,C.C.,Mable,P.,& Associates.(1994).Realizing the educational potential of residence halls.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.p.5.
27 Ibid p.302
28 Zeller,W.J.(2005).First-year student living environment.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N.,Barefoot,B.O.,& associates(eds.),Challenging & supporting the first-year student(p.410).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
29 Ibid.p.413.
30 Schuh J.H.(2004).Residence Halls.In Fiona J.D.MacKinnon & associates(eds.),Rentz's student affairs practice in higher education(pp.278-279).Illinois:Charles C Thomas Publisher,Ltd.
31 Washington State University:Student Life and Housing.Retrieved January 16,2008,from http://futurestudents.wsu.edu/life/housing/living-learning.aspx
32 Washington State University:Freshmen Focus and Academic Theme living options.Retrieved January 16,2008,from http://www.livingat.wsu.edu/hdrl/common/focus/
33 Ditto.
34 Washington State University:Honors Hall.Retrieved January 16,2008,from http://www.livingat.wsu.edu/hdrl/FutureStudents/FS-ResHallTours/FS_HonorsHall.htm
35 Washington State University:McCroskey Hall.Retrieved January 16,2008,from http://www.livingat.wsu.edu/hdrl/FutureStudents/FS_ResHallTours/FS_McCros key.htm
36 Zeller W.J.(2005).First-year student living environment.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N.,Barefoot,B.O.,& associates,Challenging & supporting the firstyear student(p.419).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
1 Forest,James J.F.,& Kinser,Kevin(Eds.)(2002).Higher education in the United States:An encyclopedia,volume I.Santa Barbara,CA:ABC-CLIO.pp 16-19.
2 Bigger,J.J.(2005).Improving the odds for freshman success.Retrieved December 20,2007 from NACADA Clearinghouse of Academic Advising Resources Web site:http://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Clearinghouse/Advisinglssues/First-Year.htm
3 Goetz J.J.(2004).Academic advising.In Fiona J.D.MacKinnon & Associates(Eds.),Rentz's student affairs practice m higher education(p.72).Illinois:Charles C Thomas Publisher,Ltd.
4 Ibid.pp.322-323
5 King,M.C.,& Kerr,T.J.(2005).Academic advising.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N,Barefoot,B.,& Associates,Challenging & supporting the first-year student (pp.323-326).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
6 Eric,R.W.,Judith,J.G.,Hunter,M.Stuart,& Barefoot B.O.(1995).Creating successful transition through academic advising.In Upcraft,ML.,& Kramer,G.L.(eds),Patterns in the present,pathways to the future.(Monograph No.18)(Chapter 3).Columbia,SC:University of South Carolina.
7 一般认为,只要该课程有超过百分之三十的学生选择退出该课程的学习,或有大部分学生的学习取得D或F的成绩,该课程便被视为“困难课程”。传统的困难课程有代数学、解剖学、化学等等,大都是重要的基础课程,当然也可能涉及一些高级课程或专业课程。转自Arendale,D.R.Understanding the supplemental instruction(SI)model.Retrieved October 19,2007,from http://academicadvising.studentservice.dal.ca/Files.Arendale.pdf
8 Tinto,V.(1993).Leaving college:Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition.(2nd ed.).Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
9 David Arendale(1998).Increasing Efficiency and Effectiveness of Learning for Freshmen Students Through Supplemental Instruction.(Excerption retrieved on December 17,2007,from http://www.ucok.edu/edgrants/title3/y5-si/si.html)
10 Retrieved December 13,2007,from http://www.umkc.edu/cad/si/overview.htm
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12 Barefoot,B.O.,"Bridging the Chasm:First-Year Students and the Library."Chronicle of Higher Education 52(20):16.
13 美国高等教育信息素养能力标准。Retrieved January 10,2008 from www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlstandards/standardsguidelines.cfm
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1 Gahagan,J.S.(2000).A historical and theoretical framework for the first-year seminar,The 2000 national survey of first-year seminar programs:Continuing innovations in the collegiate curriculum(Monograph No.35)(pp.5-10).Columbia,SC:University of South Carolina,Author.
