合成孔径雷达干涉与极化干涉技术研究
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摘要
极化合成孔径雷达(PolSAR)研究电磁波的矢量特征，通过测量和分析目标的极化散射特性，获取目标的介电常数、物理特性、几何形状和取向等方面的大量信息。干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)利用合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统从空间分离的两个位置对同一区域成像，由相位差与路径差的关系来提取目标的高程信息，能够全天时、全天候的获取大面积、高精度三维地形数据。PolSAR和InSAR系统各有特点，是近些年SAR遥感领域内的研究热点。
极化合成孔径雷达干涉(Pol—InSAR)技术将SAR极化测量引入干涉应用，利用全极化SAR系统进行干涉测量，对极化散射矩阵进行干涉分析。Pol-InSAR结合了极化测量和干涉测量的特点，可以同时把目标的精细物理特征与空间分布特性结合起来，并提取它们之间的相互关系。极化干涉测量不仅能够提高常规SAR干涉测量的精度，而且有助于更好的理解目标的散射机理和所发生的散射过程。1997年S.R.Cloude和K.P.Papathanassiou首次提出极化干涉的概念，引发了世界各国SAR遥感领域中大批学者的广泛研究。目前极化干涉技术已经发展成为SAR研究中的又一热点。Pol-InSAR技术具有常规SAR极化和SAR干涉都无法比拟的特点，有着广阔的应用前景和研究价值。
本论文主要对SAR干涉和极化干涉技术进行研究。在介绍SAR极化和SAR干涉的基本理论之后，对InSAR的系统特性进行深入全面的分析和讨论。在对干涉相位的研究中，详细推导了条纹波数、临界基线、模糊高度、距离向最大可测坡度、频移、平地相位等参数，并分析了这些参数的物理意义。论文还深入研究影响InSAR系统相关性的因素，分析了噪声、体散射、基线(几何)、象素失配、时间、轨道不平行等去相关源对相关性的影响。在对影响InSAR系统高程测量误差的主要因素进行分析的基础上，论文给出对视角、基线倾角、系统带宽、基线长度等干涉系统参数进行优选的简单有效方法，并用ERS-1的参数进行分析。对干涉SAR系统特性进行深入的研究，力图全面了解和掌握影响InSAR系统性能的主要因素，以期对我国InSAR系统的设计、实现有所帮助。论文提出用小卫星编队飞行实现全球三维成像的几种方案，并对一种三星方案的系统参数进行了详细的分析和选择。对用小卫星编队飞行进行全球地形三维测量方法进行初步研究，希望能对我国天基综合信息网方面的研究有一定的参考价值。论文还简单介绍了SAR干涉数据的处理流程和方法，并给出Etna火山口处数据处理的结果。
在深入研究干涉技术的基础上，论文介绍了Pol-InSAR测量的基本原理，用SIR-C的实测数据进行了实验研究，并对实验结果给出详细的分析和讨论。最后，论文研究极化干涉在SAR图象地物分类中的应用，给出极化干涉非监督Wishart
分类算法及其处理步骤，并对实验结果进行分析。提出多波段数据的极化干涉非
监督们 shart分类算法，并对实验数据进行处理。发现在用极化干涉非监督
Wishart方法进行分类时，由于干涉条纹的存在而影响分类结果，分析这一问题
出现的原因，并提出了几种可行的处理方法。极化干涉技术是近几年发展起来的
新兴技术，开展这方面的研究有一定前瞻性，对及时深入跟踪国际先进技术具有
积极意义。
论文的创新工作主要表现在以下几个方面：
门）在对影响InSAR系统相关性因素的分析中，首次推导了轨道间有夹角时相
关系数的表达式，并分析和讨论轨道不平行对InSAR系统相关性的影响；
在 InSAR系统设计方面，提出优化选择视角、基线倾角、系统带宽和基线
长度等参数的一种简单有效方法，并用ERSl参数进行分析；
（2）提出用小卫星编队飞行实现全球三维成像干涉测量的几种方案，并对一种
三星方案进行设计，对几个系统参数进行详细分析和选取；
（3）对SAR数据极化干涉处理的理论和方法进行全面深入的总结和实验研究，
给出极化干涉方法处理实验数据的具体步骤，对实验结果进行详细分析、
讨论，并给出本人对该方法实际物理意义的理解；分析和讨论了基线对极
化干涉处理结果的影响；
（4）对极化干涉非监督 Wi shart ML分类算法进行实验研究，给出该算法的数
据处理方法，并对实验结果进行详细分析讨论；发现由于干涉条纹的存在，
在用极化干涉非监督Wishart ML方法处理数据时，有些情况下不能得到
正确的分类结果。分析何种情况下会出现这一问题，以及该问题出现的原
因，并提出了几种可行的处理方法；提出多波段SAR数据的极化干涉非监
督Wishart ML分类算法，给出该算法的具体实现方法，并对实验数据进
行处理。
Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) investigates the transverse vectorial nature of plane EM waves and provides the complex scattering matrix of a scatterer. Scattering polarimetry is sensitive to the shape, orientation, and dielectric properties of scatters. SAR interferometry is an established technique for the estimation of the height location of scatterers, through the phase difference in images acquired from spatially separated locations at either end of a baseline. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) can provide accurate digital three-dimensional topographic measurement with all weather conditions day and night. PolSAR and InSAR techniques have been hot researching topics in the area of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing in recent years.
