塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉2气田白垩系优质储层成岩作用的热力学模拟
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摘要
沉积岩储集层的孔隙度、渗透率等物性是石油、天然气等矿产资源评价的必不可少的因素。成岩作用是影响沉积岩孔隙几何形态及孔隙最终类型的重要过程,尤其是沉积物深埋期间的水-岩相互作用直接导致了某些矿物的沉淀和溶解,进而影响到次生孔隙的发育。本文以克拉2气田储层为研究对象,探讨了该区纵向深度上孔隙度、渗透率与矿物组合、结构上的变化,发现次生孔隙是本区储层的重要储集空间,并且与长石骨架颗粒和方解石胶结物的溶蚀密切相关。基于长石和方解石在地下水中溶解反应的Gibbs 自由能ΔG 值,确定成岩作用中矿物溶解或者沉淀的趋势。克拉2 气田中斜长石骨架颗粒中的钙长石组分基本上遭受了彻底的溶蚀,对次生孔隙的贡献较大,钠长石溶蚀程度有限,而钾长石基本上不被溶蚀。方解石的溶解和沉淀与地下水化学的关系较密切,在T<90℃的地层中方解石表现为完全沉淀形成胶结物的特征,在T≈90~105℃的范围内有相当数量的方解石胶结物被溶解,形成了大量的粒间溶孔,它是克拉2 气田次生孔隙发育的重要因素之一。根据成岩作用中方解石胶结物与长石骨架颗粒溶蚀形成次生孔隙的几何形状、连通性、分布方式等特征,进一步分出三种类型的次生孔隙组合方式,CF 型、F型或C 型,并以克拉2气田中次生孔隙的组合特征,说明了不同次生孔隙组合方式对岩石孔隙度和渗透率的影响。
The reservoir quality of sedimentary clastic rocks depends on the porosity and permeability that are two critical economic elements to be used to prospect oil and gas resources. Diagenetic processes ultimately control the pore geometry and types. Especially, the rock-water interaction in the deeply buried sediments yields dissolution and precipitation of some minerals that have important impact on the secondary pores. This study takes the reservoir of the Kela 2 gas field of the Tariam basin, the western China, as an example for understanding the relationship between the porosity and permeability and autogenetic minerals and textures of the clastic rocks on the vertical depth scale. The secondary pores are essential reservoir space in this gas field, moreover, their origin is closely related to dissolution of the frame grain of plagioclase and the cements of calcite. On the basis of Gibbs free energy changes , ΔG, the Gibbs free energy changes of the dissolution reactions of plagioclase and calcite in the ground waters, the mineral alteration or precipitation trend can be determined. The anorthite component of plagioclase from Kela 2 reservoir was dissolved so completely by the pore fluid that the dissolution made great contribution to the pore volume, and the albite component suffered partially dissolution; by contrast K-feldspar did not dissolved in the ground water at all. Calcite dissolution and precipitation depend on pore chemistry. At the temperature T<90℃calcite precipitates to form cement of the sediments; when T≈90~105℃, there is such much calcite to be dissolved that a great deal of secondary intergrain dissolved pores form. This is an important reason that the secondary pores origin in the reservoir of Kela 2 gas field. Based on the secondary pore geometry, connectivity and distributions derived from dissolution of calcite cements and plagioclase frame grains, three secondary pore association patterns can be subdivided, i.e. CF, F, and C types, which are illustrated with the secondary pore association characteristics. It is clearly showed that the secondary pore association patterns have impact on rock porosity and permeability.
The reservoir quality of sedimentary clastic rocks depends on the porosity and permeability that are two critical economic elements to be used to prospect oil and gas resources. Diagenetic processes ultimately control the pore geometry and types. Especially, the rock-water interaction in the deeply buried sediments yields dissolution and precipitation of some minerals that have important impact on the secondary pores. This study takes the reservoir of the Kela 2 gas field of the Tariam basin, the western China, as an example for understanding the relationship between the porosity and permeability and autogenetic minerals and textures of the clastic rocks on the vertical depth scale. The secondary pores are essential reservoir space in this gas field, moreover, their origin is closely related to dissolution of the frame grain of plagioclase and the cements of calcite. On the basis of Gibbs free energy changes , ΔG, the Gibbs free energy changes of the dissolution reactions of plagioclase and calcite in the ground waters, the mineral alteration or precipitation trend can be determined. The anorthite component of plagioclase from Kela 2 reservoir was dissolved so completely by the pore fluid that the dissolution made great contribution to the pore volume, and the albite component suffered partially dissolution; by contrast K-feldspar did not dissolved in the ground water at all. Calcite dissolution and precipitation depend on pore chemistry. At the temperature T<90℃calcite precipitates to form cement of the sediments; when T≈90~105℃, there is such much calcite to be dissolved that a great deal of secondary intergrain dissolved pores form. This is an important reason that the secondary pores origin in the reservoir of Kela 2 gas field. Based on the secondary pore geometry, connectivity and distributions derived from dissolution of calcite cements and plagioclase frame grains, three secondary pore association patterns can be subdivided, i.e. CF, F, and C types, which are illustrated with the secondary pore association characteristics. It is clearly showed that the secondary pore association patterns have impact on rock porosity and permeability.
