雷电冲击和快速暂态过电压对GIS及相连设备影响的研究
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摘要
本文以气体绝缘的金属封闭式组合电器(GIS)及相连电气设备变压器为研究对象，在查阅和总结了大量与本课题相关的参考资料基础上，确定了本课题研究的技术关键和技术路线。
首先针对操作GIS中隔离开关所产生的快速暂态过电压(VFTO)上升时间短及幅值高的特点，在一般暂态电路模型的基础上提出了新的暂态电路模型，并利用该模型，对GIS中隔离开关切断短母线的等值电路进行了数值模拟，并与电磁暂态程序(EMTP)的计算结果进行了比较。同时通过数值模拟和试验的对比分析，确定了GIS等值电路的元件参数，给出了求解等值电路的动态节点电压方程，为数值模拟实际电路提供了较通用的电路模型和参数。由离散的傅立叶变换可知：VFTO含有三个主要的频率分量：2MHz的基本振荡频率、10MHz的高频分量和40MHz的快速暂态分量，其中40MHz的快速暂态分量是陡形波在GIS中发展形成的，直接影响着GIS的绝缘。
实验研究了绝缘介质的高频特性。对实验数据采用最小二乘意义下的多项式曲线拟合方法，通过求曲线的极值确定了绝缘介质环氧树脂的高频参数——光频介电常数和松弛时间。
依据实验确定的绝缘介质的高频参数，针对雷电冲击电压的特点，引入绝缘介质的微观参数，并推导出了含有静态介电常数、光频介电常数和松弛时间的暂态电场计算的时域数学模型。对雷电波，采用了Duhamel积分的方法来处理边界激励。求解出绝缘子内部及沿面的暂态电场分布。计算结果表明：VFTO作用下绝缘子表面的电场强度不仅有沿面的切向分量，而且还有较强的垂直于分界面的法向分量，该法向分量很可能会使SF_6气体中的导电离子在电场作用下高速撞击固体表面而产生滑闪。
将绝缘介质的宏观参数和微观参数结合在一起，推导出复介电常数占ε~*下暂态电场计算的频域数学模型。利用频域数学模型，计算了VFTO作用下，绝缘子及其附近的电位分布、电场强度分布及电场强度的切向分量和法向分量沿径向的分布，进一步分析了SF_6气体和绝缘子的绝缘性能。
将变压器的全部线饼视为传输线，且每饼视为一根传输线，建立了快速暂态过电压作用下变压器绕组的多导体传输线模型(MTL)，给出了求解的数学模型和边界条件。利用时域有限差分(FDTD)法对变压器绕组的暂态电压分布进行了数值计算，并与传统的广义特征值和特征向量计算方法进行了比较。结果表明：传统方法和FDTD两种计算方法计算的暂态电压分布趋势趋于一致，但用FDTD方法计算的波形局部出现了振
沈阳工业大学博士学位论文
荡，这说明以线匝为计一算单元更能反映变压器绕组的暂态电压分布，而传统的广义特征
值和特征向量法只能求出线饼首、末端或所分线段的首、末端波形。因此FDTD方法是
计算变压器绕组暂态电压分布的一种有效的方法。
Based on references involved the influences of very fast transient over-voltage (VFTO) caused by disconnector closing and switching off charging current of bus on gas insulated switch-gear (GIS) and the adjacent device, the key technique and technical path of investigation are found. The concerned research works of VFTO is investigated.
A new transient circuit model to the question of the steep front and high amplitude value of VFTO is proposed based on general transient circuit model. The numeric simulation that disconnector switched off short bus has been proceeded by using above circuit model and the comparison of results with the one based on EMTP are given. The parameters of elements and equivalent circuit model in GIS are determined based on comparison analysis between test and numeric simulation, which has also provided a kind of valuable reference for simulating actual circuit. Three components of VFTO which are 2MHz, 10MHz and 40MHZ frequency components are obtained from Discrete Fourier Transformation, in which 40 MHz component plays a key role in GIS insulation.
High frequency characteristic of epoxy dielectrics is studied based on experiment. In term of least square method (LSM), polynomial fitting curves of epoxy permittivity with respect to frequency under VFTO are obtained according to experimental data. By solving the maximum of above fitting curve, high frequency dielectric parameters, light frequency permittivity and relaxation time, are evaluated.
According to lighting impulse voltage characteristic, the microscopic parameters of dielectric are introduced and differential equations including light frequency permittivity and relaxation time are firstly deduced. Duhamel integration method is introduced to express the response caused by lighting impulse voltage. Potential distribution curves at representative time and electric field intensity curves along with disc spacer surface are shown. The calculation results have shown that not only tangential field intensity but also stronger normal field intensity are found on surface of spacer. The normal field intensity effects on dielectric may bring the slip discharge along the surface of disc spacer.
The mathematic models of frequency domain with complex permittivity ' are deduced to calculate transient electric field by combining macroscopic with microcosmic parameters. Potential distribution, electric intensity distribution, Tangential intensity e, and normal field
intensity e,, curves along the radial direction on interface of spacer are illustrated under VFTO. Insulation performance of gas SF6 and disc spacer is investigated.
Multi-conductor transmission line (MTL) model of transformer winding is deduced under VFTO, in which the mathematical equations and boundary conditions for calculating over-voltage in windings are given. The over-voltages in winding are solved by using finite different time domain (FDTD) method. Comparison between MTL and traditional method are given. The calculation results have shown that the tendency of over-voltage distribution curves by using MTL model is accordant with by traditional improper eigenvalue method. However, partial oscillation has been observed in windings by FDTD, which can't be found by improper eigenvalue method of lump parameters. In addition, improper eigenvalue method can only solve the over-voltage distribution of terminals. It has been shown that FDTD method, in which a turn is regarded as calculated unit, is a virtual method for calculating over-voltage distribution of transformer windings.