Polarimetric techniques are introduced into interferometric applications in Polarimetric SAR Interferometry (Pol-InSAR). Pol-InSAR techniques make the interferometric analysis of each pixel for various polarization combinations. Since the polarimetric response is sensitive to the scattering mechanism, detailed scattering characteristics can be estimated by using polarimetric interferometry. The interferometric analysis of a full coherent polarimetric data set enables the combination of the final structure properties and the spatial information of the targets. Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry is a potential technique, which not only improves the accuracy of the interferometric measurements but also allows a more sophisticated physical interpretation of scattering mechanism. Pol-InSAR has gained more and more a wider recognition since S.R.Cloude and K.P.Papathanassiou first introduced polarimetric interferometry in 1997. The development of polariemtric SAR interferometry is progressing rapi
dly and now Pol-InSAR technique has become another hot topic in SAR researching area. Pol-InSAR has much wide prospective applications and valuable researching aspects, with lots of incomparable advantages that neither polarimetry nor interferometry alone can provide.
SAR interferometric and polarimetric interferometric techniques are detailed discussed in this dissertation. Following the introduction of the basic principles of SAR polarimetry and SAR interferometry, the characteristics of InSAR system is comprehensively researched. A lot of parameters related to the research of the interferometric phase difference are formulated and analyzed in detail. The factors that affect the correlation of InSAR system are discussed comprehensively. The effects caused by all kinds of decorrelation factors are analyzed. A simple and effective method to optimize the parameters of InSAR system is proposed in this dissertaion, based on the analysis of the sensitivity of the estimated height to errors in the knowledge of the various interferometer parameters. This method is validated by the parameters of ERS-1. The main purpose of this thoroughly studies of InSAR system's properties is to comprehensively consider the main factors that affect the performance of InSAR system, which will be helpful to the design of InSAR systems. Several schemes, which use small satellites flying in formation to acquire global three-dimensional imaging, are also proposed in this dissertation, followed by the analysis and selection of the system parameters of one of the three small satellites. The primary studies on the methods that use small satellites flying in formation to implement global 3D measurements are developed in order to provide some valuable reference for the researches of the space-based integrated information network. The flows of processing InSAR data are also briefly introduced.
The principles of the Pol-InSAR techniques are provided and the experimental researches are made based on the full polarimetric interferometric data acquired by SIR-C/X-SAR system. The results of the experiments are then discussed in detail. The applications of polarimetrtic interferometry in the classification of the land cover of SAR images are studies in the end of th
极化合成孔径雷达干涉(Pol—InSAR)技术将SAR极化测量引入干涉应用，利用全极化SAR系统进行干涉测量，对极化散射矩阵进行干涉分析。Pol-InSAR结合了极化测量和干涉测量的特点，可以同时把目标的精细物理特征与空间分布特性结合起来，并提取它们之间的相互关系。极化干涉测量不仅能够提高常规SAR干涉测量的精度，而且有助于更好的理解目标的散射机理和所发生的散射过程。1997年S.R.Cloude和K.P.Papathanassiou首次提出极化干涉的概念，引发了世界各国SAR遥感领域中大批学者的广泛研究。目前极化干涉技术已经发展成为SAR研究中的又一热点。Pol-InSAR技术具有常规SAR极化和SAR干涉都无法比拟的特点，有着广阔的应用前景和研究价值。
本论文主要对SAR干涉和极化干涉技术进行研究。在介绍SAR极化和SAR干涉的基本理论之后，对InSAR的系统特性进行深入全面的分析和讨论。在对干涉相位的研究中，详细推导了条纹波数、临界基线、模糊高度、距离向最大可测坡度、频移、平地相位等参数，并分析了这些参数的物理意义。论文还深入研究影响InSAR系统相关性的因素，分析了噪声、体散射、基线(几何)、象素失配、时间、轨道不平行等去相关源对相关性的影响。在对影响InSAR系统高程测量误差的主要因素进行分析的基础上，论文给出对视角、基线倾角、系统带宽、基线长度等干涉系统参数进行优选的简单有效方法，并用ERS-1的参数进行分析。对干涉SAR系统特性进行深入的研究，力图全面了解和掌握影响InSAR系统性能的主要因素，以期对我国InSAR系统的设计、实现有所帮助。论文提出用小卫星编队飞行实现全球三维成像的几种方案，并对一种三星方案的系统参数进行了详细的分析和选择。对用小卫星编队飞行进行全球地形三维测量方法进行初步研究，希望能对我国天基综合信息网方面的研究有一定的参考价值。论文还简单介绍了SAR干涉数据的处理流程和方法，并给出Etna火山口处数据处理的结果。
在深入研究干涉技术的基础上，论文介绍了Pol-InSAR测量的基本原理，用SIR-C的实测数据进行了实验研究，并对实验结果给出详细的分析和讨论。最后，论文研究极化干涉在SAR图象地物分类中的应用，给出极化干涉非监督Wishart
分类算法及其处理步骤，并对实验结果进行分析。提出多波段数据的极化干涉非
监督们 shart分类算法，并对实验数据进行处理。发现在用极化干涉非监督
Wishart方法进行分类时，由于干涉条纹的存在而影响分类结果，分析这一问题
出现的原因，并提出了几种可行的处理方法。极化干涉技术是近几年发展起来的
新兴技术，开展这方面的研究有一定前瞻性，对及时深入跟踪国际先进技术具有
积极意义。
论文的创新工作主要表现在以下几个方面：
门）在对影响InSAR系统相关性因素的分析中，首次推导了轨道间有夹角时相
关系数的表达式，并分析和讨论轨道不平行对InSAR系统相关性的影响；
在 InSAR系统设计方面，提出优化选择视角、基线倾角、系统带宽和基线