引文
1 顾家裕,方辉,贾进华,塔里木盆地库车坳陷白垩系辫状三角洲砂体成岩作用和储层特征。沉积学报,2001,19(4):518～524
2 贾进华,库车前陆盆地白垩系巴什基奇克组沉积层序与储层研究。地学前缘:2000,7(3):133～143
3 付清平,陆相前陆盆地层序地层学研究-以塔里木盆地北部下白垩统地层为例。岩相古地理:1997,17(2):1～9
4 张希明,塔里木盆地北部中、新生代陆相沉积盆地层序地层特征。石油试验地质,1997,19(1):5～11
5 贾进华,顾家裕,克拉2 气田优质储层控制因素与孔隙演化。科学通报,2002,11.47(增刊):97～102
6 邓荣才,彭军,吴朝容,陆相盆地基准面旋回的级次划分和研究意义。沉积学报,2001,19(2):249～255
7 刘波,基准面旋回与沉积旋回的对比方法探讨。沉积学报,2002,20(1):112～117
8 柳梅青,陈亦军,郑荣才,川西新场气田蓬莱镇组陆相地层高分辨率层序地层学研究。沉积学报,2000,3.18(1):50～56
9 杜春彦,郑荣才,陕北长6 油层组短期基准面旋回与储层非均质性的关系。成都理工学院学报,1999,1.26(1):17～22
10 邓宏文,王红亮,祝永军, Cross T A .高分辨率层序地层学-原理及应用。北京:地质出版社,2002
11 邓宏文,王洪亮,翟爱军等,中国陆源碎屑盆地层序地层与储层展布。石油与天然气地质,1999,6.20(2):108～114
12 王洪亮,邓宏文,地层基准面原理在湖相储层预测中的应用。 石油与天然气地质,1997,6.18(2):96～102
13 邓宏文,美国层序地层研究中的新学派-高分辨率层序地层学。石油与天然气地质,1995,16(2):90～972
14 邓宏文,王洪亮,李熙哲,层序地层地层基准面的识别、对比技术及应用。石油与天然气地质,1996,17(3):177～184
15 游俊,郑浚茂,王德发,陆相层序地层学应用中几个问题的讨论,中国地质大学(北京),石油实验地质,1999:21(2)
16 林畅松,刘景彦,刘丽军,张韬,李喜臣,高精度层序地层分析-建立沉积相和储层规模的等时地层格架,现代地质,2002,第16 卷 第3 期.
17 乐昌硕,于炳松,田成等,新疆塔里木盆地北部层序地层及其沉积学研究。地质出版社,1996
18 冯增昭,沉积岩石学(第二版)。石油工业出版社,1993
19 魏魁生,徐怀大,雷怀玉等,非海相层序地层学-以松辽盆地为例。地质出版社,1996.6
20 董清水,崔宝琛,李想,郭巍,陆相层序地层划分及岩心、测井高分辨率层序地层界面判识,石油试验地质,1997,第19 卷 第2 期.
21 冯增昭,沉积岩石学。石油工业出版社,1994
22 樊太亮,徐怀大等,新疆塔里木盆地北部应用层序地层学。北京:地质出版社,1996
23 池秋鄂,层序地层学原理及在油气勘探开发中的应用。石油天然气集团公司经济和信息研究中心,1999.8
24 顾家裕,贾进华,王建国等,库车坳陷中新生界储层评价和预测(内部)。2000
25 张柏桥等,塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏构造带白垩系巴什基奇克组沉积相研究(内部),2000
26 Cross T A,Stratigraphic controls on reservoir attributes in continenal strata。地学前缘,2000,7(4):322～350
27 Cross T A and Lessenger M A,Sediment volume partitioning:rationale for stratigraphicmodel evalution and high-resolution stratigraphic correlation ,in F.M.gradstein,K.O.San-dvik,and N.J.Milton,(eds.),Sequence Stratigraphy Concepts and Applications.NPF Speci-al Publication 8,1998,171~195
