供水管网优化投氯分析与计算
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摘要
饮用水用氯消毒是我国大部分净水厂广泛使用的一种消毒技术,但多数水厂仅在水厂出口进行一次性投氯,由于余氯随着停留时间而衰减,管网末梢余氯过低,这种做法不足以保证余氯浓度在管网中的较好分布,而且有可能导致管网中局部区域余氯浓度较高,造成对人体健康有影响的消毒副产物的增加。针对这种情况,本文提出了在管网中进行二次加氯优化的思想,即在管网中投加适量的氯,这样即能够满足水处理过程中氯的内在消耗即对微生物的传染提供足够的保护,同时保证余氯浓度在供水管网中的分布比较均匀,能够使后续供水管网保证一定的余氯浓度,还能减少了水厂投药量,节省了制水成本,并且便于实际扩建工程的分布进行,将对人体健康有威胁的消毒副产物的产生量也能减小。
本文首先对供水管网建模理论进行了阐述,在供水管网水力模型、水质模型的基础上,通过对余氯衰减模型的研究采用一级余氯衰减模型,该模型形式简洁,对实测数据的吻合程度也较好,在实际中广泛应用。其次在管网水力模型和一级余氯衰减模型的基础上建立了供水管网中二次加氯的优化模型,因为加氯量优化是相对简单的工作,而加氯点选址涉及因素复杂,加氯点选址优化一次完成,长期使用,而加氯量优化宜随时间和环境变化而进行调整,所以本文采用加氯点选址优化与加氯量优化分开进行。由于多数供水企业不具备好的水质模型条件,覆盖模型是通过节点间的水量大小比例及水流路径建立整个管网节点间的水质关系,覆盖模型虽然相对粗糙但实用,所以采用覆盖模型进行二次加氯点的选择。本文二次加氯量优化模型是根据管网中余氯分布最好的方式便是均匀地达到某一期望水平,与期望余氯浓度的差值便成为衡量用户水质的标准。
为了验证模型及算法的有效性,将上述优化模型应用于国际学术领域中通用的实际测试算例管网和哈尔滨市道里区实际供水管网中。优化结果表明所选的二次加氯点及优化加氯量,不仅满足控制点余氯浓度的要求,而且与仅在水厂出口增加投氯量以满足控制点余氯浓度的要求相比,管网中各节点余氯浓度普遍下降,浓度分布比较均匀,降低了由于管网中余氯浓度较大造成消毒副产物的产生量增大引起的风险,同时管网总投氯量降低,药耗减少。
本文通过对供水管网二次加氯优化分析的研究,希望可以给有关供水管理部门提供参考,从而有效提高我国供水管网水质管理水平,确保用户的水质安全。
In most of drinking water treatment plants, Chlorine disinfection is a widely used technology, but major of the plants add chlorine only once at the entrance of the plant. As the residual chlorine decayes with time, the dose is too low when it arrives at the network peripheral. This method can’t guarantee a better distribution of residual chlorine in the pipe network.And it may lead to higher residual chlorine concentration in some local area network, and increases disinfection by-product which has a bad impact on human health. In light of this situation, the paper puts forward the idea of secondary chlorination optimization in pipeline network, that is, adding secondary chlorination points.Appropriate addition of chlorine can meet the internal consumption of the treatment process, which provides adequate protection for the spread of microbes. Meanwhile it ensures residual chlorine concentration distributes more evenly in the network,and guarantees certain residual chlorine concentrations in the follow-up of network.It also reduces the amount of water plant administration, saves water costs and facilitates the actual expansion project. And it will minimize the quantity of disinfection by-products which are threats to human health.