2 Gordon,V.N.(1989).Origins and purposes of the freshman seminar.In M.L.Upcraft & J.N.Gardner(Eds.),The freshman year experience(pp.183-197).San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass.
3 Dwyer,J.O.(1989).A historical look at the freshman year experience.In ML.Upcraft & J.N.Gardner(Eds.),The freshman year experience(pp.24-39).San Fransico:Jossey-Bass.
4 Barefoot,B.O.,& Fidler,P.P.(1996).A historical and theoretical framework:The 1994 national survey of freshman seminar program:Continuing innovations in the collegiate curriculum(Monograph No.20)(Chapter 2).Columbia,SC;University of South Carolina,Author.
5 Gordon,V.N.(1989).Origins and purposes of the freshman seminar.In M.L.Upcraft & J.N.Gardner(Eds.),The freshman year experience(pp.183-197).San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass.
6 Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N.,& Associates(Eds.).(1989).The freshman year experience:Helping students survive and succeed in college.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
7 Hunter,M.S.,& Linder,C.W.(2005).First-year seminars.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N.,Barefoot,B.O.,& associates(Eds.),Challenging and supporting the first-year student-A handbook for improving the first year of college(pp 279-280).Jossey-Bass..
8 Forest,James J.F.& Kinser,Kevin(eds.).(2002).Higher education in the United States:An encyclopedia,volume I.Santa Barbara,CA:ABC-CLIO.p.265.
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141.大学201——探索的基础。http://www.sc.edu/univ101/courses/univ201/index.html
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2 Braxton,J.M.,(2002).Reworking the Student Departure Puzzle.Nashiville:Venderbilt University Press.
3 Robert D.Reason,Patrick T.Terenzini and Robert J.Domingo.(2006).First things first:Developing academic competence in the first year of college.Research in Higher Education,47(2):149-175.
4 杨箐、邵建防.大学新生入学教育研究[J].湖北经济学院学报(人文社会科学版),2006(4).
5 丁华.共青团组织在大学新生中的引导作用[J].学校党建与思想教育,2007(2).
6 冯博雅.‘成长小组'与同辈互助——解决新生适应问题的的学校小组工作模式探索[J].广东工业大学学报(社会科学版),2006(12).
7 杨涌、杨拯、卓强、刘群峰.对新生入学教育的思考[J].中国西部科技,2007(1).
8 朱勇.入学教育对大学生德育影响探索[J]高教研究,2007(2).
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1 Dwyer,J.O.(1989).A historical look at the freshman year experience.In Upcraft,M L.,Gardner,J.N,and Associates,The freshman year experience:Helping students survive and Succeed in College(pp.25-39).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
2 Kelly,J.M.(1996).The first-year college experience:Strategies for improvement.Retrieved December 15,2007 from http://www.newfoundations.com/OrgTheory/Kelly721Sp06.html
3 Mary Stuart Hunter.(2006).Lessons learned:Achieving institutional change in support of students in transition.New Directions for Student Services,2006(114).
4 John R.Thelin.(2004).A history of American higher education.Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press.p.260.
5 Ibid.p.317.
6 Ibid.pp.326-331.
7 Jennifer,L.,& Crissman Ishler.(2005).Today's first-year student.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N.,Barefoot,B.O.,& Associates(Eds.),Challenge and supporting the first-year student-A handbook for improving the first year of college(pp.15-26).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
8 More First-Year College Students Return for Second Year;Fewer Students Graduate in Five Years(April 26,2001).Retrieved November 12,2007,from http://www.act.org/news/releases/2001/04-26-01.html
9 Nist,Sherrie L.,& Jodi Patrick Holschuh.(2003).College Success Strategies.New York:Penguin Academic.pp.3-9.
10 Pascarella,E.T.& Terenzini,P.T.(1991).How college affect students.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.pp.58-59.
