室内无线定位算法研究
|
摘要
当前,无线通信技术飞速发展,在新技术和市场需求的共同作用下,未来无线通信技术的传输速率更高,同时具有更高的安全性、智能性和灵活性,以及更好的传输质量和服务质量。一方面,新的技术和标准层出不穷,但是,孤立的网络连接在未来通信中是毫无意义的。用户更希望能通过手中的多模终端,根据自己的需求随意地接入合适的网络进行通信,即未来各无线技术及网络间应该是融合的。同时,多种多样的无线网络业务也越来越引起人们的关注,无线网络已从原来的互连设备转变成一种多业务承载平台,这其中,获取用户位置则成为实现各项增值业务的关键,各种基于位置信息的移动业务层出不穷。
本文在介绍了传统移动通信技术和无线宽带接入技术的发展演进的基础上,讨论了两大类技术各自的优缺点,指出两项技术的互补性。列举了移动定位的主要应用领域,探讨了定位服务的发展前景和潜在的问题,并描述了3G网络中的移动定位技术。论文着重对基于室内接收信号强度的定位技术进行了探讨:
1.建立了一种根据相对接收功率的室内电波传播模型,避免了常用室内传播模型中参考位置的影响;
2.提出了两种室内传播模型的参数估计方法:采用充分统计量的参数估计和数据拟合方法的参数估计;
3.给出了与相对接收功率室内传播模型相应的两种定位算法;
4.对上述参数估计、定位算法进行了相应的计算机仿真和验证;
5.给出一种基于数据内插的指纹法室内定位算法,能在较少样本数据下有效获得用户位置;
6.建立了一个基于区域划分的距离.损耗模型室内WLAN定位系统,用计算机辅助实时模拟实际环境,进而进行用户位置估计,在31m×26m的室内环境中,估计误差约1m左右。
论文还针对第三代移动通信系统的发展,探讨了TD-SCDMA与WiMAX两种网络技术融合的可行性及优势,以适应今后移动通信的新进展。
At present,with the rapid development of wireless communications,the future of technologies will be featured with higher data rate,higher level of security, intelligence and flexibility,as well as better transmission quality and QoS.On the one hand,new technologies and standards turn out endlessly;on the other hand,an isolated network is meaningless for ubiquitous users,especially for the next generation evolution.Subscribers look forward to accessing any applicable network at anytime and anywhere,with only one multi-mode terminal at hand,so the future of wireless technology should be integrated.Meantime,a wide range of business models based on wireless networks have been increasingly attracting people's attention.The original wireless network connection equipment is developing into a platform for varied business services.Among this,access to the location information has become a key to different value-added services.
This dissertation discusses the possibility of the two technologies,mobile communications technology and wireless broadband access technology complementing each other after the introduction of their respective merits and deficiencies.The major applications of mobile positioning technologies and the prospects for location-based services,and the location techniques in 3G networks are also listed.Indoor positioning technology based on RSS distance-loss model is discussed in great detail then:
1.An indoor distance-loss model based on relative received signal strength is set up to eliminate the effect of different reference positions;
2.Two algorithms are illustrated about parameter estimation:sufficient statistics based algorithm and curve-fitting method;
3.Two location algorithms based on the new distance-loss model are given out;
4.Experiments in real environment are implemented to verify the production;
5.An indoor location algorithm based on fingerprints,whose database is generated by Kriging interpolation is presented;
6.An indoor localization system based the distance-loss model is set up with area partition,while computer assistance is adopted to simulate the real environment to obtain the users' positions;locate estimation error less than 1 meter is achieved in an indoor laboratory of 31m×26m.
After that,the third generation mobile communications technology and the feasibility and advantages of the interworking of TD-SCDMA and WiMAX is discussed.
