巷道内火灾和水害的仿真算法与实现
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摘要
三维火焰和水动画等的仿真,是当前计算机图形学领域中最具有挑战性的研究方向之一。在矿产开采中实现三维火灾场景和水灾场景的模拟对于矿场的建造、工作人员的培训、灾情预测和施救等都具有十分重大的现实意义。本文在认真分析和总结前人相关工作的基础上,通过对真实场景的观察,以真实感和实时性为目标,实现了在三维巷道中的火灾和水害的仿真。
本文主要对采矿业所面临的灾害情况进行了研究,并且实现了对火灾和水害的模拟,提出了独特的三维火焰粒子模型—三棱锥模型,采用这种模型表现的火焰,减少了计算量,消灭了视觉盲点,提高了系统的实时性。考虑火焰受风力影响而产生紊乱的运动,建立了风场模型,从而使火焰粒子的运动更加灵活,增加了火焰效果的真实感。为了更真实的模拟火焰,采用纹理映射和混合技术相结合的方法来绘制粒子。纹理映射表现了粒子的不规则形状,混合技术表现了火焰的色彩变化特征。碰撞检测是火灾仿真中不可缺少的重要组成部分,本文考虑到火焰的非实体特性,根据空气动力学的原理,解决了火焰与巷道壁碰撞的问题。本文为了便于管理和提高系统的绘制效率,根据巷道的实际情况,提出了三系统方法:水源系统、流水系统和积水系统。水源系统解决了水灾的发生和水的来源问题,主要采用粒子系统理论技术实现;流水系统采用系统管理的方法,统一管理水流,优化了水流流动算法;积水系统根据流体动力学理论,采用切片增量的方法计算巷道体积,生动真实的再现了积水域的蔓延和上涨。实验证明,本文所实现的火灾和水害的仿真效果形象逼真,并且在普通PC机上能很好地满足实时性的要求。
The Simulation of Three-dimensional animation of flame and water, is one of the most challenging study in the field of computer graphics. The simulation of three-dimensional fire scene and flood scenes has great practical significance for mine construction、staff training、disaster forecasting and rescue. In this paper, on the basis of careful analysis and summary of previous work, through the observation of real scenes, to realistic and real-time as the goal, got the achievement of fires and floods simulation in three-dimensional roadway.
In this paper, mainly studied on the mining industry faced disaster situations, and realized the fires and floods simulation, made a unique three-dimensional model of flame particles-three pyramid model. The flame used this model, reduced the computations, eliminate the visual blind spots and improve the system's real-time. Flame will move disorder by the effects created by wind, so we created wind field models, so that the flame more flexible movement of particles, and increased the realistic effect. In order to simulate more realistic flames, use of texture mapping and mixed-technology approach to rendering particles. Texture mapping used to perforce the irregular shape of particles, mixing used to perforce the flame characteristics of the color changes. Collision detection is an important and indispensable component of the flame simulation, taking into account non-physical characteristics of the flames, according to the principles of aerodynamics, to resolve the collisions detect problems between the flame particles and tunnel-wall. In this paper, based on the actual situation of roadway, in order to manage and improve the draw efficiency of the system, proposed a three-systems approach: water system, flowing-water system and gathered-water system. Water system solves the occurrence of floods and water sources, mainly uses particle system theory and technology. Flowing-water system uses management approach, unified management of water flow, optimize the flow algorithm of water. In accordance with fluid dynamics theory, gathered-water system use the incremental section method to calculate roadway volume, lively plot represents the true spread and rising waters. The experiments show that, Fires and floods realistic simulation of the effect of the real, and in general PC, can be well positioned to meet the requirements of real-time.
