高密度植物纤维功能材料制备、性能和机理的研究
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摘要
随着人们对石油、煤炭、矿石等不可再生资源的大力开采和消耗,以及石油基塑料的大量使用引起日益加剧的环境污染问题,植物资源的高质化利用成为全球研究的热点。具有环保、可降解、隔热保温等优良性能的天然植物纤维复合材料成为复合材料领域中增长最快的材料之一。目前,高密度的植物纤维复合材料必须大量使用石油基塑料或树脂组份,才能得优质的复合材料。但是,其环保性、可降解性受到很大影响,纤维材料疏松多孔的三维结构也难以保留。本论文以蔗渣纤维为原材料辅以少量化学助剂,采用湿热压成型技术与装备制备了可完全降解的高密度植物纤维功能材料(密度为800～950kg/m~3)。同时研究了其物理化学特征的变化,并对相关机理进行了探讨。
利用X衍射和CP/MAS ~(13)C NMR对蔗渣浆纤维微观结构组成进行了分析;通过高效阴离子交换色谱分析得到蔗渣浆纤维单糖组成为葡萄糖、木糖以及少量的阿拉伯糖;利用凝胶渗透色谱分析得到蔗渣纤维素的数均分子量Mn为3.28×10~5、重均分子量Mw为2.02×10~6、质均分子量Mw为5.03×10~6;利用热重分析研究了纤维原料的热解性能及其热解动力学模型。纤维原料的分析为新型植物纤维复合材料的开发奠定了理论基础。
研究了干燥压力、干燥时间、干燥温度对材料拉伸性能、挺度性能和防水性能的影响,同时优化得到最佳的制备工艺为干燥温度160℃、干燥时间4min、干燥压力为0.4MPa。此时得到的试样的弹性极限应力和弹性极限应变分别为9.24MP,0.43%;弹性模量为2.14GPa;形变极限和强度极限应力分别为3.26%和35.35MPa;材料的抗张吸收能为30.88J/m~2;材料应变εIV为0.12%;密度约为910kg/m~3;材料挺度为119.5mN.m,接触角增至110.54°,具有较好的性能。
利用显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)研究了不同制备工艺条件下得到的高密度植物纤维功能材料结构;利用AFM对制备过程中纤维表面的微观变化进行了探讨;利用显微镜,研究了热压过程中的纤维搭接形变的特征并进行了量化。
通过电导滴定法测定不同工艺条件下得到的纤维试样的羧酸含量并计算得到内酯含量。结果表明内酯含量随着干燥温度、时间和压力的提高而增大,解释了纤维角质化的机理。利用X-衍射、ATR-FTIR和CP/MAS ~(13)C NMR等分析方法研究了不同制备工艺条件下纤维化学特征的变化。
依据毒性评价、吸湿性、抑制烟雾产生、发烟效果和成本比较等阻燃剂的选择原则,优选阻燃剂A、阻燃剂B、阻燃剂C作为高密度植物纤维功能复合材料用无机阻燃剂。通过正交试验分析得到最优的复合无机阻燃剂体系,其中各组分的配比为:阻燃剂B:阻燃剂A:阻燃剂C=2:3:1。为了在获得良好的阻燃性并尽量保留其物理强度,选用阻燃剂在添加量为60%,得到的试样燃烧过程中几乎没有烟生成,最后的灰烬颜色为黑色,此时材料的最大拉伸应力和应变值分别为21.15MPa、1.68%。
利用SEM分析了阻燃试样的结构和阻燃剂在试样中的分布,探讨了其留着机理;添加了1.5%的阳离子淀粉对阻燃的植物纤维功能材料进行了有效的强度补偿。按照GB/T 2406-92测得阻燃剂添加量为60%的试样的氧指数为31.2%,属于难燃材料;根据ASTM E86-08测定阻燃型高密度植物纤维功能材料的火焰蔓延指数为13.6,烟雾指数为108,达到室内墙体和天花板装饰的A级标准。
研究了单一阻燃剂、复配阻燃剂和阻燃型高密度植物纤维功能材料的热解性能并分析其阻燃机理。傅里叶衰减全反射红外(ATR-FTIR)分析了热解剩余物的红外谱图特征。当热解温度低于300℃,阻燃和非阻燃试样热解缓慢,没有出现新吸收峰。热解温度350℃时,非阻燃试样在1611cm-1处出现芳香环骨架振动吸收峰和1705cm-1为共轭羰基振动吸收峰,而阻燃试样未出现新的吸收峰。热解温度为400℃处理30S时,阻燃试样的热解剩余物的纤维素和半纤维素的特征吸收峰没有消失;非阻燃的试样,纤维素和半纤维素的特征吸收峰基本消失,几乎热解完全。处理时间延长至2min,阻燃和非阻燃试样的纤维组分都会被充分热解,呈现出类似的ATR-FTIR谱图特征。
利用显微镜和扫描电镜对不同热解温度条件下非阻燃和阻燃植物纤维功能材料热解剩余物的形态结构进行观察,可以直观的看到添加阻燃剂后热解剩余物的纤维网状结构得到很好的保持。通过SEM照片可以清晰的看到阻燃剂热解剩余物对纤维的包覆现象,进一步完善了阻燃机理。
With the exploitation and consumption of oil, coal, ore and other non-renewable resource,serious environmental pollution caused by strong and extensive use of petroleum-based plastics increasing. The high quality use of plant resources is becoming a global hot spot. The natural fiber composite materials with the properties of environmentally friendly, biodegradable and excellent thermal insulation have been one of the fastest growing composite materials. Currently, high-density plant fiber composite material must be extensive use of petroleum-based plastic or resin components, in order to get high-quality composite material. However, its eco-friendly and biodegradable characteristics have been greatly affected. The three-dimensional structure and rich porous of fiber materials is difficult to retain. In this paper, one kind of high density(800～950kg/m~3) completely-degraded plant fiber functional materials is prepared from the bagasse fiber and a small amount of chemical aids by wet-hot press technology and equipment. It also studied the changes of physical-chemical characteristics and the relevant mechanism.