本文在介绍了传统移动通信技术和无线宽带接入技术的发展演进的基础上,讨论了两大类技术各自的优缺点,指出两项技术的互补性。列举了移动定位的主要应用领域,探讨了定位服务的发展前景和潜在的问题,并描述了3G网络中的移动定位技术。论文着重对基于室内接收信号强度的定位技术进行了探讨:
1.建立了一种根据相对接收功率的室内电波传播模型,避免了常用室内传播模型中参考位置的影响;
2.提出了两种室内传播模型的参数估计方法:采用充分统计量的参数估计和数据拟合方法的参数估计;
3.给出了与相对接收功率室内传播模型相应的两种定位算法;
4.对上述参数估计、定位算法进行了相应的计算机仿真和验证;
5.给出一种基于数据内插的指纹法室内定位算法,能在较少样本数据下有效获得用户位置;
6.建立了一个基于区域划分的距离.损耗模型室内WLAN定位系统,用计算机辅助实时模拟实际环境,进而进行用户位置估计,在31m×26m的室内环境中,估计误差约1m左右。
论文还针对第三代移动通信系统的发展,探讨了TD-SCDMA与WiMAX两种网络技术融合的可行性及优势,以适应今后移动通信的新进展。
At present,with the rapid development of wireless communications,the future of technologies will be featured with higher data rate,higher level of security, intelligence and flexibility,as well as better transmission quality and QoS.On the one hand,new technologies and standards turn out endlessly;on the other hand,an isolated network is meaningless for ubiquitous users,especially for the next generation evolution.Subscribers look forward to accessing any applicable network at anytime and anywhere,with only one multi-mode terminal at hand,so the future of wireless technology should be integrated.Meantime,a wide range of business models based on wireless networks have been increasingly attracting people's attention.The original wireless network connection equipment is developing into a platform for varied business services.Among this,access to the location information has become a key to different value-added services.
This dissertation discusses the possibility of the two technologies,mobile communications technology and wireless broadband access technology complementing each other after the introduction of their respective merits and deficiencies.The major applications of mobile positioning technologies and the prospects for location-based services,and the location techniques in 3G networks are also listed.Indoor positioning technology based on RSS distance-loss model is discussed in great detail then:
1.An indoor distance-loss model based on relative received signal strength is set up to eliminate the effect of different reference positions;
2.Two algorithms are illustrated about parameter estimation:sufficient statistics based algorithm and curve-fitting method;
3.Two location algorithms based on the new distance-loss model are given out;
4.Experiments in real environment are implemented to verify the production;
5.An indoor location algorithm based on fingerprints,whose database is generated by Kriging interpolation is presented;
6.An indoor localization system based the distance-loss model is set up with area partition,while computer assistance is adopted to simulate the real environment to obtain the users' positions;locate estimation error less than 1 meter is achieved in an indoor laboratory of 31m×26m.
After that,the third generation mobile communications technology and the feasibility and advantages of the interworking of TD-SCDMA and WiMAX is discussed.
引文
[1.1]K.J.Lu,Y.Qian,H.H.Chen.Wireless Broadband Access:WiMAX and Beyond-a Secure and Service-oriented Network Control Framework for WiMAX Networks[J],Communications Magazine,IEEE,2007,Volume 45,Issue 5,Page(s):124-130
[1.2]B.G.Evans,K.Baughan.Visions of 4G[J],Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal,2000,Volume 12,Issue 6,Page(s):293-303
[1.3]彭林。第三代移动通信技术,电子工业出版社,2003
[1.4]窦中兆,雷湘。CDMA无线通信原理,清华大学出版社,2004
[1.5]P.Chaudhury,W.Mohr,S.Onoe.The 3GPP proposal for IMT-2000[J],Communications Magazine,IEEE,1999,Volume 37,Issue 12,Page(s):72-81
[1.6]M.Zeng,A.Annamalai,V.K.Bhargava.Recent advances in cellular wireless communications[J],IEEE Communications Magazine,1999
[1.7]A.R.Karamchand Babu,Z.A.Abdul Rashid.Performance evaluation of wideband CDMA air interface[C],Student Conference on Research and Development,2002,Page(s):145-148