11 Dwyer,J.O.(1989).A historical look at the freshman year experience.In Upcraft,M.L.,& Gardner,J.N.(Eds.),The freshman year experience(pp.24-39).San Fransico:Jossey-Bass.
12 Alan Seidman(ed.).(2005).College student retention:Formula for student success.Westport,CT:Praeger Publisher.pp.89-106.
13 Tinto,V.(1987).Leaving College:Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.pp.7-12.
14 Bean,J.P.(1980).Using retention research in enrollment management.In D.Hossler,Bean,J.P.& Associates(eds.),The strategic management of college enrollments,(pp.170-185).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
15 Levitz,R.,Noel,L.,& Richter,B.(1999).Strategic moves for retention success.New Directions for Higher Education,108:31-49.(Retrieved February 22,2007,from Academic Search Premier Database)
16 National Collegiate Retention and Persistence to Degree Rates:2006.Retrieved February 23,2008 from www.act.org/research/policymakers/pdf/retain_2006.pdf
17 Kathy Cammarata Boyd.(2005).Rite of passage.Retrived December 17,2007,from http://news.research.ohiou.edu/perspectives/index.php?item=119&page=124
18 Pascarella,E.T.,and Terenzini,P.T.(1991).How college affects students:findings and insights from twenty years of research.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
19 吕达,周满生.当代外国教育改革著名文献(美国·第一册).人民教育出版社.2004:36.
20 如上.74.
21 如上.100.
22 如上.101-107.
23 转自朱雪文.彻底大学本科教育:美国研究型大学的蓝图.全球教育展望,2001(3):68.
24 如上.69.
25 Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N,& Associates(Eds.).(1989),The freshman year experience:Helping students survive and succeed in college.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
26 Forest,James J.F.,& Kinser,K.(eds.).(2002).Higher education in the United states:An encyclopedia,volume I.Santa Barbara,CA:ABC-CLIO.pp.625-627.
27 Gahagan,J.S.(2000).A historical and theoretical framework for the first-year seminar,The 2000 national survey of first-year seminar programs:Continuing Innovations In The Collegiate Curriculum(Monograph No.35)(pp.5-10).Columbia,SC:University of South Carolina,Author.
28 第一代大学生是指该大学生的父母并没有接受过高等教育,或者曾经接受高等教育,但并没有获得任何高等教育的资格认定。因此这些大学生在大学的管理当中被视为特殊的群体,管理层会针对这个群体给予一些帮助和辅导,让他们在适应大学的生活和学习上更顺利地取得成功。在美国,学历和经济上的成功以及社会的流动有着非常密切的关系,因此第一代大学生被认为是改变该家庭命运的一代,必须受到特别的关注。社会及大学一般从三个方面着手以了解这个群体,既(1)影响群体学习经验的特性(characteristics)(2)第一代大学生对于学习的准备程度(level of academic preparation)(3)第一代大学生对于高等教育的适应和期望。转自Forest,James J.F.,&Kinser,K.(eds3,.(2002).Higher education in the United States:An encyclopedia,volume I.Santa Barbara,CA:ABC-CLIO.p.262.
29 Dwyer,J.O.(1989).A historical look at the freshman year experience.In Upcraft,M.L.,& Gardner,J.N.(Eds.),The freshman year experience(pp.24-39).San Fransico:Jossey-Bass.
30 Robert D.Reason,Patrick T.Terenzini and Robert J.Domingo.(2006).First things first:Developing academic competence in the first year of college.Research in Higher Education,47(2):149-171.
31 Barefoot,B.(2005).Current institutional practices in the first college year.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.,Barefoot,B.,& Associates,Challenging & supporting the firstyear student(pp.47-63).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
1 Becker,G.S.Human Capital.Retrieved July 15,2007,from http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/HumanCapital.html
2 St.John,E.P.,Cabrera,A.F.,Nora,A.,& Asker,E.H.(2000).Economic influences on persistence reconsidered:How can finance research inform the reconceptualization of persistence models? In J.M Braxton(ed.),Reworking the student departure puzzle(pp.29-47).Nashville:Vanderbilt University Press.