In this paper, the water pipe network modeling theory was expounded in the water distribution network hydraulic model, the water quality model, based on residual chlorine through the attenuation model of using a residual chlorine attenuation model, the model of simplicity, The measured data also match the better, in practice widely used. Second pipe network in the hydraulic model and a residual chlorine attenuation model on the basis of a secondary water supply networks in the chlorination of the optimal model, because the chlorination of optimization is relatively simple, while the chlorination point of the site Complex factors, chlorination at the site optimization was completed, the long-term use, and to optimize the chlorination of time and environmental change and adjustment, so this point chlorination site optimization and optimize the separation of chlorination. Since most companies do not have good water quality model conditions, the model is covered by node size ratio between the water flow path and the establishment of the network nodes between the quality, coverage model Although relatively rough but practical, so use the cover model The chlorination point choice. In this paper, the second chlorination of optimization model is based on residual chlorine in the distribution network the best way is to achieve a uniform level of expectations, and expectations of residual chlorine concentration of the margin has become the user to measure water quality standards.
In order to verify the validity of models and algorithms, the optimal model for international academic in common examples of the actual test network and the District of Harbin City, hang in the actual water supply networks. The results show that optimization of the selected secondary chlorination points and optimization of chlorination, the control point not only to meet the requirements of residual chlorine concentrations, but only with the increase in water plant for export volume to meet the chlorine residual chlorine concentration of control point requirements, Network node in the general decline in residual chlorine concentrations, the concentration of relatively uniform, as a result of lower net residual chlorine concentration in the larger cause the formation of disinfection by-products of the risks posed by increased, while the total net volume of chlorine to lower drug Reduce consumption.
Based on the second chlorination of water supply network optimization analysis of the study in the hope of the water management departments to provide information so as to effectively enhance the country's water supply network management level to ensure that users of water quality and safety.
本文首先对供水管网建模理论进行了阐述,在供水管网水力模型、水质模型的基础上,通过对余氯衰减模型的研究采用一级余氯衰减模型,该模型形式简洁,对实测数据的吻合程度也较好,在实际中广泛应用。其次在管网水力模型和一级余氯衰减模型的基础上建立了供水管网中二次加氯的优化模型,因为加氯量优化是相对简单的工作,而加氯点选址涉及因素复杂,加氯点选址优化一次完成,长期使用,而加氯量优化宜随时间和环境变化而进行调整,所以本文采用加氯点选址优化与加氯量优化分开进行。由于多数供水企业不具备好的水质模型条件,覆盖模型是通过节点间的水量大小比例及水流路径建立整个管网节点间的水质关系,覆盖模型虽然相对粗糙但实用,所以采用覆盖模型进行二次加氯点的选择。本文二次加氯量优化模型是根据管网中余氯分布最好的方式便是均匀地达到某一期望水平,与期望余氯浓度的差值便成为衡量用户水质的标准。
为了验证模型及算法的有效性,将上述优化模型应用于国际学术领域中通用的实际测试算例管网和哈尔滨市道里区实际供水管网中。优化结果表明所选的二次加氯点及优化加氯量,不仅满足控制点余氯浓度的要求,而且与仅在水厂出口增加投氯量以满足控制点余氯浓度的要求相比,管网中各节点余氯浓度普遍下降,浓度分布比较均匀,降低了由于管网中余氯浓度较大造成消毒副产物的产生量增大引起的风险,同时管网总投氯量降低,药耗减少。
本文通过对供水管网二次加氯优化分析的研究,希望可以给有关供水管理部门提供参考,从而有效提高我国供水管网水质管理水平,确保用户的水质安全。
In most of drinking water treatment plants, Chlorine disinfection is a widely used technology, but major of the plants add chlorine only once at the entrance of the plant. As the residual chlorine decayes with time, the dose is too low when it arrives at the network peripheral. This method can’t guarantee a better distribution of residual chlorine in the pipe network.And it may lead to higher residual chlorine concentration in some local area network, and increases disinfection by-product which has a bad impact on human health. In light of this situation, the paper puts forward the idea of secondary chlorination optimization in pipeline network, that is, adding secondary chlorination points.Appropriate addition of chlorine can meet the internal consumption of the treatment process, which provides adequate protection for the spread of microbes. Meanwhile it ensures residual chlorine concentration distributes more evenly in the network,and guarantees certain residual chlorine concentrations in the follow-up of network.It also reduces the amount of water plant administration, saves water costs and facilitates the actual expansion project. And it will minimize the quantity of disinfection by-products which are threats to human health.