[1.8]Y.Jou.Developments in third generation(3G) CDMA technology[C],Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications,2000,Volume 2,Page(s):460-464
[1.9]ITU-R M.1455.Key Characteristics for the IMT-2000 TDD Mode Radio Interfaces,2000
[1.10]ITU-R M.1457.Detailed specifications of the radio interfaces of International Mobile Telecommunications-2000(IMT-2000),2000
[1.11]E.Dahlman,B.Gudmundson,M.Nilsson,A.Skold.UMTS/IMT-2000 based on wideband CDMA[J],Communications Magazine,IEEE,1998,Volume 36,Issue 9,Page(s):70-80
[1.12]D.N.Knisely,S.Kumar,S.Laha,S.Nanda.Evolution of wireless data services:IS-95 to cdma2000[J],Communications Magazine,IEEE,1998,Volume 36,Issue 10,Page(s):140-149
[1.13]李小文,李贵勇.TD-SCDMA第三代移动系统、信令及实现[M],人民邮 电出版社,2003
[1.14]李世鹤.TD-SCDMA第三代移动通信系统标准[M],人民邮电出版社,2003
[1.15]IEEE Standards for Local and metropolitan area networks-Part 16:Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems-Amendment 3:Management Plane Procedure and Services[S],2007 Page(s):1-202
[1.16]H.D.Graves.A detailed analysis of MMDS and LMDS[C],Wireless Applications Digest,1997,Page(s):7-10
[1.17]J.W.Porter,J.A.Thweatt.Microwave propagation characteristics in the MMDS frequency band[C],IEEE International Conference on Communications,2000,Volume 3,Page(s):1578-1582
[1.18]A.Nordbotten.LMDS systems and their application[J],IEEE Communications Magazine,2000,Volume 38,Issue 6,Page(s):150-154
[1.19]IEEE Standards for local and metropolitan area networks:overview and architecture[S],December 1990
[1.20]Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Part 16:Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems-Amendment 3:Management Plane Procedures and Services(Amendment to IEEE 802.16-2004)[S],2007
[2.1]J.Caffery.Wireless Location in CDMA Cellular Radio Systems[M],Kluwer Academic Publishers,Boston,1999
[2.2]田孝华。DS-CDMA蜂窝网中无线定位与参数估计[D],西安电子科技大学,2003
[2.3]范志平,邓良,刘林,蜂窝网无线定位[M]。北京电子工业出版社,2002
[2.4]魏光顺。无线电导航原理[M],东南大学出版社,1989
[2.5]于国强,邱志和。导航与定位-现代战争的北斗星[M],北京国防工业出版社,2000。
[2.6]S.Tekinary.Performance benchmarking for wireless location systems[J],IEEE Communication Magazine,1998,Vol.36,No.4,pp.72-76
[2.7]杨菠。定位服务:3G时代的新“杀手应用”[N],计算机世界报,2005,第06 期,B3、B4、B5
[2.8]李明峰,冯宝红,刘三。GPS定位技术及其应用[M],国防工业出版社,2006
[2.9]M.Hellembrandt.Estimating position and velocity of mobile in a cellular radio network[J],IEEE Trans.on Vehicular Technology,1997,Vol.46,pp.65-71
[2.10]M.Hellembrandt.Location tracking of mobiles in cellular radio network[J],IEEE Trans.on Vehicular Technology,1999,Vol.48,pp.1558-1562
[2.11]M.P.Wylie,J.Holtzman.The non-line-of-sight problems in mobile location estimation[C],IEEE Int.Conf.Universal Personal Communications,1996,pp.827-831
[2.12]J.Caffery.Wireless Location in CDMA Cellular Radio Systems[M],Kluwer Academic Publishers,Boston,1999
[2.13]I.Ziskind,M.Wax.Maximum likelihood localization of multiple source by altemating projection[J],IEEE Trans.on Acoustic,Speech and Signal Processing Newsletter,1998,Vol.36,No.10,pp.1553-1560
[2.14]S.K.Oh,C.K.Un.Simple Computational methods of the AP Algorithm for maximum likelihood localization of multiple sources[J],IEEE Trans.on Signal Processing,1992,Vol.40,No.11,pp.2848-2854
[2.15]J.Caffery,G.L.Stuber.Subscriber location in CDMA cellular networks[J],IEEE Trans.on Vehicular Technology,1998,Vol.47,pp.406-416
[2.16]田孝华,廖桂生。一种有效减小非视距传播影响的TOA定位方法[J],电子学报,2003,Vol.31,No.9,pp.1429-1432
[2.17]S.Mangold.Applying pattern recognition techniques based on hidden Markov models for vehicular position location in cellular networks[C],IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference,1999,pp.780-784
[2.18]A.Ward,A.Jones,A.Hopper.A new location technique for the active office[C],IEEE Personal Communications,1997,vol.4,no.5,pp.42-47
[2.19]N.B.Priyantha,A.Chakraborty,H.Balakrishnan.The cricket location-support system[C],MOBICOM,2000,pp.32-43.