首先针对操作GIS中隔离开关所产生的快速暂态过电压(VFTO)上升时间短及幅值高的特点，在一般暂态电路模型的基础上提出了新的暂态电路模型，并利用该模型，对GIS中隔离开关切断短母线的等值电路进行了数值模拟，并与电磁暂态程序(EMTP)的计算结果进行了比较。同时通过数值模拟和试验的对比分析，确定了GIS等值电路的元件参数，给出了求解等值电路的动态节点电压方程，为数值模拟实际电路提供了较通用的电路模型和参数。由离散的傅立叶变换可知：VFTO含有三个主要的频率分量：2MHz的基本振荡频率、10MHz的高频分量和40MHz的快速暂态分量，其中40MHz的快速暂态分量是陡形波在GIS中发展形成的，直接影响着GIS的绝缘。
实验研究了绝缘介质的高频特性。对实验数据采用最小二乘意义下的多项式曲线拟合方法，通过求曲线的极值确定了绝缘介质环氧树脂的高频参数——光频介电常数和松弛时间。
依据实验确定的绝缘介质的高频参数，针对雷电冲击电压的特点，引入绝缘介质的微观参数，并推导出了含有静态介电常数、光频介电常数和松弛时间的暂态电场计算的时域数学模型。对雷电波，采用了Duhamel积分的方法来处理边界激励。求解出绝缘子内部及沿面的暂态电场分布。计算结果表明：VFTO作用下绝缘子表面的电场强度不仅有沿面的切向分量，而且还有较强的垂直于分界面的法向分量，该法向分量很可能会使SF_6气体中的导电离子在电场作用下高速撞击固体表面而产生滑闪。
将绝缘介质的宏观参数和微观参数结合在一起，推导出复介电常数占ε~*下暂态电场计算的频域数学模型。利用频域数学模型，计算了VFTO作用下，绝缘子及其附近的电位分布、电场强度分布及电场强度的切向分量和法向分量沿径向的分布，进一步分析了SF_6气体和绝缘子的绝缘性能。
将变压器的全部线饼视为传输线，且每饼视为一根传输线，建立了快速暂态过电压作用下变压器绕组的多导体传输线模型(MTL)，给出了求解的数学模型和边界条件。利用时域有限差分(FDTD)法对变压器绕组的暂态电压分布进行了数值计算，并与传统的广义特征值和特征向量计算方法进行了比较。结果表明：传统方法和FDTD两种计算方法计算的暂态电压分布趋势趋于一致，但用FDTD方法计算的波形局部出现了振
沈阳工业大学博士学位论文
荡，这说明以线匝为计一算单元更能反映变压器绕组的暂态电压分布，而传统的广义特征
值和特征向量法只能求出线饼首、末端或所分线段的首、末端波形。因此FDTD方法是
计算变压器绕组暂态电压分布的一种有效的方法。
Based on references involved the influences of very fast transient over-voltage (VFTO) caused by disconnector closing and switching off charging current of bus on gas insulated switch-gear (GIS) and the adjacent device, the key technique and technical path of investigation are found. The concerned research works of VFTO is investigated.
A new transient circuit model to the question of the steep front and high amplitude value of VFTO is proposed based on general transient circuit model. The numeric simulation that disconnector switched off short bus has been proceeded by using above circuit model and the comparison of results with the one based on EMTP are given. The parameters of elements and equivalent circuit model in GIS are determined based on comparison analysis between test and numeric simulation, which has also provided a kind of valuable reference for simulating actual circuit. Three components of VFTO which are 2MHz, 10MHz and 40MHZ frequency components are obtained from Discrete Fourier Transformation, in which 40 MHz component plays a key role in GIS insulation.
High frequency characteristic of epoxy dielectrics is studied based on experiment. In term of least square method (LSM), polynomial fitting curves of epoxy permittivity with respect to frequency under VFTO are obtained according to experimental data. By solving the maximum of above fitting curve, high frequency dielectric parameters, light frequency permittivity and relaxation time, are evaluated.
According to lighting impulse voltage characteristic, the microscopic parameters of dielectric are introduced and differential equations including light frequency permittivity and relaxation time are firstly deduced. Duhamel integration method is introduced to express the response caused by lighting impulse voltage. Potential distribution curves at representative time and electric field intensity curves along with disc spacer surface are shown. The calculation results have shown that not only tangential field intensity but also stronger normal field intensity are found on surface of spacer. The normal field intensity effects on dielectric may bring the slip discharge along the surface of disc spacer.
The mathematic models of frequency domain with complex permittivity ' are deduced to calculate transient electric field by combining macroscopic with microcosmic parameters. Potential distribution, electric intensity distribution, Tangential intensity e, and normal field
intensity e,, curves along the radial direction on interface of spacer are illustrated under VFTO. Insulation performance of gas SF6 and disc spacer is investigated.
Multi-conductor transmission line (MTL) model of transformer winding is deduced under VFTO, in which the mathematical equations and boundary conditions for calculating over-voltage in windings are given. The over-voltages in winding are solved by using finite different time domain (FDTD) method. Comparison between MTL and traditional method are given. The calculation results have shown that the tendency of over-voltage distribution curves by using MTL model is accordant with by traditional improper eigenvalue method. However, partial oscillation has been observed in windings by FDTD, which can't be found by improper eigenvalue method of lump parameters. In addition, improper eigenvalue method can only solve the over-voltage distribution of terminals. It has been shown that FDTD method, in which a turn is regarded as calculated unit, is a virtual method for calculating over-voltage distribution of transformer windings.
引文
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