In this paper, the water pipe network modeling theory was expounded in the water distribution network hydraulic model, the water quality model, based on residual chlorine through the attenuation model of using a residual chlorine attenuation model, the model of simplicity, The measured data also match the better, in practice widely used. Second pipe network in the hydraulic model and a residual chlorine attenuation model on the basis of a secondary water supply networks in the chlorination of the optimal model, because the chlorination of optimization is relatively simple, while the chlorination point of the site Complex factors, chlorination at the site optimization was completed, the long-term use, and to optimize the chlorination of time and environmental change and adjustment, so this point chlorination site optimization and optimize the separation of chlorination. Since most companies do not have good water quality model conditions, the model is covered by node size ratio between the water flow path and the establishment of the network nodes between the quality, coverage model Although relatively rough but practical, so use the cover model The chlorination point choice. In this paper, the second chlorination of optimization model is based on residual chlorine in the distribution network the best way is to achieve a uniform level of expectations, and expectations of residual chlorine concentration of the margin has become the user to measure water quality standards.
In order to verify the validity of models and algorithms, the optimal model for international academic in common examples of the actual test network and the District of Harbin City, hang in the actual water supply networks. The results show that optimization of the selected secondary chlorination points and optimization of chlorination, the control point not only to meet the requirements of residual chlorine concentrations, but only with the increase in water plant for export volume to meet the chlorine residual chlorine concentration of control point requirements, Network node in the general decline in residual chlorine concentrations, the concentration of relatively uniform, as a result of lower net residual chlorine concentration in the larger cause the formation of disinfection by-products of the risks posed by increased, while the total net volume of chlorine to lower drug Reduce consumption.
Based on the second chlorination of water supply network optimization analysis of the study in the hope of the water management departments to provide information so as to effectively enhance the country's water supply network management level to ensure that users of water quality and safety.
引文
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2卫生部.《生活饮用水卫生标准》,GB5749-85. 1986年10月10日实施
3卫生部.《生活饮用水水质卫生规范》. 2001年9月1日起执行
4中华人民共和国卫生部,生活饮用水卫生标准,(GB5479-2006), 2006.12.29
5乐林生.上海供水水质现状、目标与对策.“饮用水安全保障技术与管理”专家报告文集.北京,2003
6张金松等.城市供水的水质现状与发展规划.“饮用水安全保障技术与管理”专家报告文集.北京,2003
7赵志刚,万众华.管网水质与实时检测.市政技术. 37~38
8赵洪宾.给水管网系统理论与分析.中国建筑工业出版社,2003.9
9李欣.配水管网水质变化的研究.哈尔滨建筑大学博士学位论文, 1999
10李欣,赵洪宾,齐晶瑶.给水管道生长环的冲洗与防治.哈尔滨建筑大学学报2002,35(6):30~32
11岳舜琳.我国给水氯化消毒的现状及存在的问题.给水排水,1993,19(11):15~17
12王华成,吕锡武.微污染水源水饮用水处理研究进展.净水技术,2005,24(1):30~32
13 R. M. Males, R. M. Clark, P. J. Wehrman. Algorithm for Mixing Problems in Water Systems. Hydraulic Engineering. 1985,111(2):206~219
14 J. C. P. John, R. W. Nicholas. Performance of carious kinetic model for chlorine decay. Water Resources Planning and Management, 2000(126):13~21
15 M. C. Robert, S. Mano. Predicting chlorine residuals in drinking water:second order mode. Water Resources Planning and Management, 2002,128(2):152~161
16 H. M. Steran, S. P. Roger. A. W. Clive. Calibration and comparison of chlorine decay models for a test water distriburtion. Water Resources Planning and Management, 2000,34(8):2301~2309
17 Li Xin, Gu Darming. Modeling of residual chlorine in water distribution system. Environmental Science. 2003,15(1):136~144
18罗红毅.饮水消毒剂及其副产物对人体健康的影响.西藏科技.2005,(11):42~43
19吴一蘩,高乃云,乐林生.饮用水消毒技术,北京:化学工业出版社,2006.1.
20董丽丽,黄骏雄.饮用水消毒副产物及其分析技术.化学进展.2005,17(2):350~358
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