[2.20]R.Wang,A.Hopper,V.Falcao,J.Gibbons.The active badge location system[J],ACM Transaction on Information Systems,1992,vol.10,no.1,pp.91-102
[2.21]A.Harter,A.Hopper.A distributed location system for the active office[C], IEEE Network,1994,vol.6,no.1,pp.62-70
[2.22]IEEE P802.11 Working Group Changes and Additions to IEEE 802.11,1999Edition[S].January 2000
[2.23]P.Prasithsangaree,P.Krishnamurthy,P.K.Chrysanthis.On Indoor Position Location with Wireless LANs[C],The 13th IEEE International Symposium on Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,2002,vol.2,pp.720-724
[2.24]U.S.Wireless Corp[EB].Available at http://www.uswcorp.com.
[2.25]M.A.Youssef.Probabilistic clustering-based indoor location determination system[R],Technical Repot CS-TR-4350 and UMIACS-TR-20002-30,University of Maryland,2002
[3.1]T.S.Rappaport.Wireless Communications Principles and Practices Second Edition[M].,Beijing,Publishing House of Electronics Industry,2004
[3.2]M.Aso,T.Saiksawa,T.Hattori.Maximum Likelihood Location Estimation Using Signal Strength and the Mobile Station Velocity in Cellular Systems[C],Vehicular Technology Conference,2003,Volume 2,Page(s):742-746
[3.3]G.I.Wassi,C.Despins,D.Grenier.Indoor location using received signal strength of IEEE 802.11b access point[EB/OL],2005.5.1
[4.1].WANG C L,CHIOU Y S,YEH S C.An indoor location scheme based on wireless local area networks[A].IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference[C].2005.602-604.
[4.2].JAN R H,LEE Y R.An indoor geolocation system for wireless LANs[A].International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops[C].2003.29-34.
[4.3].LAITINEN H,LAHTEENMAKI J,NORDSTROM T.Database correlation method for GSM location[A].IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference[C].2001.2504-2508.
[4.4].CHANG K T.Introduction to Geographic Information Systems[M].Mcgraw-Hill(Tx),2nd edition.2003.5.
[4.5].刘湘南,黄方,王平.GIS空间分析原理与方法[M].科学出版社.2005.7.1.
[4.6].LOPHAVEN S N,NIELSON H B,SONDERGAARD J.DACE A Matlab Kriging Toolbox[A]. Report Informatics and Mathematical Modeling[C], Technical Univer-sity of Denmark. 2002. http://www.imm.dtu.dk/-hbn/dace/.
[4.7]. PHAM T, WAGNER M. Fuzzy Kriging filter for image restoration[A]. 3rd International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information Engineering Systems[C]. 1999. 333-336.
[4.8]. PRASITHSANGAREE P, KRISHNAMURTHY P, CHRYSANTHIS P. On indoor position location with wireless LANs[A]. The 13th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications[C]. 2002. 720 - 724.
[4.9]. WANG C L, CHIOU Y S, YEH S C. An indoor location scheme based on wireless local area networks [A]. IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference[C]. 2005. 602 - 604.
