水电站接地问题改造措施研究
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摘要
水电站是一种经济性、环保性、可持续性都较好的发电厂,由于我国的河流众多,并且国内经济的高速发展对电力的需求量也越来越大,水电站的数量也在不停的增加,尤其是三峡等一大批大型水电站的相继建设,安全运行是水电站的基本要求,水电站的接地电阻值是保证水电站安全运行的重要系数,很多水电站建设完成后,就发现水电站的接地电阻超过了水电站安全运行的接地电阻值,然而大型水电站(包括常规水电站和抽水蓄能电站)一般都建在土壤电阻率较高的山区等地区,因此,为了确保电站的安全稳定运行,提高供电可靠性,必须对这种问题进行专门的研究,提出相应的解决方案,并配备了一套与之相适应的安全保护系统。
水电站的接地系统是保证水电站安全可靠运行、保障运行人员和电气设备安全的重要措施。当电力系统发生接地工频短路故障或其它大电流入地时,如果接地电阻值比较大,就会造成地网电位升高;而且如果接地系统设计方案不合理,还会导致接地系统本身局部电位差超过安全值。可见,电力系统的接地问题是一个看似简单、实际上却是特别复杂而又至关重要的问题,它直接关系到人身安全及电力系统安全稳定的运行,有效抑制由入地电流引起的电压上升或跨步电压的产生。
本文首先对影响水电站接地电阻大小的一些因素,其中有地形特点、水电站结构特点、水电站的环境因素进行了详细的分析。通过对光照水电站和锦江水电站进行现场调查和测试,并根据调查和测试结果对两个水电站进行了改造方案的设计。
在对水电站的接地问题进行分析,从接地连接问题、均压问题、工频电阻超标、接地网的腐蚀问题几个方面进行了讨论,针对水电站存在的问题提出了针对性的、切实可行的改进措施,以保证水电站的安全稳定运行,并对其他水电站的综合改造起到参考作用。
Hydropower station is economic, environmental, and substantial. Due to the large number of rivers in China as well as the growing demand of electricity, the number of hydropower stations is constantly increasing, especially the construction of Three Gorges and other large hydropower stations. Safe operation is the basic requirement of power station. The grounding resistance value is an important coefficient to ensure the safe operation of hydropower station. After the completion of constructing many hydropower station, the station's grounding resistance value is found higher than the value needed by the safe operation of hydropower station However, large-scale hydropower stations (including conventional hydropower station and pumped storage power station) are generally built on high mountains where the soil resistivity is high, therefore, in order to ensure the safe operation of power stations, and improve power supply reliability, special research and appropriate solutions must be done, and a suitable security system must be equipped.
Grounding system in hydropower station is an important measure to ensure safe and reliable operation, security of personnel, electrical equipment. When short-circuit fault happens or other high current comes into the ground, if the grounding resistance is quite high, it will cause a potential rise in net; and if the grounding system design is unreasonable, the local potential difference of grounding system itself can be higher than the safe level. It can be seen that power system grounding problem is a seemingly simple, but in fact particularly complex and vital issue. It is directly related to personal safety, security and stability of power system operation. It can also effectively inhibit the generation of voltage rising or step voltage .
This article first analyzes the influential factors of grounding resistance in hydropower station in detail, such as terrain features, structural features and environmental features of hydropower station. According to the results of field investigation and testing in Guangzhao hydropower Station and Jinjiang hydropower Station, the design of modification scheme in these two hydropower stations are completed .
Grounding in hydropower station is analyzed. Issues of Grounding connection, voltage, excessive frequency resistance, corrosion of grounding are discussed. Specific, practical improvement measures are proposed in terms of problems existing in hydropower station to ensure the safe operation of hydropower stations, and play the referential role in comprehensive transformation of other stations .