28 Cross T A,Sediment gravity flow int the context of rheology and energy,AAPG(poster),1999.
29 Davies D K I and Bernal M C,Infuluence of channel style on reservoir development and production characteristics :Oligocene sandstones of the Lisama Area,Magdalena Valley.Colombia,VI Petroleum Colombian Congress,Bogota,1995(Oct.3~6)
30 Cross T A,Field-scale reserivor characterization,in L.W.Lake,H.B.Carrol,Jr.,and T.C.Wesson,( eds.),Reservoir characterization Ⅱ:Orlando,Floride,Acadenic Press,1991,493~497
31 Cross T A and Lessenger M A,Construction and application of a stratigraphic inverse model, in J.W.Harbaugh,W.L.Watney,E.C.Rankey,R.Slingerland,R.H.Goldstein,E.K.Franseen,(eds.), SEPM Special Publication 62 Nunerical Epperiments in Stratigraphy:Recent Advances in stratigraphic and Sedimentologic Computer Simulation:SEMP(Society for Sedimentary Geology),1999,69~83
32 Cross T A,Controls on coal distribution in transgressive-ressive cycles,Upper Cretaceous,Western Interior,U.S.A.,in Wilgus,C.K.,et al.,Sea-level changes:An intergrated approach:Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists and Mineralogists Special Publication 15,1998,293~308
33 Cross T A,Baker M R,Clark M S,Gardner M H,Hanson M A,Lessenger M A,Little L D,McDonough K J,Sonnenfeld Valasek D W,Williams M R and Witter D N,Application of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy to reservoir analysis,in R.Eschard,and B.Doligez, (eds.),Subsurface Reserivor Characterization from Outcrop Observation.Proceedings of the 7th IFP Exploration and production research Conference:Paris,Technip,1993,11~33
34 Anders M H,Krueger S W and Sadler P M,A new look at sedimentation rates and the completeness of the stratigraphic recond.Journal of Geology,1987,V.95,1~14
35 Beard D C and Wey l P K,The inflence of texture on porosity and permeability of unconsolidated sand,AAPG Bull.,1973,57:349~369
36 Blakey R C and Gubitosa R,Controls of sandbody geometry and architecture in the Chinle Formation(Upper Triassic).Colorado Plateau,Sedimentary Geology,1984,V.38,51~86
37 Boyd R,Dalrympl R and Zaitlin B A,Classfication of clastic coastal depositional environments.Sedimentary Geology,1992,V.80,139~150
38 Le Blanc R J,Geometry of sandstone reservoir bodies.AAPG Memoir,1972,18:133~190
39 Jacobsen T and Rendall H,Permeability patterns in some fluvial sandstones,An outcrop study from Yorkshire,North East England,in Lake L,Carrol H,Jr,and Wesson T,(eds.),Reservoir characterization Ⅱ,Academic Press,Inc.1991,315~338
40 Hurst A and Rosvoll K J,Permeability variations in sandstone and their relationship to sedimentary structures,in Lake,L.,Carroll,H.,Jr.,and Wesson T, (eds.),Reservoir characterization Ⅱ,Academic Press,Inc:1991,166~196
41 Fraser H J,Experimental study of the porosity and permeability of clastic sediments.J.Geol.,1935,43:910~1010
42 Weber K J,How heterogeneity affects oil recovery,in Lake L,Carroll H Jr. and Wesson T,(eds.),Reservoir characterization,Academic Press,Inc.,Orlando:1986,487~544
43 Van Wagoner J C et al,Siliciclastic Sequence Stratigraphy in Well Logs,Cores,and Outcrop:Concepts for High-Resolution correlation of Time and Facies.AAPG Models in Exploration Series.1990
