重要违禁兽药红霉素和氯丙嗪的分子印迹聚合物的制备、表征及在食品安全检测中的应用
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摘要
如何开发高效的前处理的材料和方法,提高样品前处理水平,已经成为目前食品分析化学的研究热点之一,由于分子印迹聚合物具有功能预定性、选择特异性、适用范围广等特点,基于分子印迹聚合物(Molecularly imprinted polymers, MIPs)的分子印迹固相萃取技术(Molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction, MISPE)已经成为食品安全检测技术发展的新趋势。
本论文针对肉用家畜和水产品中应用广泛且危害严重的红霉素和氯丙嗪兽药制备了特异的分子印迹聚合物,对制备的聚合物的结合机理和识别特性进行了深入分析,并最终制备了这两类兽药的分子印迹固相萃取小柱,应用于实际样品中红霉素和氯丙嗪的残留分析。研究获得的主要结果如下:
本课题采用本体聚合的分子印迹方法从制备的6组红霉素分子印迹聚合物中选取一组特异性较强的聚合物用于后续研究。该组合模板红霉素和单体MAA(methacrylic acid)的比例为(1:2),交联剂为EGDMA(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate),采用甲醇/乙腈(2:3, v/v)作为致孔剂,热聚合温度为60℃。利用扫描电镜观察、孔径分析、热重分析、紫外光谱和红外光谱分析等方法对聚合物的物理特征进行了评价。同时通过对聚合物吸附能力的热力学和动力学特性以及高效液相色谱分析,对聚合物与红霉素之间可能的印迹机理和识别能力进行了研究,证明了制备的聚合物对模板的吸附能力主要来自于低亲和力和高亲和力两类结合位点,并计算出两个结合位点的最大结合量分别为12.30 mg g-1和72.09 mg g-1。
课题以分子印迹聚合物为固相萃取的填料,制备了红霉素分子印迹固相萃取小柱并对小柱的萃取条件进行了优化。当红霉素分子印迹聚合物固相萃取条件采用的上样缓冲液为40%甲醇,淋洗液为2.5 mL 80%甲醇,洗脱液为3mL的甲醇/PBS (0.5 M) (80:20, v/v)时,固相萃取柱对红霉素的回收率超过80%,非印迹聚合物固相萃取小柱的回收率则小于30%。采用优化后的固相萃取的方法,研究了聚合物的选择性,结果显示红霉素分子印迹聚合物对大环内酯类药物具有一定的交叉反应性。说明在印迹反应过程中模板的立体构型对特异性识别的建立起主要作用。试验中将制备的红霉素分子印迹固相萃取小柱用于猪肉样品中红霉素残留的前处理,结果显示经过MIPs净化的样品,基质对检测的干扰大大降低,同时极大提高了检测器的灵敏度。在选用的三个加标浓度下,红霉素的回收率都大于79%。采用红霉素分子印迹固相萃取小柱从水中富集红霉素的实验,同时证明制备的聚合物在自来水中可以高效的富集红霉素。
另外,我们制备了氯丙嗪的MIPs,摸索了不同的合成方法和不同组成成分对产物的选择能力的影响。结果证明,通过本体法制备的聚合物,当使用MAA做为单体,模板单体的比例为1:4,选用TRIM (Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate)作为交联剂时,得到的聚合物的选择性最高。试验通过色谱分析试验、红外光谱试验等研究了氯丙嗪与功能单体之间的自组装过程。选择性分析和容量分析的结果表明制备的氯丙嗪分子印迹聚合物相对于非印迹聚合物具有明显的选择性和吸附容量。当使用水溶液作为溶剂时,氯丙嗪分子印迹聚合物的最大特异吸附容量为10mg mL-1。使用氯丙嗪分子印迹聚合物固相萃取柱对猪尿样品中该药残留的富集和净化相对于商业化的C18小柱的效果更明显。
The development of new methods and new materials to enhance the effect of sample preparation has become the hotspot of food safety analysis.
For its outstanding advantages, such as predetermined recognition ability, relative ease and low cost of preparation, and potential application to a wide range of target molecules, molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction based on molecularly imprinted polymers has attracted much attention.