The micro-structure of the bagasse pulp fiber was analyzed by the X-ray diffraction and CP/MAS ~(13)C NMR. The bagasse pulp fiber is composed of monosaccharides glucose, xylose and small amounts of arabinose by the analysis of ion chromatography. The molecular weight of bagasse cellulose is detected by gel permeation chromatography(GPC) get high-performance which obtain the number average molecular weight(Mn) of 3.28×10~5,weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 2.02×10~6, mass-average molecular weigh(tMw)of 5.03×10~6.
The pyrolysis performance and thermal decomposition kinetics model of fiber material were studied by TGA pyrolysis. We obtain the theoretical foundation for development a new plant fiber composite material by raw material analysis.
In this study, the effect of drying pressure, drying time and drying temperature on the tensile properties, stiffness properties and waterproof performance were researched and obtained the optimizing the preparation condition which were drying temperature of 160℃, drying time of 4min and drying pressure of 0.4MPa. The stress and elastic limit elastic limit strain were 9.24MP and 0.43%.The Elastic modulus was 2.14Gpa. Deformation limit and ultimate strength were 3.26% and stress 35.35MPa. Material tensile energy absorption was 30.88J/m~2. The strainεIV was 0.12%. Density was about 910kg/m~3. The stiffness was 119.5mN.m. Contact angle was increased to 110.54°.
The macro and micro structure of high density plant fiber functional material prepared under different conditions was studied using light reflection microscopy scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). The surface change of fiber was detected by AFM. Also, the deformation of fiber interweave was discussed by light reflection microscopy.
The acid content and inner ester of the fiber samples which were made different process conditions was analyzed by the method of conductivity titration. The amount of inner ester was increasing with the increasing of drying temperature, time and pressure which could be one of explanation for fiber cornification. The chemical characteristics of fiber treated under different technical condition were analyzed by XRD、ATR-FTIR and CP/MAS ~(13)C NMR.
Aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and zinc borate were chosen as flame retardants for the high density plant fiber composite material Evaluation based on the principle of toxicity, moisture, suppress smoke generation, smoke effects and cost comparisons. The optimal formula of inorganic flame retardants is the ratio of each component, magnesium: aluminum hydroxide: zinc borate = 2:3:1 which was obtained by orthogonal test analysis. In order to get a good flame resistance while trying to retain their physical strength, flame retardants used in the material content of 30%. The combustion process generates virtually no smoke and the ashe of the last color is black. At these conditions, the maximum tensile stress and strain values were 21.15MPa, 1.68%.
The distribution of flame retardants in the samples was observed by SEM and discussed the mechanism of its retention. Adding 1.5% of cationic starch into plant fiber function of flame-retardant materials were the effect of effective intensity compensation. The oxygen functional index of 60%flame retardant addition sample was 31.2% according to the GB/T 2406-92.According to the ASTM E86-08, the flame spread index was 13.6, the smoke index was 108. It reached the A-level standard which was suitable for interior walls and ceiling.
The pyrolysis performance and mechanism of single flame retardants, flame-retardant compound and high-density flame-retardant plant fiber material functional was analyzed. The pyrolysis residue was studied by ATR-FTIR. When the pyrolysis temperature is below 300℃, fire-retardant and non flame retardant sample show seldom pyrolysis and no new absorption peak. Two new absorption peak non-flame retardant sample occurred at 1611cm-1 and 1705cm-1,while the flame-retardant samples was no new peak at 350℃. At temperature of 400℃for 30S, the prime characteristic absorption peak of flame retardant product did not disappear while non flame-retardant samples were almost disappeared. Extending time to 2min at 350℃, flame retardant and non flame retardant samples were all fully pyrolysis.