本文主要对采矿业所面临的灾害情况进行了研究,并且实现了对火灾和水害的模拟,提出了独特的三维火焰粒子模型—三棱锥模型,采用这种模型表现的火焰,减少了计算量,消灭了视觉盲点,提高了系统的实时性。考虑火焰受风力影响而产生紊乱的运动,建立了风场模型,从而使火焰粒子的运动更加灵活,增加了火焰效果的真实感。为了更真实的模拟火焰,采用纹理映射和混合技术相结合的方法来绘制粒子。纹理映射表现了粒子的不规则形状,混合技术表现了火焰的色彩变化特征。碰撞检测是火灾仿真中不可缺少的重要组成部分,本文考虑到火焰的非实体特性,根据空气动力学的原理,解决了火焰与巷道壁碰撞的问题。本文为了便于管理和提高系统的绘制效率,根据巷道的实际情况,提出了三系统方法:水源系统、流水系统和积水系统。水源系统解决了水灾的发生和水的来源问题,主要采用粒子系统理论技术实现;流水系统采用系统管理的方法,统一管理水流,优化了水流流动算法;积水系统根据流体动力学理论,采用切片增量的方法计算巷道体积,生动真实的再现了积水域的蔓延和上涨。实验证明,本文所实现的火灾和水害的仿真效果形象逼真,并且在普通PC机上能很好地满足实时性的要求。
The Simulation of Three-dimensional animation of flame and water, is one of the most challenging study in the field of computer graphics. The simulation of three-dimensional fire scene and flood scenes has great practical significance for mine construction、staff training、disaster forecasting and rescue. In this paper, on the basis of careful analysis and summary of previous work, through the observation of real scenes, to realistic and real-time as the goal, got the achievement of fires and floods simulation in three-dimensional roadway.
In this paper, mainly studied on the mining industry faced disaster situations, and realized the fires and floods simulation, made a unique three-dimensional model of flame particles-three pyramid model. The flame used this model, reduced the computations, eliminate the visual blind spots and improve the system's real-time. Flame will move disorder by the effects created by wind, so we created wind field models, so that the flame more flexible movement of particles, and increased the realistic effect. In order to simulate more realistic flames, use of texture mapping and mixed-technology approach to rendering particles. Texture mapping used to perforce the irregular shape of particles, mixing used to perforce the flame characteristics of the color changes. Collision detection is an important and indispensable component of the flame simulation, taking into account non-physical characteristics of the flames, according to the principles of aerodynamics, to resolve the collisions detect problems between the flame particles and tunnel-wall. In this paper, based on the actual situation of roadway, in order to manage and improve the draw efficiency of the system, proposed a three-systems approach: water system, flowing-water system and gathered-water system. Water system solves the occurrence of floods and water sources, mainly uses particle system theory and technology. Flowing-water system uses management approach, unified management of water flow, optimize the flow algorithm of water. In accordance with fluid dynamics theory, gathered-water system use the incremental section method to calculate roadway volume, lively plot represents the true spread and rising waters. The experiments show that, Fires and floods realistic simulation of the effect of the real, and in general PC, can be well positioned to meet the requirements of real-time.