水电站的接地系统是保证水电站安全可靠运行、保障运行人员和电气设备安全的重要措施。当电力系统发生接地工频短路故障或其它大电流入地时,如果接地电阻值比较大,就会造成地网电位升高;而且如果接地系统设计方案不合理,还会导致接地系统本身局部电位差超过安全值。可见,电力系统的接地问题是一个看似简单、实际上却是特别复杂而又至关重要的问题,它直接关系到人身安全及电力系统安全稳定的运行,有效抑制由入地电流引起的电压上升或跨步电压的产生。
本文首先对影响水电站接地电阻大小的一些因素,其中有地形特点、水电站结构特点、水电站的环境因素进行了详细的分析。通过对光照水电站和锦江水电站进行现场调查和测试,并根据调查和测试结果对两个水电站进行了改造方案的设计。
在对水电站的接地问题进行分析,从接地连接问题、均压问题、工频电阻超标、接地网的腐蚀问题几个方面进行了讨论,针对水电站存在的问题提出了针对性的、切实可行的改进措施,以保证水电站的安全稳定运行,并对其他水电站的综合改造起到参考作用。
Hydropower station is economic, environmental, and substantial. Due to the large number of rivers in China as well as the growing demand of electricity, the number of hydropower stations is constantly increasing, especially the construction of Three Gorges and other large hydropower stations. Safe operation is the basic requirement of power station. The grounding resistance value is an important coefficient to ensure the safe operation of hydropower station. After the completion of constructing many hydropower station, the station's grounding resistance value is found higher than the value needed by the safe operation of hydropower station However, large-scale hydropower stations (including conventional hydropower station and pumped storage power station) are generally built on high mountains where the soil resistivity is high, therefore, in order to ensure the safe operation of power stations, and improve power supply reliability, special research and appropriate solutions must be done, and a suitable security system must be equipped.
Grounding system in hydropower station is an important measure to ensure safe and reliable operation, security of personnel, electrical equipment. When short-circuit fault happens or other high current comes into the ground, if the grounding resistance is quite high, it will cause a potential rise in net; and if the grounding system design is unreasonable, the local potential difference of grounding system itself can be higher than the safe level. It can be seen that power system grounding problem is a seemingly simple, but in fact particularly complex and vital issue. It is directly related to personal safety, security and stability of power system operation. It can also effectively inhibit the generation of voltage rising or step voltage .
This article first analyzes the influential factors of grounding resistance in hydropower station in detail, such as terrain features, structural features and environmental features of hydropower station. According to the results of field investigation and testing in Guangzhao hydropower Station and Jinjiang hydropower Station, the design of modification scheme in these two hydropower stations are completed .
Grounding in hydropower station is analyzed. Issues of Grounding connection, voltage, excessive frequency resistance, corrosion of grounding are discussed. Specific, practical improvement measures are proposed in terms of problems existing in hydropower station to ensure the safe operation of hydropower stations, and play the referential role in comprehensive transformation of other stations .