3 Bean,J.P.,& Eaton,S.B.(2001-2003).The psychology underlying successful retention practices.Journal of College Student Retention,3(1),73-89.
4 Tinto,V.(1986).Theories of student departure revisited.In Smart,J.(ed.),Higher education:A handbook of theory and research(vol.2),(pp.359-384).New York:Agathon Press.
5 Braxton,J.M.(2000).Reinvigorating theory and research on the departure puzzle.In Braxton,J.M.(ed.),Reworking the student departure puzzle,(pp.257-274).Nashville:Vanderblit University Press.
6 Bean,J.P.,& Metzner,B.S.(1985).A conceptual model of nontraditional student attrition.Review of Educational Research 55:485-540.
7 Berger,J.B.(2000).Optimizing capital,social reproduction,and undergraduate persistence:A sociological perspective.In Braxton,J.M.(ed.),Reworking the student departure puzzle,(pp.95-126).Nashville:Vanderbilt Universtiy Press.
8 Tinto,V.(1975).Dropout from higher education:A theoretical synthesis of recent research.Review of Educational Research 45:89-125.
9 Pascarella,E.T.,& Terenzini,P.T.(1991).How college affects students(pp.51).San Francisco:Jossey Bass.p.51.
10 Bean,J.P.(1979).Dropouts and turnover:The synthesis and test of a causal model of student attrition.Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association(San Francisco,California).Retrieved July 30,2007,from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmin i.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED174873&ERICExtSea rch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED174873
11 Braxton,J.M.,& Hirschy,A.S.(2005).Theoretical developments in the study of college student departure.In Seidman(ed.),College student retention:Formula for student success(p.63).Westport,CT:Praeger Publishers.
12 Forest,James J.F.,& Kinser,Kevin.(Eds.).(2002).Higher education in the United States:An encyclopedia,volume I.Santa Barbara,CA:ABC-CLIO.p.596.
13 Ibid.p.598.
14 Dannells,M.(1993).Theoretical perspectives on orientation.In Upcraft,M.L.,&associates(Eds,),A guide for orienting students to college:The freshman year experience(Monograph No.13)(pp.20-32).Columbia,SC:University of South Carolina.
15 Astin,A.(1985).Achieving educational excellence:A critical assessment of priorities and practices in higher education.San Francisco:Jossey Bass.pp.135-136.
16 Astin,A.W.(1984).Student involvement:A developmental theory for higher education.Journal of College Student Personnel 25:297-308.
17 Astin,A.W.(1996).Involvement in learning revisited:Lessons we have learned.Journal of College Student Development,126.
18 Pascarella,E.T.,& Terenzini,P.T.(1991).How college affects students.San Francisco:Jossey Bass.p.50.
19 Astin,A.W.(1977).Four critical years.San Francisco;Jossey-Bass.
20 Astin,A.W.(1991).Assessment for Excellence:The Philosophy and Practice of Assessment and.Evaluation in Higher Education.New York:Macmillan Publishing Co.
21 Forest,James J.F.,& Kinser,Kevin.(Eds.)(2002).Higher education in the United States:An encyclopedia,volume I.Santa Barbara,CA:ABC-CLIO.p.603.
22 Kuh,G.D.(2005).Student engagement in the first year of college.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N,Barefoot,B.,& associates(Eds,),Challenging & supporting the firstyear student(p.87),San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
23 Gardner,J.N.,Jewler,A.J.,& Barefoot,B.O.(2007).Your college experience:Strategies for success(seventh edition).Boston,MA:Thomson Wadsworth.pp.66-67.