[5.1].R.Attar, D.Ghosh, C.Lott. Evolution of cdma2000 cellular networks: multicarrier EV-DO[J], Communications Magazine, IEEE, 2006, Volume 44, Issue 3, Page(s):46 - 53
[5.2].A.Toskala, H.Holma, K.Pajukoski. Utran Long Term Evolution in 3GPP[C], IEEE Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2006, Page(s):1 - 5
[5.3].E.Dahlman, H.Ekstrom, A.Furuskar. The 3G Long-Term Evolution - Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation[C], Vehicular Technology Conference, 2006, Volume 1, Page(s):137 - 141
[5.4].A.Hoikkanen. A Techno-Economic Analysis of 3G Long-Term Evolution for Broadband Access[C], Conference on Telecommunication Techno-Economics, 2007,Page(s):1-7
[5.5].H.Ekstrom, F.A.uruskar, J.Karlsson. Technical solutions for the 3G long-term evolution[J], Communications Magazine, IEEE, 2006, Volume 44, Issue 3, Page(s):38-45
[5.6]. WiMAX and IMT-2000[EB], WiMAX Forum, January 2007
[5.7].Mobile WiMAX (?) Part II: A Comparative Analysis[EB], WiMAX Forum, May 2006
[5.8].Shihe Li. Principle and implementation of smart antenna[R]. China Mobile Communication, 2000
[5.9].3GPP TS 23.101: General UMTS Architecture[S]
[5.10]. 3GPP TS 23.110. UMTS Access Stratum Services and Functions[S]
[5.11]. 3GPP TS 23.236. Intra-domain connection of Radio Access Network (RAN) nodes to multiple Core Network (CN) nodes[S]
[5.12]. Regulatory Positions and Goals of the WiMAX Forum[EB], WiMAX Froum, Aug. 2004
[5.13]. Fixed, nomadic, portable and mobile applications for 802.16-2004 and 802.16e WiMAX networks[EB], WiMAX Forum, Nov. 2005
[5.14]. Mobile WiMAX -- Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation[EB], WiMAX Forum, Aug. 2006
[5.15]. C.HyangDuck, K.Wooshik. A seamless handover between cdma2000 and WLAN for 3G-WLAN interworking service continuity[C], Advanced Industrial Conference on Telecommunications/Service Assurance with Partial and Intermittent Resources Conference/ E-Learning on Telecommunications Workshop, 2005, Page(s):261 - 266
[5.16]. S.S.Tang, W.Li. Performance analysis of the 3G network with complementary WLANs[C], Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005, Volume 5, Page(s):5
[5.17]. M.Suknaic, M.Grgic, B.Zovko-Cihlar. Interconnection between WLAN and 3GPP Networks[C], Multimedia Signal Processing and Communications, 48th International Symposium, 2006, Page(s):199 - 204
[5.18]. R.GCheng, S.LTsao. 3G-based access control for 3GPP-WLAN interworking[C], Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004, Volume 5,Page(s):2967-2971
[5.19]. F.GMarquez, M.GRodriguez, T.R.Valladares. Interworking of IP multimedia core networks between 3GPP and WLAN[J], Wireless Communications, IEEE, 2005, Volume 12, Issue 3, Page(s):58 - 65
[5.20]. F.M.Xu, L.Y.Zhang, Z.Zhou. Interworking of Wimax and 3GPP networks based on IMS [IP Multimedia Systems (IMS) Infrastructure and Services] [J], Communications Magazine, IEEE, 2007, Volume 45, Issue 3, Page(s):144 -150
[1.2]B.G.Evans,K.Baughan.Visions of 4G[J],Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal,2000,Volume 12,Issue 6,Page(s):293-303
[1.3]彭林。第三代移动通信技术,电子工业出版社,2003
[1.4]窦中兆,雷湘。CDMA无线通信原理,清华大学出版社,2004