引文
[1]丁荣凤、吴万军,变电站接地装置的设计,电力学报, 2000 ,VOL.15, NO.3
[2] F.K.Tseng.Instrumentation and control in EHV substations.IEEE Tran on PAS,1975:632-641
[3] EPRI EL.Measurement and characterization of substation electromag-gnetic transients.Palo Alto,CA,1983:2982
[4] F.Broyde,E.Clavelier.Comparison of coupling mechanisms on multic-ouctor cables.IEEE Trans on EMC,1993,35(4):409-416
[5] Han Ke,Wei-Jen Lee,Mo-shing Chen.Grounding techniques and induc-ed surge voltage on the control signal cables.IEEE Trans on IndustryApplication,1998,34(4):663-668
[6] D.E.Thomas,C.M.Wiggins,T.M.Salas.Induced transients in substationcable measurements and models.IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1994,9(4):1861-1867
[7] Frank E,Leonid Grcev.EMTP-based model for grounding system Ana-lysis.IEEE Trans on Power Delivery,1994,9(4):1838-1848
[8]杨吟梅.变电所内电磁兼容问题(一)有关的基本概念.电网技术,1997, 2: 62-69
[9] C.M.Wiggins,D.E.Thomas,F.S.Nickl.Transient Electromagnetic Inter-fernce In Substations.IEEE Trans on Power Delivery,1994,10(4):147-152
[10] Marjan Popov,Leonid Grcev,Lou van der Sis.An ATP-EMTP-based model for analysis of shielding properties of ferromagnetic cable she-aths.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY,VOL.20,NO.3,JULY 2005:2241-2247
[11]关根志,袁聪波,胡世雄.模拟雷电流对二次线的感应电压试验与电缆屏蔽特性研究.高电压技术, 1993, 19(3): 19-25
[12]邹建明、蒋静坪、李阳春,大型地网接地电阻测试方法的探讨,电力建设, Vol.24, No.3
[13]李景禄.实用电力接地技术.北京:中国电力出版社,2002,151-179
[14]解广润.电力系统过电压.北京:水利电力出版社,1985,206-226
[15]李景禄.接地装置的运行与改造.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005, 92-114
[16]姜琳、徐益飞,用技术经济的方法优化变电所接地网设计,电瓷避雷器, 2003 No.5
[17]梁曦东.高电压工程.北京:清华大学出版社, 2003, 207-216
[18]李中新.变电站接地电网的模拟计算.中国电机工程学报1999(5)鲁志伟.大型变电站接地网的网内电位差.电力建设2004,
[19]李景禄.电力系统电磁兼容技术.北京:中国电力出版社,2007,97-103
[20] M.Ianoz,I.Dellera,C.A.Nucci.Model of Fast Transient in Power System[C].CIGRE 1996:54-65
[21] P.H.Pertorus,AC.Britten,Jpreyners.Measurement Result of Radiate Transient Interference Caused by Operation in Substation [C].CIGRE 1996,36-203:49-53
[22]鲁志伟、文习山、史艳玲、兰淑丽、李越,大型变电站接地网工频接地参数的数值计算,中国电机工程学报,2003,Vol.23,No.12
[23]王巨丰,杨文斌,赵权.雷电流流过地线时控制电缆感应电压的研究.广西电力, 2006, 1:46-47
[24]项玲,胡敏强.运用EMTP预测变电所接地网雷电暂态效应.高电压技术,2005, 6: 69-72
[25]鲁志伟、文习山、史艳玲、兰淑丽、李越,大型变电站接地网工频接地参数的数值计算,中国电机工程学报,2003,Vol.23,No.12
[26]鲁志伟,常树生,双层土壤接地网接地电阻的简化计算,高电压技术,1996年第4期
[27]卢铁兵.变电站瞬态电磁环境数值预测方法的研究.保定:华北电力大学, 2001: 3-5
[28]李宾皑.电力系统二次设备的接地和接地铜牌的敷设.华北电力,2005, 33( 9): 60-63
[29]李景禄.变电站接地网存在的问题及整改措施[J].高电压技术,1995. 4
[30]杨道武,李景禄.接地防腐工程中的阴极保护[J].电瓷避雷器,2004. 1
[31]李景禄.关于大中型接地装置降阻研究[J].电瓷避雷器,2003.1
[32]李景禄.关于接地工程中相关参数取值的探讨[J].高压电器,2004. 3
[33]李景禄.高效膨润土降阻防腐剂的开发研制[J].高电压技术,1994.4
[34]李景禄.高效膨润土降阻防腐剂及工程应用[J].高电压技术,1999.1
[35]李景禄.关于降阻剂在接地工程应用方面的探讨[J].电瓷避雷器,2002.5
[36]陈家斌.接地技术与接地装置.北京:中国电力出版社,2002,104-110
[37]郭建伟,变电站地网接地电阻测量方法分析和比较,电气自动化,2005,第27卷第3期
[38]高延庆,何金良,曾嵘.发变电所接地网安全性能分析.中国电力,2001,34(5):33-36
[39]王学求,王文华.关于接地网若干技术问题的讨论.河南电力,2003,34-37,53
[40]陈家斌.接地技术与接地装置.北京:中国电力出版社,2002,104-110
[41]解广润.电力系统接地技术.北京:中国电力出版社,1991,71-86