24 Astin,A.(1977).Four critical years:Effects of college on beliefs,attitudes,and knowledge.San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass
25 Hunter,M.S.,& Gahagan,J.S.(2003).It takes a year.About Campus.September-October:31-32.
26 Kidwell,K.S.(2005).Understanding the college first-year experience.The Clearing House,78(6),253-255.
27 Collaboration和cooperation经常被交替使用(中文都用合作),然而它们是有着本质上的区别的。Collaboration指的是一种长期的伙伴合作关系,他们之间有更多的共同决策与风险分担的承诺;它们之间的合作经常是建立在同一个或相近的哲学基础上;为达成共同的目标,会一同设计出新的课程或活动,因此在collaboration的合作关系中会出现更多的创意。Retrieved September 3,2007,from www.ala.org/ala/aasl/conferencesandevents/confarchive/CoopToCollab.pdf
28 Schroeder,C.C.(1999).Partnerships:An imperative for enhancing student learning and institutional effectiveness.In Schuh,J.H.,& Whitt,E.J.(Eds,),Creating successful partnerships between academic and student affairs(pp.5-18).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
29 Schroeder,C.C.(2005).Collaborative partnerships between academic and student affairs.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N.,Barefoot,B.O.,& associates(Eds.),Challenging and supporting the first-year student-A handbook for improving the first year of college(pp 214-216).Jossey-Bass.
30 Schroeder,C.(2003).The first year and beyond.About Campus,8(4):10.
31 Barefoot,B.(2005).Current institutional practices in the first college year.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N.,Barefoot,B.,& associates,Challenging &Supporting The First-Year Student(p.60).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
32 Gardner,J.N.,Upcraft,M.L.,& Barefoot,B.(2005).Principles of good practice for the first college year and summary of recommendations.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N,Barefoot,B.,& associates(Eds,),Challenging & supporting the first-year student(pp.520-521).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
1 Hossler.D.,and Hoezee,L.D.(2001).Conceptual and theoretical thinking about enrollment management.In T.Black(ed.),Strategic enrollment management revolution(pp.57-72).Washington,DC:American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admission Officers.
2 Maguire,J.(1976).To the organized go the students.Bridge Magazine,Fall:6-10.
3 Kreutner,L.,& Godfrey,E.S.(1981).Enrollment management:A new vehicle for institutional renewal.The College Board Review,6-9,29.
4 Hossler,D.(1986).Creating effective enrollment management system.New York:College Entrance Examination Board.
5 Hirsch,D.J.,& Burack,C.(2001).Finding points of contact for collaborative work.In A.Kezar,D.J.Hirsch,& C.Burack(Eds.),Understanding the role of academic and student affairs collaboration in creating a successful learning environment.(New Directions for Higher Education,No.116,pp.53-62).San Francisco:Jossey Bass.
6 Hossler,D.,Bean,J.P.,& Associates(Eds.).(1990).The strategic management of college enrollments.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.p.5.
7 Dixon,R.R.(Ed.).(1995).Making enrollment management work.(New Directions for Student Services,No.71).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
8 Hossler,D.,Bean,J.P.,& Associates(Eds.).(1990).The strategic management of college enrollments.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.p.5.
9 Hossler,D.,& Anderson,D.K.(2005).The enrollment management process.In M.Lee Upcraft,John N Gardner,Betsy O.Barefoot & associates.(Eds.),Challenging and supporting the first-year student-A handbook for improving the first year of college(pp.67-85).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
10 Hossler,D.(2004).From admissions to enrollment management.In Fiona J.D.MacKinnon & Associates(Eds.),Rentz's student affairs practice in higher education(pp.78-79).Springfield:Charles C Thomas.
11 Butts,T.H.(1971).Personnel service review:New practices in student orientation.Ann Arbor;MI.(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED 0570416).
12 Drake,R.W.(1966).Review of the literature for freshman orientation practices in the United States.Fort Collins,CO:Colorado State University.(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED030920).