引文
1.李松维,周晓光,王润杰,熊壮.基于粒子系统烟雾的模拟[J].计算机仿真,2007,9(24):199-231
2.姚林强,唐丽玉,陈崇成.基于大规模粒子系统的实时喷泉模拟[J].计算机仿真,2007,8(24):209-212
3.魏开平,朱晓华,沈显群,熊磊.基于纹理映射和粒子系统的三维喷泉实时模拟[J].计算机工程与设计,2007,11(28):2586-2588
4.和平鸽工作室.OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发(高级编程篇)[M].中国水利水电出版社,2005.414-428
5.OpenGL体系结构审核委员会,Dave Shreiner,Mason Woo,Jackie Neider,Tom Davis.OpenGL编程指南(第四版)[M].人民邮电出版社,2005
6.周培德.计算几何-算法分析与设计(第二版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005
7.樊广俭,马丽平,杨炳儒.平面点集凸壳的快速近似算法[J].系统工程与电子技术,2008,30(4):649
8.周启海,黄涛,吴红玉等.基于最大基线倾角智能逼近的凸壳新算法[J].计算机科学,2007,34(9):206
9.樊广俭,张桂云,杨炳儒.海量平面点集凸壳的快速算法[J].计算机工程,2006,32(21):64
10.Reeves W.Particle Animation and Rendering Using Data Parallel Computation [J]Computer Graphics,1990,24(4):450-413
11.董平,毛善君,李梅,卞泉州.基于粒子系统的矿井风流模拟关键算法研究[J].全国地图学与GIS学术会议论文集:2004年
12.贾超,景慎伟.提高粒子系统动态显示效果问题研究[J].微计算机信息,2008,24(2):277-279
13.张闻芳.流体的模拟方法研究[J].科技咨询导报,207,15:58-59
14.王德明,王省身.矿井火灾计算机模拟研究[J].中国安全科学学报,1996,6(2):1-4
15.戚宜欣,马国超,王平.基于粒子系统算法的矿井火灾可视化研究[J].系统仿真学 报,2001,13:292-294
16.贾进章.矿井火灾仿真与避灾路线的数学模型[J].自然灾害学报,2008,17(1):163-168
17.李兴东,任大伟,孙友霞.矿井火灾救灾信息可视化管理系统研究[J].中国矿业,2004,13(2):66-67
18.郭冬岩,张嘉勇.矿井水灾事故原因分析及防治措施[J].河北理工大学学报,2008,30(4):1-2
19.张尚弘,赵刚,冶运涛,宋江博.数字流域仿真系统中水流模拟技术[J].系统仿真学报,2008,20(10):2628-2632
20.王旭升.虚拟现实技术的发展及其应用探索[J].大众科技,2008,1:44-45
21.舒建华.虚拟现实技术的应用现状及未来展望[J].电脑知识与技术,2008,4:1706-1708
22.县小平.虚拟现实技术概述与发展趋势[J].福建电脑,2008,3:40-41
23.宋刚.基于粒子系统的风场火焰模拟[D].青岛:青岛大学,2007
24.虞宏毅.大规模水场景的实时绘制[D].杭州:浙江大学,2007
25.廖朵朵,张华军.OpenGL三维图形程序设计[M].北京:星球地图出版社
26.陈姝慧.三维煤矿虚拟现实系统的实现[D].吉林:吉林大学,2008
27.刘伟,郭鹿林,刘立春,崔金库.矿井火灾的危害及预防措施[J].煤矿安全,2008,7:48-50
28.张芹,张分赴,闵建平.提高粒子系统实时性的方法研究[J].计算机工程,2003,29(18):46-48
29.禹海全,李岩,冯振声.基于某型防空导弹的尾焰仿真研究[J].计算机仿真,2004,21(2):22-24
30.宿春慧,张雪蓝,李彦辉.虚拟战场中不规则物体的实时显示研究[J].微机发展,2004,14(5):47-49
31.刘宏芳.实时爆炸效果的真实感模拟[J].计算机应用,2000,20(增刊):206-207
32.王功明,郭新宇,赵春江,王纪华.粒子系统的优化技术研究[J].计算机应用研究,2008,25(2):495-498
33.刘吉昌.矿井设计指南[M].北京:中国矿业大学出版社
34.Alain Foumier,William T.Reeves.A Simple Model of Ocean Waves[J].Computer Graphics,1986,20(4):75-84
35.A.Lamorlette,N.Foster.Structureal Modeling of Flames for a production Environment[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics,2002,21(3):729-735
36.K.Perlin.An image synthesizer[J].Computer Graphics(SIGGRAPH'85 Proceeding),1985,19:287-296
37.A.T.Layton,M.vande Panne.A Numerically Efficient and Stable Algorithm for Anirnating Water Waves[J].The Visual Computer,2002,18:41-53
38.Nick Foster,Dimitri Metaxax.Controlling Fluid Animation[J].Proceedingof the Computer Graphics International(CGI'97).