[42]高攸纲.屏蔽与接地.北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2004,123-131
[2] F.K.Tseng.Instrumentation and control in EHV substations.IEEE Tran on PAS,1975:632-641
[3] EPRI EL.Measurement and characterization of substation electromag-gnetic transients.Palo Alto,CA,1983:2982
[4] F.Broyde,E.Clavelier.Comparison of coupling mechanisms on multic-ouctor cables.IEEE Trans on EMC,1993,35(4):409-416
[5] Han Ke,Wei-Jen Lee,Mo-shing Chen.Grounding techniques and induc-ed surge voltage on the control signal cables.IEEE Trans on IndustryApplication,1998,34(4):663-668
[6] D.E.Thomas,C.M.Wiggins,T.M.Salas.Induced transients in substationcable measurements and models.IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1994,9(4):1861-1867
[7] Frank E,Leonid Grcev.EMTP-based model for grounding system Ana-lysis.IEEE Trans on Power Delivery,1994,9(4):1838-1848
[8]杨吟梅.变电所内电磁兼容问题(一)有关的基本概念.电网技术,1997, 2: 62-69
[9] C.M.Wiggins,D.E.Thomas,F.S.Nickl.Transient Electromagnetic Inter-fernce In Substations.IEEE Trans on Power Delivery,1994,10(4):147-152
[10] Marjan Popov,Leonid Grcev,Lou van der Sis.An ATP-EMTP-based model for analysis of shielding properties of ferromagnetic cable she-aths.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY,VOL.20,NO.3,JULY 2005:2241-2247
[11]关根志,袁聪波,胡世雄.模拟雷电流对二次线的感应电压试验与电缆屏蔽特性研究.高电压技术, 1993, 19(3): 19-25
[12]邹建明、蒋静坪、李阳春,大型地网接地电阻测试方法的探讨,电力建设, Vol.24, No.3
[13]李景禄.实用电力接地技术.北京:中国电力出版社,2002,151-179
[14]解广润.电力系统过电压.北京:水利电力出版社,1985,206-226
[15]李景禄.接地装置的运行与改造.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005, 92-114
[16]姜琳、徐益飞,用技术经济的方法优化变电所接地网设计,电瓷避雷器, 2003 No.5
[17]梁曦东.高电压工程.北京:清华大学出版社, 2003, 207-216
[18]李中新.变电站接地电网的模拟计算.中国电机工程学报1999(5)鲁志伟.大型变电站接地网的网内电位差.电力建设2004,
[19]李景禄.电力系统电磁兼容技术.北京:中国电力出版社,2007,97-103
[20] M.Ianoz,I.Dellera,C.A.Nucci.Model of Fast Transient in Power System[C].CIGRE 1996:54-65
[21] P.H.Pertorus,AC.Britten,Jpreyners.Measurement Result of Radiate Transient Interference Caused by Operation in Substation [C].CIGRE 1996,36-203:49-53
[22]鲁志伟、文习山、史艳玲、兰淑丽、李越,大型变电站接地网工频接地参数的数值计算,中国电机工程学报,2003,Vol.23,No.12
[23]王巨丰,杨文斌,赵权.雷电流流过地线时控制电缆感应电压的研究.广西电力, 2006, 1:46-47
[24]项玲,胡敏强.运用EMTP预测变电所接地网雷电暂态效应.高电压技术,2005, 6: 69-72
[25]鲁志伟、文习山、史艳玲、兰淑丽、李越,大型变电站接地网工频接地参数的数值计算,中国电机工程学报,2003,Vol.23,No.12
[26]鲁志伟,常树生,双层土壤接地网接地电阻的简化计算,高电压技术,1996年第4期
[27]卢铁兵.变电站瞬态电磁环境数值预测方法的研究.保定:华北电力大学, 2001: 3-5
[28]李宾皑.电力系统二次设备的接地和接地铜牌的敷设.华北电力,2005, 33( 9): 60-63
[29]李景禄.变电站接地网存在的问题及整改措施[J].高电压技术,1995. 4
[30]杨道武,李景禄.接地防腐工程中的阴极保护[J].电瓷避雷器,2004. 1
[31]李景禄.关于大中型接地装置降阻研究[J].电瓷避雷器,2003.1
[32]李景禄.关于接地工程中相关参数取值的探讨[J].高压电器,2004. 3
[33]李景禄.高效膨润土降阻防腐剂的开发研制[J].高电压技术,1994.4
[34]李景禄.高效膨润土降阻防腐剂及工程应用[J].高电压技术,1999.1
[35]李景禄.关于降阻剂在接地工程应用方面的探讨[J].电瓷避雷器,2002.5
[36]陈家斌.接地技术与接地装置.北京:中国电力出版社,2002,104-110
[37]郭建伟,变电站地网接地电阻测量方法分析和比较,电气自动化,2005,第27卷第3期
[38]高延庆,何金良,曾嵘.发变电所接地网安全性能分析.中国电力,2001,34(5):33-36
[39]王学求,王文华.关于接地网若干技术问题的讨论.河南电力,2003,34-37,53
[40]陈家斌.接地技术与接地装置.北京:中国电力出版社,2002,104-110
[41]解广润.电力系统接地技术.北京:中国电力出版社,1991,71-86
[42]高攸纲.屏蔽与接地.北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2004,123-131