The morphological structure of pyrolysis residue was researched by the light reflection microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which showed clearly the function of flame retardant in the respect of maintain sample structure. Meanwhile, it was found that the fiber was capsuled by pyrolysis product of fire retardant agents which further improve the mechanism of flame retardant.
利用X衍射和CP/MAS ~(13)C NMR对蔗渣浆纤维微观结构组成进行了分析;通过高效阴离子交换色谱分析得到蔗渣浆纤维单糖组成为葡萄糖、木糖以及少量的阿拉伯糖;利用凝胶渗透色谱分析得到蔗渣纤维素的数均分子量Mn为3.28×10~5、重均分子量Mw为2.02×10~6、质均分子量Mw为5.03×10~6;利用热重分析研究了纤维原料的热解性能及其热解动力学模型。纤维原料的分析为新型植物纤维复合材料的开发奠定了理论基础。
研究了干燥压力、干燥时间、干燥温度对材料拉伸性能、挺度性能和防水性能的影响,同时优化得到最佳的制备工艺为干燥温度160℃、干燥时间4min、干燥压力为0.4MPa。此时得到的试样的弹性极限应力和弹性极限应变分别为9.24MP,0.43%;弹性模量为2.14GPa;形变极限和强度极限应力分别为3.26%和35.35MPa;材料的抗张吸收能为30.88J/m~2;材料应变εIV为0.12%;密度约为910kg/m~3;材料挺度为119.5mN.m,接触角增至110.54°,具有较好的性能。
利用显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)研究了不同制备工艺条件下得到的高密度植物纤维功能材料结构;利用AFM对制备过程中纤维表面的微观变化进行了探讨;利用显微镜,研究了热压过程中的纤维搭接形变的特征并进行了量化。
通过电导滴定法测定不同工艺条件下得到的纤维试样的羧酸含量并计算得到内酯含量。结果表明内酯含量随着干燥温度、时间和压力的提高而增大,解释了纤维角质化的机理。利用X-衍射、ATR-FTIR和CP/MAS ~(13)C NMR等分析方法研究了不同制备工艺条件下纤维化学特征的变化。
依据毒性评价、吸湿性、抑制烟雾产生、发烟效果和成本比较等阻燃剂的选择原则,优选阻燃剂A、阻燃剂B、阻燃剂C作为高密度植物纤维功能复合材料用无机阻燃剂。通过正交试验分析得到最优的复合无机阻燃剂体系,其中各组分的配比为:阻燃剂B:阻燃剂A:阻燃剂C=2:3:1。为了在获得良好的阻燃性并尽量保留其物理强度,选用阻燃剂在添加量为60%,得到的试样燃烧过程中几乎没有烟生成,最后的灰烬颜色为黑色,此时材料的最大拉伸应力和应变值分别为21.15MPa、1.68%。
利用SEM分析了阻燃试样的结构和阻燃剂在试样中的分布,探讨了其留着机理;添加了1.5%的阳离子淀粉对阻燃的植物纤维功能材料进行了有效的强度补偿。按照GB/T 2406-92测得阻燃剂添加量为60%的试样的氧指数为31.2%,属于难燃材料;根据ASTM E86-08测定阻燃型高密度植物纤维功能材料的火焰蔓延指数为13.6,烟雾指数为108,达到室内墙体和天花板装饰的A级标准。
研究了单一阻燃剂、复配阻燃剂和阻燃型高密度植物纤维功能材料的热解性能并分析其阻燃机理。傅里叶衰减全反射红外(ATR-FTIR)分析了热解剩余物的红外谱图特征。当热解温度低于300℃,阻燃和非阻燃试样热解缓慢,没有出现新吸收峰。热解温度350℃时,非阻燃试样在1611cm-1处出现芳香环骨架振动吸收峰和1705cm-1为共轭羰基振动吸收峰,而阻燃试样未出现新的吸收峰。热解温度为400℃处理30S时,阻燃试样的热解剩余物的纤维素和半纤维素的特征吸收峰没有消失;非阻燃的试样,纤维素和半纤维素的特征吸收峰基本消失,几乎热解完全。处理时间延长至2min,阻燃和非阻燃试样的纤维组分都会被充分热解,呈现出类似的ATR-FTIR谱图特征。
利用显微镜和扫描电镜对不同热解温度条件下非阻燃和阻燃植物纤维功能材料热解剩余物的形态结构进行观察,可以直观的看到添加阻燃剂后热解剩余物的纤维网状结构得到很好的保持。通过SEM照片可以清晰的看到阻燃剂热解剩余物对纤维的包覆现象,进一步完善了阻燃机理。
With the exploitation and consumption of oil, coal, ore and other non-renewable resource,serious environmental pollution caused by strong and extensive use of petroleum-based plastics increasing. The high quality use of plant resources is becoming a global hot spot. The natural fiber composite materials with the properties of environmentally friendly, biodegradable and excellent thermal insulation have been one of the fastest growing composite materials. Currently, high-density plant fiber composite material must be extensive use of petroleum-based plastic or resin components, in order to get high-quality composite material. However, its eco-friendly and biodegradable characteristics have been greatly affected. The three-dimensional structure and rich porous of fiber materials is difficult to retain. In this paper, one kind of high density(800～950kg/m~3) completely-degraded plant fiber functional materials is prepared from the bagasse fiber and a small amount of chemical aids by wet-hot press technology and equipment. It also studied the changes of physical-chemical characteristics and the relevant mechanism.