44 Sneider R M,Richardson F H,Paynter D D,Eddy R E,and Wyant I A,Predicting reservoir rock geometry and continuity in Pennsylvanian reservoirs,ELK City field,Oklahoma.J.Petrol.Tech.,1997,29:851~866
45 Hayes, J. B. 1979. Sandstone diagenesis – the hole truth: in P. A. Scholle and P. R. schluger, eds., Aspects of diagenesis. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication, 26, 127-139
46 Schmidt, V., McDonald D. A. and Platt, R. L. 1977, Pore geometry and reservoir aspects of secondary porosity in sandstones. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 25, 271-290
47 Heald, M. T. and Larese, R. E. 1973. The significance of the solution of feldspar in porosity development. Journal of Sedimentary Peotrology. 43, 458-460
48 Siebert, R. M., Moncure G. K. and Lahann, R. W. 1985. A theory of framework grain dissolution in sandstones. In: D. A. McDonald and R. C. Surdam (eds), Clastic Diagenesis. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA. pp 429
49 Boles, J. R. 1985. Secondary porosity reactions in the Stevens sandstone, San Joaquin Valley, California. In: D. A. McDonald and R. C. Surdam (eds), Clastic Diagenesis. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA. pp 429
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52 Kaiser, W. R. 1985. Predicting reservoir quality and diagenetic history in the Frio Formation (Oligocene) of Texas. In: D. A. McDonald and R. C. Surdam (eds), Clastic Diagenesis. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA. pp 429
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2 贾进华,库车前陆盆地白垩系巴什基奇克组沉积层序与储层研究。地学前缘:2000,7(3):133～143
3 付清平,陆相前陆盆地层序地层学研究-以塔里木盆地北部下白垩统地层为例。岩相古地理:1997,17(2):1～9
4 张希明,塔里木盆地北部中、新生代陆相沉积盆地层序地层特征。石油试验地质,1997,19(1):5～11
5 贾进华,顾家裕,克拉2 气田优质储层控制因素与孔隙演化。科学通报,2002,11.47(增刊):97～102
6 邓荣才,彭军,吴朝容,陆相盆地基准面旋回的级次划分和研究意义。沉积学报,2001,19(2):249～255
7 刘波,基准面旋回与沉积旋回的对比方法探讨。沉积学报,2002,20(1):112～117
8 柳梅青,陈亦军,郑荣才,川西新场气田蓬莱镇组陆相地层高分辨率层序地层学研究。沉积学报,2000,3.18(1):50～56
9 杜春彦,郑荣才,陕北长6 油层组短期基准面旋回与储层非均质性的关系。成都理工学院学报,1999,1.26(1):17～22
10 邓宏文,王红亮,祝永军, Cross T A .高分辨率层序地层学-原理及应用。北京:地质出版社,2002
11 邓宏文,王洪亮,翟爱军等,中国陆源碎屑盆地层序地层与储层展布。石油与天然气地质,1999,6.20(2):108～114
12 王洪亮,邓宏文,地层基准面原理在湖相储层预测中的应用。 石油与天然气地质,1997,6.18(2):96～102
13 邓宏文,美国层序地层研究中的新学派-高分辨率层序地层学。石油与天然气地质,1995,16(2):90～972
14 邓宏文,王洪亮,李熙哲,层序地层地层基准面的识别、对比技术及应用。石油与天然气地质,1996,17(3):177～184
15 游俊,郑浚茂,王德发,陆相层序地层学应用中几个问题的讨论,中国地质大学(北京),石油实验地质,1999:21(2)
16 林畅松,刘景彦,刘丽军,张韬,李喜臣,高精度层序地层分析-建立沉积相和储层规模的等时地层格架,现代地质,2002,第16 卷 第3 期.
17 乐昌硕,于炳松,田成等,新疆塔里木盆地北部层序地层及其沉积学研究。地质出版社,1996
18 冯增昭,沉积岩石学(第二版)。石油工业出版社,1993
19 魏魁生,徐怀大,雷怀玉等,非海相层序地层学-以松辽盆地为例。地质出版社,1996.6
20 董清水,崔宝琛,李想,郭巍,陆相层序地层划分及岩心、测井高分辨率层序地层界面判识,石油试验地质,1997,第19 卷 第2 期.
21 冯增昭,沉积岩石学。石油工业出版社,1994
22 樊太亮,徐怀大等,新疆塔里木盆地北部应用层序地层学。北京:地质出版社,1996
23 池秋鄂,层序地层学原理及在油气勘探开发中的应用。石油天然气集团公司经济和信息研究中心,1999.8
24 顾家裕,贾进华,王建国等,库车坳陷中新生界储层评价和预测(内部)。2000
25 张柏桥等,塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏构造带白垩系巴什基奇克组沉积相研究(内部),2000
26 Cross T A,Stratigraphic controls on reservoir attributes in continenal strata。地学前缘,2000,7(4):322～350
27 Cross T A and Lessenger M A,Sediment volume partitioning:rationale for stratigraphicmodel evalution and high-resolution stratigraphic correlation ,in F.M.gradstein,K.O.San-dvik,and N.J.Milton,(eds.),Sequence Stratigraphy Concepts and Applications.NPF Speci-al Publication 8,1998,171~195