13 Brubacher,J.S.,& Rudy,W.(1958).Education in transition.New York:Harper.
14 Butts,T.H.(1971).Personnel service review:New practices in student orientation.Ann Arbor;MI.(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED 0570416).
15 Brubacher,J.S.,& Rudy,W.(1958).Education in transition.New York:Harper.
16 Bookman,G.(1948).Freshman orientation techniques in colleges and universities.Occupations,27,6-166.Strang,R.(1951).Orientation of new students.In C.G.Wrenn(Ed.),Student personnel work in college(pp.274-292).New York:Ronald.
17 Pascarella,E T.,& Terenzini,P.T.(1991).How college affects students:Findings and insights from twenty years of research.San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass.
18 Rice,R.(1992).Reaction of participants to either pre-college orientation or freshman seminar courses.Journal of the Freshman Year Experience,4(2),85-100.
19 Upcraft,M.L.,& Farnsworth,W.M.(1984).Orientation programs and activities.In M.L.Upcraft(Ed.).Orienting students to college.(New Directions For Student Services,No.25,pp.27-39).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
20 Anderson,E.(1985).Forces influencing student persistence and achievement.In L. Noel,R.S.Levitz,D.Saluri,and Associates(Ed.).Increasing student retention(pp.44-61).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
21 CAS,2001,p.222
22 Gardner,J.N.,& Jewler,A.J.(1985).College is only the beginning:A student guide to higher education(p.6).Belmont,CA:Wadsworth Publishing Company.
23 Overland W.I.,& Rentz,A.L.(2004).Orientation.In Fiona J.D.MacKinnon &Associates(eds.).Rentz's student affairs practice in higher education (pp.252-255).Springfield:Charles C Thomas.
24 Mullendore,R.H.,& Banahan,L.A.(2005).Designing orientation program.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N.,Barefoot,B.O.,& associates(eds.),Challenging & supporting thefirst-year student(p.398).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
25天普大学副院长助理以及《共同阅读计划:不只是单纯的阅读》论文的作者。
26 Schroeder,C.C.,Mable,P.,& Associates.(1994).Realizing the educational potential of residence halls.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.p.5.
27 Ibid p.302
28 Zeller,W.J.(2005).First-year student living environment.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N.,Barefoot,B.O.,& associates(eds.),Challenging & supporting the first-year student(p.410).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
29 Ibid.p.413.
30 Schuh J.H.(2004).Residence Halls.In Fiona J.D.MacKinnon & associates(eds.),Rentz's student affairs practice in higher education(pp.278-279).Illinois:Charles C Thomas Publisher,Ltd.
31 Washington State University:Student Life and Housing.Retrieved January 16,2008,from http://futurestudents.wsu.edu/life/housing/living-learning.aspx
32 Washington State University:Freshmen Focus and Academic Theme living options.Retrieved January 16,2008,from http://www.livingat.wsu.edu/hdrl/common/focus/
33 Ditto.
34 Washington State University:Honors Hall.Retrieved January 16,2008,from http://www.livingat.wsu.edu/hdrl/FutureStudents/FS-ResHallTours/FS_HonorsHall.htm
35 Washington State University:McCroskey Hall.Retrieved January 16,2008,from http://www.livingat.wsu.edu/hdrl/FutureStudents/FS_ResHallTours/FS_McCros key.htm
36 Zeller W.J.(2005).First-year student living environment.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N.,Barefoot,B.O.,& associates,Challenging & supporting the firstyear student(p.419).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
1 Forest,James J.F.,& Kinser,Kevin(Eds.)(2002).Higher education in the United States:An encyclopedia,volume I.Santa Barbara,CA:ABC-CLIO.pp 16-19.
2 Bigger,J.J.(2005).Improving the odds for freshman success.Retrieved December 20,2007 from NACADA Clearinghouse of Academic Advising Resources Web site:http://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Clearinghouse/Advisinglssues/First-Year.htm
3 Goetz J.J.(2004).Academic advising.In Fiona J.D.MacKinnon & Associates(Eds.),Rentz's student affairs practice m higher education(p.72).Illinois:Charles C Thomas Publisher,Ltd.
