SiC_p/Al复合材料制备工艺和微结构及性能研究
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摘要
本文采用粉末冶金法,通过SiC颗粒表面处理和成形参数和热处理工艺控制基体组织和界面结合,制备SiC_p/6066Al复合材料。使用金相显微镜(OM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)及高分辨电镜(HREM)等仪器和选区电子衍射(SAED)、能量散射谱(EDS)、拉伸试验、和动态机械分析(DMA)等方法系统研究SiC_p/6066Al复合材料微观结构、性能特点和机理;实验结合理论模型研究SiC_p/6066Al复合材料热处理规律、变形行为、阻尼机制和界面特征对性能的影响规律。研究工作及主要结果有以下:
(1)首次综合采用氧化酸洗+碱洗工艺对SiC颗粒进行表面处理与优化成型温度相结合,探求有利于提高复合材料界面结合的工艺方案和机理,并获得成型参数搭配影响复合材料力学性能的新规律,确立了SiC_p/6066Al复合材料的表面处理、成型参数和界面控制的工艺技术,并制备出综合性能高的SiC_p/6066Al复合材料(①10%SiCp/6066Al:σ_(0.2)～387MPa,σ_b～484MPa,δ_5～7.2%,E～88.6 GPa:②12%SiCp/6066Al:σ_(0.2)～425MPa,σ_b～524MPa,δ_5～6.5%,E～92.7 GPa;③15%SiCp/6066Al:σ_(0.2)～461MPa,σ_b～537MPa,δ_5～5.5%,E～96.8 GPa。)
(2)设计四因素多水平试验并建立了数理统计模型,分析热处理的微观机制,探明了热处理工艺参数影响SiC_p/6066Al复合材料强度性能的规律,并得到合理的热处理工艺参数(10%SiC_p/6066Al:535℃/90 min固溶,室温水淬,170℃/7h时效;12%SiC_p/6066Al:530℃/90 min固溶,室温水淬,170℃/6h时效;15%SiC_p/6066Al:525℃/90 min固溶,室温水淬,170℃/5h时效。
(3)微结构分析发现实验制备的SiC_p/6066Al复合材料基体中分布有颗粒状的弥散相(Fe,Mn,Cu)_3Si_2Al_(15)(bcc结构,晶格常数a=1.28 nm,尺寸100-500 nm)并对位错运动有钉扎作用。探明了SiC颗粒原态及表面处理后SiC_p/6066Al复合材料中界面的结构和结合形式,确立了控制良好SiC/Al界面结合的工艺方案。通过修正等效介质模型,研究显微组织变化对SiC_p/6066Al复合材料变形行为的影响及机理,探明了SiC_p/6066Al复合材料的强化机制与断裂模式。
(4)通过动态试验检测和数学模型,证实SiC_p/6066Al复合材料低温内耗以位错阻尼为主,高温以界面阻尼和晶界阻尼为主,三者间的相互叠加构成复合材料整个内耗行为;对应于内耗平台出现的温度范围,动态模量出现快速的下降,驰豫是一个多步的过程;证实了SiC_p/6066Al复合材料内耗对温度和频率的依赖关系和内耗峰的物理形成机制。12%SiC_p/6066Al复合材料中位错内耗激活能约为1.2 eV,晶界内耗激活能约为1.57 eV;其阻尼能力达到10~(-2)量级并且能在高温(＜400℃)时保持较高的模量。
(5)修正并建立含界面特征(不同界面厚度和“界面结合强度”)的等效体模型,理论结合实验研究不同SiC/Al界面特征对SiC_p/Al复合材料性能的影响程度,确立了SiC_p/Al复合材料性能(弹性模量、界面阻尼和屈服强度)对SiC/Al界面特征的依赖规律,形成生产实验中控制界面的科学理论根据。
SiC颗粒表面状态和成型参数对SiC_p/Al复合材料性能和界面结构的影响规律、SiC_p/Al复合材料热处理规律、微结构尤其是界面特征影响复合材料性能的规律研究,为SiC_p/Al复合材料工业化生产提供了理论指导和技术支持,并推动SiC_p/Al复合材料基础性问题的理论研究。
The SiC_p/6066Al composites have been fabricated by a powder metallurgy route with the SiC surface modification techniques,the optimized forming temperatures of hot compression and hot extrusion and the optimized parameters of heat treatment to control the microstructures and the interracial cohesion in the composites.The microstructures,mechanical properties,fracture modes,dynamical modulus and internal friction in the composites were studied by OM, XRD,SEM,TEM,HREM,SAED,EDS,tensile tests and DMA.The laws of heat-treatment,the deformation behaviour,the damping mechanism and the interfacial effects in the SiC_p/6066Al composites have been explored by experiments combined with mathematical model. Some major conclusions can be drawn from the experimental studies and the theoretical analysis as follows:
(1)It's the first time to adapt the SiC particle surface treatment techniques of oxidation,acid dipping and alkali washing as well as the optimized forming temperatures to explore the techniques to improve the interracial cohesion in the SiC_p/Al composites.The law of forming temperatures influencing the mechanical properties of the composites has been obtained and the cohesive mechanism of SiC/Al interface was also investigated,which has established the techeniques of particle surface modification,forming temperature and interracial control.The SiC_p/6066Al composites with good comprehensive properties have been fabricated through the optimized techeniques(①10%SiCp/6066Al:σ_(0.2)～387MPa,σ_b～484MPa,δ_5～7.2%,E～88.6 GPa;②12%SiCp/6066Al:σ_(0.2)～425MPa,σ_b～524MPa,δ_5～6.5%,E～92.7GPa;③15%SiCp/6066Al:σ_(0.2)～461MPa,σ_b～537MPa,δ_5～5.5%,E～96.8GPa。).
