加纳可持续经济适用住宅发展导则研究
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摘要
可持续建筑是应对全球气候变化及降低能源消耗而提出的建筑产业策略。各类基于研究的设计建造方法和标准以及实践方案不断涌现，以满足这一必然趋势。
为了能够达到控制目标，发达国家已将研究成果编制成相关标准及规范，而这些标准及规范已经广泛的应用并指导其建筑产业。例如LEED（美国），BREEAM（英国）和BEPAC（加拿大）等。日本、中国和澳大利亚等国也相继出台有关可持续建筑的规范和标准，并作为重要政策或指导性文件而推广。上述规范和标准的迅速普及推广尤其体现在单体建筑项目的评级应用上。
然而，在欠缺发展的国家或地区并未出现这类现象，例如加纳。这类国家对能源利用的可持续性和成本效益等认识不足。因此，可持续建筑设计及技术在这类国家尤为重要。据统计，在加纳，建筑耗费国家40%左右的能源和30%的原材料，而产生的废物（固态和液态废物）总量就占据全部废物总量的35%。（数据来源：加纳建筑与道路研究院，2008）这使得建筑业成为可持续发展关注的重要领域。
同时，持续增长的人口以及快速城市化进程对住宅产业，尤其是经济适用房建设有着巨大的影响。数据表示，加纳的人口以208%的速率增长，并预计至2015年将有50%的人口居住在城市中（世界银行发展指标，2008）。也正是因为这个原因，经济适用房成为政策制定者的关键议题。
已有许多旨在设计和建造可持续建筑的策略被提出、采纳或已被实行。此趋势也必将引发相关基础工作的开展，这些基础工作为了对经济适用房进行标准化设计、操控以及适宜性选择。
基于上述内容，本论文探寻一种适用于不同地域的现有标准的系统测评方法，同时提出一个针对现有实践背景的理论。这将因此编制相关导则，基于可持续理论对技术、建材、设备、系统以及规范的适用性将作出规定。
Sustainable architecture is the way forward for the building industry in the face of globalclimate change and dwindling energy resources. Various design, construction ideas, standardsand practices based on research are constantly emerging to facilitate this growing inevitabletrend.
The developed world, in order to achieve a semblance of control and harmony has codifiedthese findings into standards that are widely applied in their construction industries. Examplesinclude LEED (USA), BREEAM (UK), and BEPAC (CANADA). Other examples exist in Japan,China, and Australia etc. These standards are generally seen as significant guidelines that arewidely applied. Ratings of individual buildings and projects as platinum, gold or diamond haveeven quickened the pace of their application.
The situation in less developed countries like Ghana however is not the same. There is aslowly growing awareness of the need to make energy sources and their use, sustainable and costeffective. That is where sustainable architecture comes into play. The construction sector isknown to consume up to40%of the energy produced in this country,30%of raw materials,whilst generating35%of all solid and liquid waste.(Building and Road Research InstituteGhana,2008). This is what makes this critical sector a prime candidate in any effort towardssustainable development.
At the same time, increasing population growth and rapid urbanization is exerting immensepressure on housing in general and the affordable housing sector in particular. Ghana’spopulation is said to be growing at2.08%and over50%of the entire population, it is projected,will live in urban areas by2015(World Bank Development Index,2008). It is for this reason toothat affordable housing is a critical issue for policy makers here.
Several and varied interventions aimed at making architecture sustainable are beingproposed, adopted or in some cases already in use. As a result of this trend, the need for aframework for standardization, control and adaptability has become quite evident.
This study therefore seeks to undertake a systematic examination of existing standards indifferent parts of the world. A synthesis against the background of existing current practices will also be carried out. All these will be geared towards the establishment of guidelines that willregulate the suitability of technologies, materials, services, systems and standards on asustainable basis.
为了能够达到控制目标，发达国家已将研究成果编制成相关标准及规范，而这些标准及规范已经广泛的应用并指导其建筑产业。例如LEED（美国），BREEAM（英国）和BEPAC（加拿大）等。日本、中国和澳大利亚等国也相继出台有关可持续建筑的规范和标准，并作为重要政策或指导性文件而推广。上述规范和标准的迅速普及推广尤其体现在单体建筑项目的评级应用上。
然而，在欠缺发展的国家或地区并未出现这类现象，例如加纳。这类国家对能源利用的可持续性和成本效益等认识不足。因此，可持续建筑设计及技术在这类国家尤为重要。据统计，在加纳，建筑耗费国家40%左右的能源和30%的原材料，而产生的废物（固态和液态废物）总量就占据全部废物总量的35%。（数据来源：加纳建筑与道路研究院，2008）这使得建筑业成为可持续发展关注的重要领域。
同时，持续增长的人口以及快速城市化进程对住宅产业，尤其是经济适用房建设有着巨大的影响。数据表示，加纳的人口以208%的速率增长，并预计至2015年将有50%的人口居住在城市中（世界银行发展指标，2008）。也正是因为这个原因，经济适用房成为政策制定者的关键议题。
已有许多旨在设计和建造可持续建筑的策略被提出、采纳或已被实行。此趋势也必将引发相关基础工作的开展，这些基础工作为了对经济适用房进行标准化设计、操控以及适宜性选择。
基于上述内容，本论文探寻一种适用于不同地域的现有标准的系统测评方法，同时提出一个针对现有实践背景的理论。这将因此编制相关导则，基于可持续理论对技术、建材、设备、系统以及规范的适用性将作出规定。
Sustainable architecture is the way forward for the building industry in the face of globalclimate change and dwindling energy resources. Various design, construction ideas, standardsand practices based on research are constantly emerging to facilitate this growing inevitabletrend.
The developed world, in order to achieve a semblance of control and harmony has codifiedthese findings into standards that are widely applied in their construction industries. Examplesinclude LEED (USA), BREEAM (UK), and BEPAC (CANADA). Other examples exist in Japan,China, and Australia etc. These standards are generally seen as significant guidelines that arewidely applied. Ratings of individual buildings and projects as platinum, gold or diamond haveeven quickened the pace of their application.
The situation in less developed countries like Ghana however is not the same. There is aslowly growing awareness of the need to make energy sources and their use, sustainable and costeffective. That is where sustainable architecture comes into play. The construction sector isknown to consume up to40%of the energy produced in this country,30%of raw materials,whilst generating35%of all solid and liquid waste.(Building and Road Research InstituteGhana,2008). This is what makes this critical sector a prime candidate in any effort towardssustainable development.
At the same time, increasing population growth and rapid urbanization is exerting immensepressure on housing in general and the affordable housing sector in particular. Ghana’spopulation is said to be growing at2.08%and over50%of the entire population, it is projected,will live in urban areas by2015(World Bank Development Index,2008). It is for this reason toothat affordable housing is a critical issue for policy makers here.
Several and varied interventions aimed at making architecture sustainable are beingproposed, adopted or in some cases already in use. As a result of this trend, the need for aframework for standardization, control and adaptability has become quite evident.
This study therefore seeks to undertake a systematic examination of existing standards indifferent parts of the world. A synthesis against the background of existing current practices will also be carried out. All these will be geared towards the establishment of guidelines that willregulate the suitability of technologies, materials, services, systems and standards on asustainable basis.
引文
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