[1.5]P.Chaudhury,W.Mohr,S.Onoe.The 3GPP proposal for IMT-2000[J],Communications Magazine,IEEE,1999,Volume 37,Issue 12,Page(s):72-81
[1.6]M.Zeng,A.Annamalai,V.K.Bhargava.Recent advances in cellular wireless communications[J],IEEE Communications Magazine,1999
[1.7]A.R.Karamchand Babu,Z.A.Abdul Rashid.Performance evaluation of wideband CDMA air interface[C],Student Conference on Research and Development,2002,Page(s):145-148
[1.8]Y.Jou.Developments in third generation(3G) CDMA technology[C],Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications,2000,Volume 2,Page(s):460-464
[1.9]ITU-R M.1455.Key Characteristics for the IMT-2000 TDD Mode Radio Interfaces,2000
[1.10]ITU-R M.1457.Detailed specifications of the radio interfaces of International Mobile Telecommunications-2000(IMT-2000),2000
[1.11]E.Dahlman,B.Gudmundson,M.Nilsson,A.Skold.UMTS/IMT-2000 based on wideband CDMA[J],Communications Magazine,IEEE,1998,Volume 36,Issue 9,Page(s):70-80
[1.12]D.N.Knisely,S.Kumar,S.Laha,S.Nanda.Evolution of wireless data services:IS-95 to cdma2000[J],Communications Magazine,IEEE,1998,Volume 36,Issue 10,Page(s):140-149
[1.13]李小文,李贵勇.TD-SCDMA第三代移动系统、信令及实现[M],人民邮 电出版社,2003
[1.14]李世鹤.TD-SCDMA第三代移动通信系统标准[M],人民邮电出版社,2003
[1.15]IEEE Standards for Local and metropolitan area networks-Part 16:Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems-Amendment 3:Management Plane Procedure and Services[S],2007 Page(s):1-202
[1.16]H.D.Graves.A detailed analysis of MMDS and LMDS[C],Wireless Applications Digest,1997,Page(s):7-10
[1.17]J.W.Porter,J.A.Thweatt.Microwave propagation characteristics in the MMDS frequency band[C],IEEE International Conference on Communications,2000,Volume 3,Page(s):1578-1582
[1.18]A.Nordbotten.LMDS systems and their application[J],IEEE Communications Magazine,2000,Volume 38,Issue 6,Page(s):150-154
[1.19]IEEE Standards for local and metropolitan area networks:overview and architecture[S],December 1990
[1.20]Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Part 16:Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems-Amendment 3:Management Plane Procedures and Services(Amendment to IEEE 802.16-2004)[S],2007
[2.1]J.Caffery.Wireless Location in CDMA Cellular Radio Systems[M],Kluwer Academic Publishers,Boston,1999
[2.2]田孝华。DS-CDMA蜂窝网中无线定位与参数估计[D],西安电子科技大学,2003
[2.3]范志平,邓良,刘林,蜂窝网无线定位[M]。北京电子工业出版社,2002
[2.4]魏光顺。无线电导航原理[M],东南大学出版社,1989
[2.5]于国强,邱志和。导航与定位-现代战争的北斗星[M],北京国防工业出版社,2000。
[2.6]S.Tekinary.Performance benchmarking for wireless location systems[J],IEEE Communication Magazine,1998,Vol.36,No.4,pp.72-76
[2.7]杨菠。定位服务:3G时代的新“杀手应用”[N],计算机世界报,2005,第06 期,B3、B4、B5
[2.8]李明峰,冯宝红,刘三。GPS定位技术及其应用[M],国防工业出版社,2006
[2.9]M.Hellembrandt.Estimating position and velocity of mobile in a cellular radio network[J],IEEE Trans.on Vehicular Technology,1997,Vol.46,pp.65-71
[2.10]M.Hellembrandt.Location tracking of mobiles in cellular radio network[J],IEEE Trans.on Vehicular Technology,1999,Vol.48,pp.1558-1562
[2.11]M.P.Wylie,J.Holtzman.The non-line-of-sight problems in mobile location estimation[C],IEEE Int.Conf.Universal Personal Communications,1996,pp.827-831
[2.12]J.Caffery.Wireless Location in CDMA Cellular Radio Systems[M],Kluwer Academic Publishers,Boston,1999