(2)The mathematical statistical model with more factors and more levels has been set up to study the heat-treatment of the SiC_p/Al composites.The experimental and thereotical results combined with the micromechanism of heat treatment have established the law of mechanical properties depending on the parameters of heat treatment. The reasonable parameters of heat treatment for the 10%SiC_p/6066Al composites are solution at 535℃for 90 min,water quench and aged at 170℃for 7 h;the parameters of heat treatment for the 12%SiC_p/6066Al composites are solution at 530℃for 90 min,water quench and aged at 170℃for 6 h and those of the 15%SiC_p/6066Al composites are solution at 525℃for 90 min,water quench and aged at 170℃for 5h.
(3)The dispersoid phase(Fe,Mn,Cu)_3Si_2Al_(15)(bcc structure with a lattice constant a≈12.8(?)and in size of 100～500 nm)in the SiC_p/6066Al composites have been found in the microstruetural solusion,which can pin up the dislocations.The interfacial structure and cohesive forms have been verified and the techeniques to get strong interfacial cohesion has been obtained.Studies on the effects of microstructures on the deformation behaviour in the composites through the modified EMA model have been proved the strengthening mechanisms and the fracture modes,which also confirmed that the optimized techeniques are beneficial to enhancing the strength and ductility of SiC_p/Al composites.
(4)The dynamical experiments of the composites combined with the theoretical model have verified that,at low temperature,the dislocation damping is the primal damping mechanism in SiC_p/6066Alcomposites,while the sliding motion of interface and grain boundary plays major roles in internal friction at high temperature.All of these three mechanisms make up the main damping behavior in the composites.At the appearance of the internal friction platform,the dynamical modulus of the composites decreases rapidly.The temperature-and frequency-dependence of internal friction and the forming mechanism of damping peaks in the composites have been found.The activation energies of dislocation damping and grain boundary sliding are 1.2 eV and 1.57 eV,respectively.The damping capacity of the 12%SiC_p/6066Al can get the order of 10~(-2)as well as high elastic modulus at higher temperatures less than 400℃.
(5)The equivalent representative element of particle reinforced metal matrix composites has been modified with different interface features to study the effects of interfacial parameters on the properties of the SiC_p/Al composites.The interface-denpendence of properties (including the elastic modulus,interracial damping and yielding strength) of the SiC_p/Al composites,compared with the experimental results,has been found.The studies can provide the manufacture of SiC_p/Al composites with scientific approaches.