In this thesis, the principle, methodology, history and application of molecularly imprinted technology were thoroughly reviewed. The development and application of molecularly imprinted technology in food safety were also comprehensively introduced. Basis on this, the molecularly imprinted polymers of erythromycin and chlorpromazine were prepared by non-covalent methods. Then, the recognition characteristics and binding mechanism of these polymers were discussed and the applications of polymers as solid phase extraction sorbents for erythromycin and chlorpromazine pre-treatment were finally investigated. The main results of these studies are as follows:
Six of erythromycin (ERY) imprinted polymers and non-imprinted polymers were prepared by bulk polymerization. Base on binding analysis, the MIP11 with better binding property were selected for subsequent research. The optimized system was with 1:2 ratio of template to MAA, EGDMA as the cross-linker and mixture of methanol/ acetonitrile (2:3, v/v) as the porogen. Furthermore, the physical profile of MIP11 was characterized by SEM, BET analysis, TGA, UV-vis and FT-IR spectroscopy analysis. The imprinted mechanism and recognition ability of the polymer were studied by adsorption experiments and chromatographic methods. The equilibrium binding experiments showed that the binding sites of MIPs were heterogeneous with two binding sites. For high affinity binding sites, Bmax1=12.30 mg g-1, for low affinity binding sites, Bmax2=72.09 mg g-1.
In this study, the performance of the MIP11 as solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents was evaluated. After optimization, the recoveries of ERY by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) could come to 80%, when using 40% methanol as loading buffer, 80% methanol as washing solvent and 80% methanol in PBS as the elute buffer to disturb the interaction between MISPE column and ERY. As control, the recoveries of non-imprinted solid phase extraction (NISPE) were less than 30%. Selectivity analysis showed that MIP11 could recognize ERY with moderate cross-reactivity for other macrolides. And molecular size and shape had served as the main factors for the specific affinity of the synthesized MIP11. When the MISPE column was used to extract ERY from pig muscle, the matrices influence towards the analysis was obviously reduced and the sensitivity of HPLC-UV was highly enhanced. At 3 spiked levels, all the recoveries of ERY were more than 79%. The performance of MISPE toward the spiked tap water further showed the high pre-concentration capability of the ERY imprinted polymers.
In this study, the chlorpromazine molecularly imprinted polymers were also prepared, and the synthetic method and system composition toward the selective capability of the synthesized polymers were investigated firstly. The result showed that the polymer prepared by bulk polymerization had the highest selectivity when using MAA as the monomer, TRIM as the cross-linker, and with 1:4 ratio of template to momomer. By HPLC, FT-IR, BET and SEM analysis, the self-assemble process between chlorpromazine and functional monomer was studied. Adsorption selectivity and capability analysis indicated the MIP with relative high specificity. The maximum specific adsorption capability of MIP was 10mg mL-1. When using MIP as MISPE sorbents, the cartridge showed better concentration and purification effect than commercial C18 column.
本论文针对肉用家畜和水产品中应用广泛且危害严重的红霉素和氯丙嗪兽药制备了特异的分子印迹聚合物,对制备的聚合物的结合机理和识别特性进行了深入分析,并最终制备了这两类兽药的分子印迹固相萃取小柱,应用于实际样品中红霉素和氯丙嗪的残留分析。研究获得的主要结果如下:
本课题采用本体聚合的分子印迹方法从制备的6组红霉素分子印迹聚合物中选取一组特异性较强的聚合物用于后续研究。该组合模板红霉素和单体MAA(methacrylic acid)的比例为(1:2),交联剂为EGDMA(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate),采用甲醇/乙腈(2:3, v/v)作为致孔剂,热聚合温度为60℃。利用扫描电镜观察、孔径分析、热重分析、紫外光谱和红外光谱分析等方法对聚合物的物理特征进行了评价。同时通过对聚合物吸附能力的热力学和动力学特性以及高效液相色谱分析,对聚合物与红霉素之间可能的印迹机理和识别能力进行了研究,证明了制备的聚合物对模板的吸附能力主要来自于低亲和力和高亲和力两类结合位点,并计算出两个结合位点的最大结合量分别为12.30 mg g-1和72.09 mg g-1。
课题以分子印迹聚合物为固相萃取的填料,制备了红霉素分子印迹固相萃取小柱并对小柱的萃取条件进行了优化。当红霉素分子印迹聚合物固相萃取条件采用的上样缓冲液为40%甲醇,淋洗液为2.5 mL 80%甲醇,洗脱液为3mL的甲醇/PBS (0.5 M) (80:20, v/v)时,固相萃取柱对红霉素的回收率超过80%,非印迹聚合物固相萃取小柱的回收率则小于30%。采用优化后的固相萃取的方法,研究了聚合物的选择性,结果显示红霉素分子印迹聚合物对大环内酯类药物具有一定的交叉反应性。说明在印迹反应过程中模板的立体构型对特异性识别的建立起主要作用。试验中将制备的红霉素分子印迹固相萃取小柱用于猪肉样品中红霉素残留的前处理,结果显示经过MIPs净化的样品,基质对检测的干扰大大降低,同时极大提高了检测器的灵敏度。在选用的三个加标浓度下,红霉素的回收率都大于79%。采用红霉素分子印迹固相萃取小柱从水中富集红霉素的实验,同时证明制备的聚合物在自来水中可以高效的富集红霉素。