[2.13]I.Ziskind,M.Wax.Maximum likelihood localization of multiple source by altemating projection[J],IEEE Trans.on Acoustic,Speech and Signal Processing Newsletter,1998,Vol.36,No.10,pp.1553-1560
[2.14]S.K.Oh,C.K.Un.Simple Computational methods of the AP Algorithm for maximum likelihood localization of multiple sources[J],IEEE Trans.on Signal Processing,1992,Vol.40,No.11,pp.2848-2854
[2.15]J.Caffery,G.L.Stuber.Subscriber location in CDMA cellular networks[J],IEEE Trans.on Vehicular Technology,1998,Vol.47,pp.406-416
[2.16]田孝华,廖桂生。一种有效减小非视距传播影响的TOA定位方法[J],电子学报,2003,Vol.31,No.9,pp.1429-1432
[2.17]S.Mangold.Applying pattern recognition techniques based on hidden Markov models for vehicular position location in cellular networks[C],IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference,1999,pp.780-784
[2.18]A.Ward,A.Jones,A.Hopper.A new location technique for the active office[C],IEEE Personal Communications,1997,vol.4,no.5,pp.42-47
[2.19]N.B.Priyantha,A.Chakraborty,H.Balakrishnan.The cricket location-support system[C],MOBICOM,2000,pp.32-43.
[2.20]R.Wang,A.Hopper,V.Falcao,J.Gibbons.The active badge location system[J],ACM Transaction on Information Systems,1992,vol.10,no.1,pp.91-102
[2.21]A.Harter,A.Hopper.A distributed location system for the active office[C], IEEE Network,1994,vol.6,no.1,pp.62-70
[2.22]IEEE P802.11 Working Group Changes and Additions to IEEE 802.11,1999Edition[S].January 2000
[2.23]P.Prasithsangaree,P.Krishnamurthy,P.K.Chrysanthis.On Indoor Position Location with Wireless LANs[C],The 13th IEEE International Symposium on Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,2002,vol.2,pp.720-724
[2.24]U.S.Wireless Corp[EB].Available at http://www.uswcorp.com.
[2.25]M.A.Youssef.Probabilistic clustering-based indoor location determination system[R],Technical Repot CS-TR-4350 and UMIACS-TR-20002-30,University of Maryland,2002
[3.1]T.S.Rappaport.Wireless Communications Principles and Practices Second Edition[M].,Beijing,Publishing House of Electronics Industry,2004
[3.2]M.Aso,T.Saiksawa,T.Hattori.Maximum Likelihood Location Estimation Using Signal Strength and the Mobile Station Velocity in Cellular Systems[C],Vehicular Technology Conference,2003,Volume 2,Page(s):742-746
[3.3]G.I.Wassi,C.Despins,D.Grenier.Indoor location using received signal strength of IEEE 802.11b access point[EB/OL],2005.5.1
[4.1].WANG C L,CHIOU Y S,YEH S C.An indoor location scheme based on wireless local area networks[A].IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference[C].2005.602-604.
[4.2].JAN R H,LEE Y R.An indoor geolocation system for wireless LANs[A].International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops[C].2003.29-34.
[4.3].LAITINEN H,LAHTEENMAKI J,NORDSTROM T.Database correlation method for GSM location[A].IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference[C].2001.2504-2508.
[4.4].CHANG K T.Introduction to Geographic Information Systems[M].Mcgraw-Hill(Tx),2nd edition.2003.5.
[4.5].刘湘南,黄方,王平.GIS空间分析原理与方法[M].科学出版社.2005.7.1.
[4.6].LOPHAVEN S N,NIELSON H B,SONDERGAARD J.DACE A Matlab Kriging Toolbox[A]. Report Informatics and Mathematical Modeling[C], Technical Univer-sity of Denmark. 2002. http://www.imm.dtu.dk/-hbn/dace/.