The studies on the effects of surface modification and forming temparatures on the properties and the interfacial structures of SiC_p/Al composites,the law of heat treatment and the microstructures,especially the interfacial features,can provide the industrialized production of SiC_p/Al composites with theoretical guidance and technical assistance, and promote the basic research in SiC_p/Al composites.
(1)首次综合采用氧化酸洗+碱洗工艺对SiC颗粒进行表面处理与优化成型温度相结合,探求有利于提高复合材料界面结合的工艺方案和机理,并获得成型参数搭配影响复合材料力学性能的新规律,确立了SiC_p/6066Al复合材料的表面处理、成型参数和界面控制的工艺技术,并制备出综合性能高的SiC_p/6066Al复合材料(①10%SiCp/6066Al:σ_(0.2)～387MPa,σ_b～484MPa,δ_5～7.2%,E～88.6 GPa:②12%SiCp/6066Al:σ_(0.2)～425MPa,σ_b～524MPa,δ_5～6.5%,E～92.7 GPa;③15%SiCp/6066Al:σ_(0.2)～461MPa,σ_b～537MPa,δ_5～5.5%,E～96.8 GPa。)
(2)设计四因素多水平试验并建立了数理统计模型,分析热处理的微观机制,探明了热处理工艺参数影响SiC_p/6066Al复合材料强度性能的规律,并得到合理的热处理工艺参数(10%SiC_p/6066Al:535℃/90 min固溶,室温水淬,170℃/7h时效;12%SiC_p/6066Al:530℃/90 min固溶,室温水淬,170℃/6h时效;15%SiC_p/6066Al:525℃/90 min固溶,室温水淬,170℃/5h时效。
(3)微结构分析发现实验制备的SiC_p/6066Al复合材料基体中分布有颗粒状的弥散相(Fe,Mn,Cu)_3Si_2Al_(15)(bcc结构,晶格常数a=1.28 nm,尺寸100-500 nm)并对位错运动有钉扎作用。探明了SiC颗粒原态及表面处理后SiC_p/6066Al复合材料中界面的结构和结合形式,确立了控制良好SiC/Al界面结合的工艺方案。通过修正等效介质模型,研究显微组织变化对SiC_p/6066Al复合材料变形行为的影响及机理,探明了SiC_p/6066Al复合材料的强化机制与断裂模式。
(4)通过动态试验检测和数学模型,证实SiC_p/6066Al复合材料低温内耗以位错阻尼为主,高温以界面阻尼和晶界阻尼为主,三者间的相互叠加构成复合材料整个内耗行为;对应于内耗平台出现的温度范围,动态模量出现快速的下降,驰豫是一个多步的过程;证实了SiC_p/6066Al复合材料内耗对温度和频率的依赖关系和内耗峰的物理形成机制。12%SiC_p/6066Al复合材料中位错内耗激活能约为1.2 eV,晶界内耗激活能约为1.57 eV;其阻尼能力达到10~(-2)量级并且能在高温(＜400℃)时保持较高的模量。
(5)修正并建立含界面特征(不同界面厚度和“界面结合强度”)的等效体模型,理论结合实验研究不同SiC/Al界面特征对SiC_p/Al复合材料性能的影响程度,确立了SiC_p/Al复合材料性能(弹性模量、界面阻尼和屈服强度)对SiC/Al界面特征的依赖规律,形成生产实验中控制界面的科学理论根据。
SiC颗粒表面状态和成型参数对SiC_p/Al复合材料性能和界面结构的影响规律、SiC_p/Al复合材料热处理规律、微结构尤其是界面特征影响复合材料性能的规律研究,为SiC_p/Al复合材料工业化生产提供了理论指导和技术支持,并推动SiC_p/Al复合材料基础性问题的理论研究。
The SiC_p/6066Al composites have been fabricated by a powder metallurgy route with the SiC surface modification techniques,the optimized forming temperatures of hot compression and hot extrusion and the optimized parameters of heat treatment to control the microstructures and the interracial cohesion in the composites.The microstructures,mechanical properties,fracture modes,dynamical modulus and internal friction in the composites were studied by OM, XRD,SEM,TEM,HREM,SAED,EDS,tensile tests and DMA.The laws of heat-treatment,the deformation behaviour,the damping mechanism and the interfacial effects in the SiC_p/6066Al composites have been explored by experiments combined with mathematical model. Some major conclusions can be drawn from the experimental studies and the theoretical analysis as follows:
(1)It's the first time to adapt the SiC particle surface treatment techniques of oxidation,acid dipping and alkali washing as well as the optimized forming temperatures to explore the techniques to improve the interracial cohesion in the SiC_p/Al composites.The law of forming temperatures influencing the mechanical properties of the composites has been obtained and the cohesive mechanism of SiC/Al interface was also investigated,which has established the techeniques of particle surface modification,forming temperature and interracial control.The SiC_p/6066Al composites with good comprehensive properties have been fabricated through the optimized techeniques(①10%SiCp/6066Al:σ_(0.2)～387MPa,σ_b～484MPa,δ_5～7.2%,E～88.6 GPa;②12%SiCp/6066Al:σ_(0.2)～425MPa,σ_b～524MPa,δ_5～6.5%,E～92.7GPa;③15%SiCp/6066Al:σ_(0.2)～461MPa,σ_b～537MPa,δ_5～5.5%,E～96.8GPa。).