4 Ibid.pp.322-323
5 King,M.C.,& Kerr,T.J.(2005).Academic advising.In Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N,Barefoot,B.,& Associates,Challenging & supporting the first-year student (pp.323-326).San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
6 Eric,R.W.,Judith,J.G.,Hunter,M.Stuart,& Barefoot B.O.(1995).Creating successful transition through academic advising.In Upcraft,ML.,& Kramer,G.L.(eds),Patterns in the present,pathways to the future.(Monograph No.18)(Chapter 3).Columbia,SC:University of South Carolina.
7 一般认为,只要该课程有超过百分之三十的学生选择退出该课程的学习,或有大部分学生的学习取得D或F的成绩,该课程便被视为“困难课程”。传统的困难课程有代数学、解剖学、化学等等,大都是重要的基础课程,当然也可能涉及一些高级课程或专业课程。转自Arendale,D.R.Understanding the supplemental instruction(SI)model.Retrieved October 19,2007,from http://academicadvising.studentservice.dal.ca/Files.Arendale.pdf
8 Tinto,V.(1993).Leaving college:Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition.(2nd ed.).Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
9 David Arendale(1998).Increasing Efficiency and Effectiveness of Learning for Freshmen Students Through Supplemental Instruction.(Excerption retrieved on December 17,2007,from http://www.ucok.edu/edgrants/title3/y5-si/si.html)
10 Retrieved December 13,2007,from http://www.umkc.edu/cad/si/overview.htm
11 Somers,R.L.(1988).Causes of marginal performance by developmental students.Boone,NC:National Center for Developmental Education,Appalachian State University.(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED 306993)
12 Barefoot,B.O.,"Bridging the Chasm:First-Year Students and the Library."Chronicle of Higher Education 52(20):16.
13 美国高等教育信息素养能力标准。Retrieved January 10,2008 from www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlstandards/standardsguidelines.cfm
14 Suzanne,T.(2002).Information competence in the freshman seminar".Academic Exchange Quaterly,Dec 22,2002.Retrieved January 8,2008,from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Information+competence+in+the+freshman+semi nar-a097725088
15 Information competence in the freshmen interest group.Retrieved January 15,2008,from http://libweb.sonoma.edu/brodsky/infocomp/tr_aining.html
1 Gahagan,J.S.(2000).A historical and theoretical framework for the first-year seminar,The 2000 national survey of first-year seminar programs:Continuing innovations in the collegiate curriculum(Monograph No.35)(pp.5-10).Columbia,SC:University of South Carolina,Author.
2 Gordon,V.N.(1989).Origins and purposes of the freshman seminar.In M.L.Upcraft & J.N.Gardner(Eds.),The freshman year experience(pp.183-197).San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass.
3 Dwyer,J.O.(1989).A historical look at the freshman year experience.In ML.Upcraft & J.N.Gardner(Eds.),The freshman year experience(pp.24-39).San Fransico:Jossey-Bass.
4 Barefoot,B.O.,& Fidler,P.P.(1996).A historical and theoretical framework:The 1994 national survey of freshman seminar program:Continuing innovations in the collegiate curriculum(Monograph No.20)(Chapter 2).Columbia,SC;University of South Carolina,Author.
5 Gordon,V.N.(1989).Origins and purposes of the freshman seminar.In M.L.Upcraft & J.N.Gardner(Eds.),The freshman year experience(pp.183-197).San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass.
6 Upcraft,M.L.,Gardner,J.N.,& Associates(Eds.).(1989).The freshman year experience:Helping students survive and succeed in college.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
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8 Forest,James J.F.& Kinser,Kevin(eds.).(2002).Higher education in the United States:An encyclopedia,volume I.Santa Barbara,CA:ABC-CLIO.p.265.
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