28 Cross T A,Sediment gravity flow int the context of rheology and energy,AAPG(poster),1999.
29 Davies D K I and Bernal M C,Infuluence of channel style on reservoir development and production characteristics :Oligocene sandstones of the Lisama Area,Magdalena Valley.Colombia,VI Petroleum Colombian Congress,Bogota,1995(Oct.3~6)
30 Cross T A,Field-scale reserivor characterization,in L.W.Lake,H.B.Carrol,Jr.,and T.C.Wesson,( eds.),Reservoir characterization Ⅱ:Orlando,Floride,Acadenic Press,1991,493~497
31 Cross T A and Lessenger M A,Construction and application of a stratigraphic inverse model, in J.W.Harbaugh,W.L.Watney,E.C.Rankey,R.Slingerland,R.H.Goldstein,E.K.Franseen,(eds.), SEPM Special Publication 62 Nunerical Epperiments in Stratigraphy:Recent Advances in stratigraphic and Sedimentologic Computer Simulation:SEMP(Society for Sedimentary Geology),1999,69~83
32 Cross T A,Controls on coal distribution in transgressive-ressive cycles,Upper Cretaceous,Western Interior,U.S.A.,in Wilgus,C.K.,et al.,Sea-level changes:An intergrated approach:Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists and Mineralogists Special Publication 15,1998,293~308
33 Cross T A,Baker M R,Clark M S,Gardner M H,Hanson M A,Lessenger M A,Little L D,McDonough K J,Sonnenfeld Valasek D W,Williams M R and Witter D N,Application of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy to reservoir analysis,in R.Eschard,and B.Doligez, (eds.),Subsurface Reserivor Characterization from Outcrop Observation.Proceedings of the 7th IFP Exploration and production research Conference:Paris,Technip,1993,11~33
34 Anders M H,Krueger S W and Sadler P M,A new look at sedimentation rates and the completeness of the stratigraphic recond.Journal of Geology,1987,V.95,1~14
35 Beard D C and Wey l P K,The inflence of texture on porosity and permeability of unconsolidated sand,AAPG Bull.,1973,57:349~369
36 Blakey R C and Gubitosa R,Controls of sandbody geometry and architecture in the Chinle Formation(Upper Triassic).Colorado Plateau,Sedimentary Geology,1984,V.38,51~86
37 Boyd R,Dalrympl R and Zaitlin B A,Classfication of clastic coastal depositional environments.Sedimentary Geology,1992,V.80,139~150
38 Le Blanc R J,Geometry of sandstone reservoir bodies.AAPG Memoir,1972,18:133~190
39 Jacobsen T and Rendall H,Permeability patterns in some fluvial sandstones,An outcrop study from Yorkshire,North East England,in Lake L,Carrol H,Jr,and Wesson T,(eds.),Reservoir characterization Ⅱ,Academic Press,Inc.1991,315~338
40 Hurst A and Rosvoll K J,Permeability variations in sandstone and their relationship to sedimentary structures,in Lake,L.,Carroll,H.,Jr.,and Wesson T, (eds.),Reservoir characterization Ⅱ,Academic Press,Inc:1991,166~196
41 Fraser H J,Experimental study of the porosity and permeability of clastic sediments.J.Geol.,1935,43:910~1010
42 Weber K J,How heterogeneity affects oil recovery,in Lake L,Carroll H Jr. and Wesson T,(eds.),Reservoir characterization,Academic Press,Inc.,Orlando:1986,487~544
43 Van Wagoner J C et al,Siliciclastic Sequence Stratigraphy in Well Logs,Cores,and Outcrop:Concepts for High-Resolution correlation of Time and Facies.AAPG Models in Exploration Series.1990
44 Sneider R M,Richardson F H,Paynter D D,Eddy R E,and Wyant I A,Predicting reservoir rock geometry and continuity in Pennsylvanian reservoirs,ELK City field,Oklahoma.J.Petrol.Tech.,1997,29:851~866
45 Hayes, J. B. 1979. Sandstone diagenesis – the hole truth: in P. A. Scholle and P. R. schluger, eds., Aspects of diagenesis. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication, 26, 127-139
46 Schmidt, V., McDonald D. A. and Platt, R. L. 1977, Pore geometry and reservoir aspects of secondary porosity in sandstones. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 25, 271-290
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