(2)The mathematical statistical model with more factors and more levels has been set up to study the heat-treatment of the SiC_p/Al composites.The experimental and thereotical results combined with the micromechanism of heat treatment have established the law of mechanical properties depending on the parameters of heat treatment. The reasonable parameters of heat treatment for the 10%SiC_p/6066Al composites are solution at 535℃for 90 min,water quench and aged at 170℃for 7 h;the parameters of heat treatment for the 12%SiC_p/6066Al composites are solution at 530℃for 90 min,water quench and aged at 170℃for 6 h and those of the 15%SiC_p/6066Al composites are solution at 525℃for 90 min,water quench and aged at 170℃for 5h.
(3)The dispersoid phase(Fe,Mn,Cu)_3Si_2Al_(15)(bcc structure with a lattice constant a≈12.8(?)and in size of 100～500 nm)in the SiC_p/6066Al composites have been found in the microstruetural solusion,which can pin up the dislocations.The interfacial structure and cohesive forms have been verified and the techeniques to get strong interfacial cohesion has been obtained.Studies on the effects of microstructures on the deformation behaviour in the composites through the modified EMA model have been proved the strengthening mechanisms and the fracture modes,which also confirmed that the optimized techeniques are beneficial to enhancing the strength and ductility of SiC_p/Al composites.
(4)The dynamical experiments of the composites combined with the theoretical model have verified that,at low temperature,the dislocation damping is the primal damping mechanism in SiC_p/6066Alcomposites,while the sliding motion of interface and grain boundary plays major roles in internal friction at high temperature.All of these three mechanisms make up the main damping behavior in the composites.At the appearance of the internal friction platform,the dynamical modulus of the composites decreases rapidly.The temperature-and frequency-dependence of internal friction and the forming mechanism of damping peaks in the composites have been found.The activation energies of dislocation damping and grain boundary sliding are 1.2 eV and 1.57 eV,respectively.The damping capacity of the 12%SiC_p/6066Al can get the order of 10~(-2)as well as high elastic modulus at higher temperatures less than 400℃.
(5)The equivalent representative element of particle reinforced metal matrix composites has been modified with different interface features to study the effects of interfacial parameters on the properties of the SiC_p/Al composites.The interface-denpendence of properties (including the elastic modulus,interracial damping and yielding strength) of the SiC_p/Al composites,compared with the experimental results,has been found.The studies can provide the manufacture of SiC_p/Al composites with scientific approaches.
The studies on the effects of surface modification and forming temparatures on the properties and the interfacial structures of SiC_p/Al composites,the law of heat treatment and the microstructures,especially the interfacial features,can provide the industrialized production of SiC_p/Al composites with theoretical guidance and technical assistance, and promote the basic research in SiC_p/Al composites.
引文
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