另外,我们制备了氯丙嗪的MIPs,摸索了不同的合成方法和不同组成成分对产物的选择能力的影响。结果证明,通过本体法制备的聚合物,当使用MAA做为单体,模板单体的比例为1:4,选用TRIM (Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate)作为交联剂时,得到的聚合物的选择性最高。试验通过色谱分析试验、红外光谱试验等研究了氯丙嗪与功能单体之间的自组装过程。选择性分析和容量分析的结果表明制备的氯丙嗪分子印迹聚合物相对于非印迹聚合物具有明显的选择性和吸附容量。当使用水溶液作为溶剂时,氯丙嗪分子印迹聚合物的最大特异吸附容量为10mg mL-1。使用氯丙嗪分子印迹聚合物固相萃取柱对猪尿样品中该药残留的富集和净化相对于商业化的C18小柱的效果更明显。
The development of new methods and new materials to enhance the effect of sample preparation has become the hotspot of food safety analysis.
For its outstanding advantages, such as predetermined recognition ability, relative ease and low cost of preparation, and potential application to a wide range of target molecules, molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction based on molecularly imprinted polymers has attracted much attention.
In this thesis, the principle, methodology, history and application of molecularly imprinted technology were thoroughly reviewed. The development and application of molecularly imprinted technology in food safety were also comprehensively introduced. Basis on this, the molecularly imprinted polymers of erythromycin and chlorpromazine were prepared by non-covalent methods. Then, the recognition characteristics and binding mechanism of these polymers were discussed and the applications of polymers as solid phase extraction sorbents for erythromycin and chlorpromazine pre-treatment were finally investigated. The main results of these studies are as follows:
Six of erythromycin (ERY) imprinted polymers and non-imprinted polymers were prepared by bulk polymerization. Base on binding analysis, the MIP11 with better binding property were selected for subsequent research. The optimized system was with 1:2 ratio of template to MAA, EGDMA as the cross-linker and mixture of methanol/ acetonitrile (2:3, v/v) as the porogen. Furthermore, the physical profile of MIP11 was characterized by SEM, BET analysis, TGA, UV-vis and FT-IR spectroscopy analysis. The imprinted mechanism and recognition ability of the polymer were studied by adsorption experiments and chromatographic methods. The equilibrium binding experiments showed that the binding sites of MIPs were heterogeneous with two binding sites. For high affinity binding sites, Bmax1=12.30 mg g-1, for low affinity binding sites, Bmax2=72.09 mg g-1.
In this study, the performance of the MIP11 as solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents was evaluated. After optimization, the recoveries of ERY by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) could come to 80%, when using 40% methanol as loading buffer, 80% methanol as washing solvent and 80% methanol in PBS as the elute buffer to disturb the interaction between MISPE column and ERY. As control, the recoveries of non-imprinted solid phase extraction (NISPE) were less than 30%. Selectivity analysis showed that MIP11 could recognize ERY with moderate cross-reactivity for other macrolides. And molecular size and shape had served as the main factors for the specific affinity of the synthesized MIP11. When the MISPE column was used to extract ERY from pig muscle, the matrices influence towards the analysis was obviously reduced and the sensitivity of HPLC-UV was highly enhanced. At 3 spiked levels, all the recoveries of ERY were more than 79%. The performance of MISPE toward the spiked tap water further showed the high pre-concentration capability of the ERY imprinted polymers.
In this study, the chlorpromazine molecularly imprinted polymers were also prepared, and the synthetic method and system composition toward the selective capability of the synthesized polymers were investigated firstly. The result showed that the polymer prepared by bulk polymerization had the highest selectivity when using MAA as the monomer, TRIM as the cross-linker, and with 1:4 ratio of template to momomer. By HPLC, FT-IR, BET and SEM analysis, the self-assemble process between chlorpromazine and functional monomer was studied. Adsorption selectivity and capability analysis indicated the MIP with relative high specificity. The maximum specific adsorption capability of MIP was 10mg mL-1. When using MIP as MISPE sorbents, the cartridge showed better concentration and purification effect than commercial C18 column.
引文
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