39.Nock Foster,Dimitri Metaxas.Modeling the motion of a Hot Tarbulent Gas [J].Computer Graphics Proceeding,1997,Annual Conference Series:181-188
40.J.Stam.Stable Fluids[J].SIGGRAPH 1999 Conference Proceedings,1999,Annual Conference Series:121-128
41.N.Foster,R.Fedkiw.Practical Animation of Liquids[J].SIGGRAPH 2001 Conference Proceedings,2001,Annual Conference Series:23-30
42.陈蜜.基于结构化粒子系统的天气现象模拟[J].兵工自动化,2007,26(12):41-42
43.王巍,辛国栋.基于粒子系统的实时火焰绘制方法研究[J].微计算机信息,2008,24:292-294
44.王海燕,周心权.矿井火灾虚拟现实重现技术的研究[J].2006(沈阳)国际安全科学与技术学术研讨会论文集
45.R.E.Greuer.Transient State Simulation of Ventilation System in Fires Conditions.The third International Mine Ventilation Congress,1984:407-410
46.W.Dziurzynski,W.Trutwin.A Simulation of Mine Fires,The 4~(th) International Mine Ventilation Congress,1985:276-281
47.范隆生,鲍杰,娄海关.矿井火灾期间风流状态模拟方法分析[J].中国煤炭,2001,27(12):40-42
48.REEVESW T.Particle system:a technique for modeling a class of fuzzy object[J]Computer Graphics,1983,17(3):359-376
2.姚林强,唐丽玉,陈崇成.基于大规模粒子系统的实时喷泉模拟[J].计算机仿真,2007,8(24):209-212
3.魏开平,朱晓华,沈显群,熊磊.基于纹理映射和粒子系统的三维喷泉实时模拟[J].计算机工程与设计,2007,11(28):2586-2588
4.和平鸽工作室.OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发(高级编程篇)[M].中国水利水电出版社,2005.414-428
5.OpenGL体系结构审核委员会,Dave Shreiner,Mason Woo,Jackie Neider,Tom Davis.OpenGL编程指南(第四版)[M].人民邮电出版社,2005
6.周培德.计算几何-算法分析与设计(第二版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005
7.樊广俭,马丽平,杨炳儒.平面点集凸壳的快速近似算法[J].系统工程与电子技术,2008,30(4):649
8.周启海,黄涛,吴红玉等.基于最大基线倾角智能逼近的凸壳新算法[J].计算机科学,2007,34(9):206
9.樊广俭,张桂云,杨炳儒.海量平面点集凸壳的快速算法[J].计算机工程,2006,32(21):64
10.Reeves W.Particle Animation and Rendering Using Data Parallel Computation [J]Computer Graphics,1990,24(4):450-413
11.董平,毛善君,李梅,卞泉州.基于粒子系统的矿井风流模拟关键算法研究[J].全国地图学与GIS学术会议论文集:2004年
12.贾超,景慎伟.提高粒子系统动态显示效果问题研究[J].微计算机信息,2008,24(2):277-279
13.张闻芳.流体的模拟方法研究[J].科技咨询导报,207,15:58-59
14.王德明,王省身.矿井火灾计算机模拟研究[J].中国安全科学学报,1996,6(2):1-4
15.戚宜欣,马国超,王平.基于粒子系统算法的矿井火灾可视化研究[J].系统仿真学 报,2001,13:292-294
16.贾进章.矿井火灾仿真与避灾路线的数学模型[J].自然灾害学报,2008,17(1):163-168
17.李兴东,任大伟,孙友霞.矿井火灾救灾信息可视化管理系统研究[J].中国矿业,2004,13(2):66-67
18.郭冬岩,张嘉勇.矿井水灾事故原因分析及防治措施[J].河北理工大学学报,2008,30(4):1-2
19.张尚弘,赵刚,冶运涛,宋江博.数字流域仿真系统中水流模拟技术[J].系统仿真学报,2008,20(10):2628-2632
20.王旭升.虚拟现实技术的发展及其应用探索[J].大众科技,2008,1:44-45