The micro-structure of the bagasse pulp fiber was analyzed by the X-ray diffraction and CP/MAS ~(13)C NMR. The bagasse pulp fiber is composed of monosaccharides glucose, xylose and small amounts of arabinose by the analysis of ion chromatography. The molecular weight of bagasse cellulose is detected by gel permeation chromatography(GPC) get high-performance which obtain the number average molecular weight(Mn) of 3.28×10~5,weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 2.02×10~6, mass-average molecular weigh(tMw)of 5.03×10~6.
The pyrolysis performance and thermal decomposition kinetics model of fiber material were studied by TGA pyrolysis. We obtain the theoretical foundation for development a new plant fiber composite material by raw material analysis.
In this study, the effect of drying pressure, drying time and drying temperature on the tensile properties, stiffness properties and waterproof performance were researched and obtained the optimizing the preparation condition which were drying temperature of 160℃, drying time of 4min and drying pressure of 0.4MPa. The stress and elastic limit elastic limit strain were 9.24MP and 0.43%.The Elastic modulus was 2.14Gpa. Deformation limit and ultimate strength were 3.26% and stress 35.35MPa. Material tensile energy absorption was 30.88J/m~2. The strainεIV was 0.12%. Density was about 910kg/m~3. The stiffness was 119.5mN.m. Contact angle was increased to 110.54°.
The macro and micro structure of high density plant fiber functional material prepared under different conditions was studied using light reflection microscopy scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). The surface change of fiber was detected by AFM. Also, the deformation of fiber interweave was discussed by light reflection microscopy.
The acid content and inner ester of the fiber samples which were made different process conditions was analyzed by the method of conductivity titration. The amount of inner ester was increasing with the increasing of drying temperature, time and pressure which could be one of explanation for fiber cornification. The chemical characteristics of fiber treated under different technical condition were analyzed by XRD、ATR-FTIR and CP/MAS ~(13)C NMR.
Aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and zinc borate were chosen as flame retardants for the high density plant fiber composite material Evaluation based on the principle of toxicity, moisture, suppress smoke generation, smoke effects and cost comparisons. The optimal formula of inorganic flame retardants is the ratio of each component, magnesium: aluminum hydroxide: zinc borate = 2:3:1 which was obtained by orthogonal test analysis. In order to get a good flame resistance while trying to retain their physical strength, flame retardants used in the material content of 30%. The combustion process generates virtually no smoke and the ashe of the last color is black. At these conditions, the maximum tensile stress and strain values were 21.15MPa, 1.68%.
The distribution of flame retardants in the samples was observed by SEM and discussed the mechanism of its retention. Adding 1.5% of cationic starch into plant fiber function of flame-retardant materials were the effect of effective intensity compensation. The oxygen functional index of 60%flame retardant addition sample was 31.2% according to the GB/T 2406-92.According to the ASTM E86-08, the flame spread index was 13.6, the smoke index was 108. It reached the A-level standard which was suitable for interior walls and ceiling.
The pyrolysis performance and mechanism of single flame retardants, flame-retardant compound and high-density flame-retardant plant fiber material functional was analyzed. The pyrolysis residue was studied by ATR-FTIR. When the pyrolysis temperature is below 300℃, fire-retardant and non flame retardant sample show seldom pyrolysis and no new absorption peak. Two new absorption peak non-flame retardant sample occurred at 1611cm-1 and 1705cm-1,while the flame-retardant samples was no new peak at 350℃. At temperature of 400℃for 30S, the prime characteristic absorption peak of flame retardant product did not disappear while non flame-retardant samples were almost disappeared. Extending time to 2min at 350℃, flame retardant and non flame retardant samples were all fully pyrolysis.
The morphological structure of pyrolysis residue was researched by the light reflection microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which showed clearly the function of flame retardant in the respect of maintain sample structure. Meanwhile, it was found that the fiber was capsuled by pyrolysis product of fire retardant agents which further improve the mechanism of flame retardant.
引文
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