长度等参数的一种简单有效方法，并用ERSl参数进行分析；
（2）提出用小卫星编队飞行实现全球三维成像干涉测量的几种方案，并对一种
三星方案进行设计，对几个系统参数进行详细分析和选取；
（3）对SAR数据极化干涉处理的理论和方法进行全面深入的总结和实验研究，
给出极化干涉方法处理实验数据的具体步骤，对实验结果进行详细分析、
讨论，并给出本人对该方法实际物理意义的理解；分析和讨论了基线对极
化干涉处理结果的影响；
（4）对极化干涉非监督 Wi shart ML分类算法进行实验研究，给出该算法的数
据处理方法，并对实验结果进行详细分析讨论；发现由于干涉条纹的存在，
在用极化干涉非监督Wishart ML方法处理数据时，有些情况下不能得到
正确的分类结果。分析何种情况下会出现这一问题，以及该问题出现的原
因，并提出了几种可行的处理方法；提出多波段SAR数据的极化干涉非监
督Wishart ML分类算法，给出该算法的具体实现方法，并对实验数据进
行处理。
Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) investigates the transverse vectorial nature of plane EM waves and provides the complex scattering matrix of a scatterer. Scattering polarimetry is sensitive to the shape, orientation, and dielectric properties of scatters. SAR interferometry is an established technique for the estimation of the height location of scatterers, through the phase difference in images acquired from spatially separated locations at either end of a baseline. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) can provide accurate digital three-dimensional topographic measurement with all weather conditions day and night. PolSAR and InSAR techniques have been hot researching topics in the area of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing in recent years.
Polarimetric techniques are introduced into interferometric applications in Polarimetric SAR Interferometry (Pol-InSAR). Pol-InSAR techniques make the interferometric analysis of each pixel for various polarization combinations. Since the polarimetric response is sensitive to the scattering mechanism, detailed scattering characteristics can be estimated by using polarimetric interferometry. The interferometric analysis of a full coherent polarimetric data set enables the combination of the final structure properties and the spatial information of the targets. Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry is a potential technique, which not only improves the accuracy of the interferometric measurements but also allows a more sophisticated physical interpretation of scattering mechanism. Pol-InSAR has gained more and more a wider recognition since S.R.Cloude and K.P.Papathanassiou first introduced polarimetric interferometry in 1997. The development of polariemtric SAR interferometry is progressing rapi
dly and now Pol-InSAR technique has become another hot topic in SAR researching area. Pol-InSAR has much wide prospective applications and valuable researching aspects, with lots of incomparable advantages that neither polarimetry nor interferometry alone can provide.
SAR interferometric and polarimetric interferometric techniques are detailed discussed in this dissertation. Following the introduction of the basic principles of SAR polarimetry and SAR interferometry, the characteristics of InSAR system is comprehensively researched. A lot of parameters related to the research of the interferometric phase difference are formulated and analyzed in detail. The factors that affect the correlation of InSAR system are discussed comprehensively. The effects caused by all kinds of decorrelation factors are analyzed. A simple and effective method to optimize the parameters of InSAR system is proposed in this dissertaion, based on the analysis of the sensitivity of the estimated height to errors in the knowledge of the various interferometer parameters. This method is validated by the parameters of ERS-1. The main purpose of this thoroughly studies of InSAR system's properties is to comprehensively consider the main factors that affect the performance of InSAR system, which will be helpful to the design of InSAR systems. Several schemes, which use small satellites flying in formation to acquire global three-dimensional imaging, are also proposed in this dissertation, followed by the analysis and selection of the system parameters of one of the three small satellites. The primary studies on the methods that use small satellites flying in formation to implement global 3D measurements are developed in order to provide some valuable reference for the researches of the space-based integrated information network. The flows of processing InSAR data are also briefly introduced.
The principles of the Pol-InSAR techniques are provided and the experimental researches are made based on the full polarimetric interferometric data acquired by SIR-C/X-SAR system. The results of the experiments are then discussed in detail. The applications of polarimetrtic interferometry in the classification of the land cover of SAR images are studies in the end of th
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