21.舒建华.虚拟现实技术的应用现状及未来展望[J].电脑知识与技术,2008,4:1706-1708
22.县小平.虚拟现实技术概述与发展趋势[J].福建电脑,2008,3:40-41
23.宋刚.基于粒子系统的风场火焰模拟[D].青岛:青岛大学,2007
24.虞宏毅.大规模水场景的实时绘制[D].杭州:浙江大学,2007
25.廖朵朵,张华军.OpenGL三维图形程序设计[M].北京:星球地图出版社
26.陈姝慧.三维煤矿虚拟现实系统的实现[D].吉林:吉林大学,2008
27.刘伟,郭鹿林,刘立春,崔金库.矿井火灾的危害及预防措施[J].煤矿安全,2008,7:48-50
28.张芹,张分赴,闵建平.提高粒子系统实时性的方法研究[J].计算机工程,2003,29(18):46-48
29.禹海全,李岩,冯振声.基于某型防空导弹的尾焰仿真研究[J].计算机仿真,2004,21(2):22-24
30.宿春慧,张雪蓝,李彦辉.虚拟战场中不规则物体的实时显示研究[J].微机发展,2004,14(5):47-49
31.刘宏芳.实时爆炸效果的真实感模拟[J].计算机应用,2000,20(增刊):206-207
32.王功明,郭新宇,赵春江,王纪华.粒子系统的优化技术研究[J].计算机应用研究,2008,25(2):495-498
33.刘吉昌.矿井设计指南[M].北京:中国矿业大学出版社
34.Alain Foumier,William T.Reeves.A Simple Model of Ocean Waves[J].Computer Graphics,1986,20(4):75-84
35.A.Lamorlette,N.Foster.Structureal Modeling of Flames for a production Environment[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics,2002,21(3):729-735
36.K.Perlin.An image synthesizer[J].Computer Graphics(SIGGRAPH'85 Proceeding),1985,19:287-296
37.A.T.Layton,M.vande Panne.A Numerically Efficient and Stable Algorithm for Anirnating Water Waves[J].The Visual Computer,2002,18:41-53
38.Nick Foster,Dimitri Metaxax.Controlling Fluid Animation[J].Proceedingof the Computer Graphics International(CGI'97).
39.Nock Foster,Dimitri Metaxas.Modeling the motion of a Hot Tarbulent Gas [J].Computer Graphics Proceeding,1997,Annual Conference Series:181-188
40.J.Stam.Stable Fluids[J].SIGGRAPH 1999 Conference Proceedings,1999,Annual Conference Series:121-128
41.N.Foster,R.Fedkiw.Practical Animation of Liquids[J].SIGGRAPH 2001 Conference Proceedings,2001,Annual Conference Series:23-30
42.陈蜜.基于结构化粒子系统的天气现象模拟[J].兵工自动化,2007,26(12):41-42
43.王巍,辛国栋.基于粒子系统的实时火焰绘制方法研究[J].微计算机信息,2008,24:292-294
44.王海燕,周心权.矿井火灾虚拟现实重现技术的研究[J].2006(沈阳)国际安全科学与技术学术研讨会论文集
45.R.E.Greuer.Transient State Simulation of Ventilation System in Fires Conditions.The third International Mine Ventilation Congress,1984:407-410
46.W.Dziurzynski,W.Trutwin.A Simulation of Mine Fires,The 4~(th) International Mine Ventilation Congress,1985:276-281
47.范隆生,鲍杰,娄海关.矿井火灾期间风流状态模拟方法分析[J].中国煤炭,2001,27(12):40-42
48.REEVESW T.Particle system:a technique for modeling a class of fuzzy object[J]Computer Graphics,1983,17(3):359-376
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