[4.7]. PHAM T, WAGNER M. Fuzzy Kriging filter for image restoration[A]. 3rd International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information Engineering Systems[C]. 1999. 333-336.
[4.8]. PRASITHSANGAREE P, KRISHNAMURTHY P, CHRYSANTHIS P. On indoor position location with wireless LANs[A]. The 13th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications[C]. 2002. 720 - 724.
[4.9]. WANG C L, CHIOU Y S, YEH S C. An indoor location scheme based on wireless local area networks [A]. IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference[C]. 2005. 602 - 604.
[5.1].R.Attar, D.Ghosh, C.Lott. Evolution of cdma2000 cellular networks: multicarrier EV-DO[J], Communications Magazine, IEEE, 2006, Volume 44, Issue 3, Page(s):46 - 53
[5.2].A.Toskala, H.Holma, K.Pajukoski. Utran Long Term Evolution in 3GPP[C], IEEE Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2006, Page(s):1 - 5
[5.3].E.Dahlman, H.Ekstrom, A.Furuskar. The 3G Long-Term Evolution - Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation[C], Vehicular Technology Conference, 2006, Volume 1, Page(s):137 - 141
[5.4].A.Hoikkanen. A Techno-Economic Analysis of 3G Long-Term Evolution for Broadband Access[C], Conference on Telecommunication Techno-Economics, 2007,Page(s):1-7
[5.5].H.Ekstrom, F.A.uruskar, J.Karlsson. Technical solutions for the 3G long-term evolution[J], Communications Magazine, IEEE, 2006, Volume 44, Issue 3, Page(s):38-45
[5.6]. WiMAX and IMT-2000[EB], WiMAX Forum, January 2007
[5.7].Mobile WiMAX (?) Part II: A Comparative Analysis[EB], WiMAX Forum, May 2006
[5.8].Shihe Li. Principle and implementation of smart antenna[R]. China Mobile Communication, 2000
[5.9].3GPP TS 23.101: General UMTS Architecture[S]
[5.10]. 3GPP TS 23.110. UMTS Access Stratum Services and Functions[S]
[5.11]. 3GPP TS 23.236. Intra-domain connection of Radio Access Network (RAN) nodes to multiple Core Network (CN) nodes[S]
[5.12]. Regulatory Positions and Goals of the WiMAX Forum[EB], WiMAX Froum, Aug. 2004
[5.13]. Fixed, nomadic, portable and mobile applications for 802.16-2004 and 802.16e WiMAX networks[EB], WiMAX Forum, Nov. 2005
[5.14]. Mobile WiMAX -- Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation[EB], WiMAX Forum, Aug. 2006
[5.15]. C.HyangDuck, K.Wooshik. A seamless handover between cdma2000 and WLAN for 3G-WLAN interworking service continuity[C], Advanced Industrial Conference on Telecommunications/Service Assurance with Partial and Intermittent Resources Conference/ E-Learning on Telecommunications Workshop, 2005, Page(s):261 - 266
[5.16]. S.S.Tang, W.Li. Performance analysis of the 3G network with complementary WLANs[C], Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005, Volume 5, Page(s):5
[5.17]. M.Suknaic, M.Grgic, B.Zovko-Cihlar. Interconnection between WLAN and 3GPP Networks[C], Multimedia Signal Processing and Communications, 48th International Symposium, 2006, Page(s):199 - 204
[5.18]. R.GCheng, S.LTsao. 3G-based access control for 3GPP-WLAN interworking[C], Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004, Volume 5,Page(s):2967-2971
[5.19]. F.GMarquez, M.GRodriguez, T.R.Valladares. Interworking of IP multimedia core networks between 3GPP and WLAN[J], Wireless Communications, IEEE, 2005, Volume 12, Issue 3, Page(s):58 - 65
[5.20]. F.M.Xu, L.Y.Zhang, Z.Zhou. Interworking of Wimax and 3GPP networks based on IMS [IP Multimedia Systems (IMS) Infrastructure and Services] [J], Communications Magazine, IEEE, 2007, Volume 45, Issue 3, Page(s):144 -150