金融发展影响城乡收入差距的实证研究
|
摘要
基于目前中国金融发展特征以及相关文献综述，本文提出金融发展影响城乡收入差距的三大效应即金融发展的门槛效应、金融发展的非均衡效应、金融发展的降低贫困效应。然后，本文对金融发展影响城乡收入差距的三大效应的作用机制进行了理论分析。(一)在Galor-Zeira模型的基础上，本文理论模型增加了抵押品这一假设，模型结果表明：信用约束的假设正是财富动态轨迹跃迁的关键所在，也就产生了金融发展的门槛效应。本文虽然没有直接分析金融市场不完善的前提下金融发展的门槛效应对我国城乡收入差距的影响，但我们可做如下推导：在发展中国家，城乡存在典型的二元结构，整体的城市居民收入水平和继承的遗产一般都会比整体的农村居民收入水平和继承的遗产要高，因此我们有理由把本文中当事人的穷人和富人近似为城市居民群体和农村居民群体，从而，在金融市场不完善的条件下，金融发展的门槛效应也会对城乡收入差距产生影响。(二)金融发展意味着利率管制的放松和金融部门效率以及资本配置效率的提高。包括金融部门在内的三部门模型表明：金融发展的城乡非均衡效应影响着农业部门和工业部门的储蓄率、农业部门和工业部门的生产性资本投资收益率以及储蓄投资转化效率、资本劳动装备率、资本劳动装备率的增长率，而这些因素又影响着城乡收入差距的对比关系。从而，金融发展的城乡非均衡效应对城乡收入差距产生影响。另外，经济转轨过程中，具有工业比较优势的A地区因为具有发展工业的比较优势，因此该地区非国有工业部门发展更快。非国有工业部门的发展不仅会带来城市居民收入水平的上升，而且也给农村居民带来更多的就业机会和相应收入；但相对于A地区，具有农业比较优势的B地区没有发展工业的比较优势，因此其非国有工业部门并不能得到充分发展，其城乡收入差距主要仍然表现为农业部门和城市国有工业部门的收入差距。另外，由于市场力量发挥了更大作用，大量资金从B地区流向了A地区，A地区和B地区经济和金融差距会更加扩大，从而会更加扩大地区之间的城乡收入差距。即金融发展的地区非均衡效应会扩大城乡收入差距。(三)金融发展通过两条途径即间接渠道和直接渠道降低贫困，一条是金融发展促进经济增长，经济增长从而可以降低贫困水平；另外一条是微型金融的降低贫困效应，即通过发展小额信贷，为城乡贫困居民尤其是农村贫困居民直接提供金融服务，从而降低他们的贫困水平。贫困水平的下降降低了城乡收入差距。即金融的降低贫困效应会降低城乡收入差距。
接着，本文具体实证分析了金融发展的三大效应对城乡收入差距的影响。(一)利用1978—2004年以及分年段的省际面板数据，对金融发展的门槛效应与城乡收入差距进行经验分析，结果显示金融发展的门槛效应显著扩大了我国的城乡收入差距，而且不依赖于经济结构的特点。同时，总体来说，所谓的库兹涅茨现象并不存在。(二)选取1978—2004年全国金融发展非均衡指标、城镇登记失业率、经济开放程度指标以及城乡收入差距指标等经济和社会因素指标共同构建VAR计量模型进行分析表明金融发展的城乡非均衡效应显著扩大了我国的城乡收入差距。同时，利用1978—2004年以及分年段的省际面板数据，对金融发展的地区非均衡效应与城乡收入差距进行经验分析，结果显示金融发展的地区非均衡效应显著扩大了我国的城乡收入差距。(三)利用1978—2004年中国的数据对金融发展的降低贫困效应的间接渠道进行检验得出：金融发展和农村金融发展分别降低城乡恩格尔系数的平均值和农村恩格尔系数，也间接证明了金融发展和农村金融发展分别降低整体贫困水平和农村内部的贫困水平。同时，基于中国1994—2004年小额信贷的相关数据，通过时间序列分析和截面分析均表明：金融发展的降低贫困效应的直接渠道显著降低贫困程度。从而，基于中国的现实证明了金融发展影响城乡收入差距的三大效应的存在。需要补充的是，在我国目前金融发展还不是高度发达的情况下，金融发展的门槛效应和金融发展的非均衡效应还占据着主导的地位，金融发展的降低贫困效应还处于一种次要的境地，所以，在目前阶段，金融发展扩大了城乡收入差距。
最后，在中国目前金融经济环境中，金融发展扩大了城乡收入差距。在构建和谐社会的进程中，本文带给我们的政策含义是金融应该更多为穷人服务、为农村居民服务。
Based on the features of China's current financial development and the literature reviewed, this paper presents three effects that the development of the financial has impacted on the income gap between urban and rural areas: threshold effects, non-equilibrium effects and the effects of reducing poverty, and then makes a theoretical analysis on each mechanism of the three effects above.(1)Based on the Galor-Zeira model, in the theoretical model of this paper we make an assumption of increasing the collateral. As showed by the results of the model, the presumption of credit bound is rightly the key to the dynamic path transition of wealth, so it brings out the threshold effects of financial development. In this paper, we do not make a direct analysis of the financial threshold effects on the income gap between urban and rural areas under the premise of imperfections of the financial markets, but we can make derivations as follows: in developing countries, there exists typical dual structure between urban and rural areas, and the urban residents' overall level of income and inheritance will be better than those rural residents. So we have the reason to regard the poor and the rich in the parties of this paper as similar to urban communities and rural residents groups, thus, under the imperfections of the financial markets the financial threshold effects will have an impact on the rural-urban income gap. (2)As the development of finance, it means that the control of interest rate deregulates, and the efficiency of financial sector and the allocation of capital have improved. The three departments model that financial sector included shows: the financial non-equilibrium effects between urban and rural areas have impacts on the savings rate, productive capital investment yield, efficiency savings into investment, capital labor and equipment rate and its growth rate between the agricultural and industrial sectors. However, these factors also affect the comparison between the income gap between urban and rural areas. Thus, the financial non-equilibrium effects between urban and rural areas have impact on the income gap between urban and rural areas. In addition, in the process of economic restructuring, districts A has a comparative advantage because of the comparative industrial development advantages, and therefore non-state-owned industrial sector develops faster in the region. The development of the non-state-owned industrial sector will not only bring about the rise in urban income levels, but also create more job opportunities for rural residents and the corresponding income; But for A, B, no comparative advantage in agriculture with the industrial development of the comparative advantages, Non-state-owned industrial sector and therefore are not fully developed, and the performance of its urban-rural income gap is still mainly brought out between agricultural sector and state-owned industrial sector. Moreover, due to market forces playing a greater role, large capital flows from the region B to A, which will further widen the gap between the economic and financial area, so that it will further widen the income gap between urban and rural areas. Namely the financial development local non-balanced effect will expand Urban-rural income disparity. (3) There are two ways of the indirect channels and direct channels reducing poverty in the financial development, one is to promote economic growth which can reduce poverty levels, while Micro-finance is another effect of reducing poverty. Through the development of micro-credit, it can provide financial services for the urban and rural poor people, especially poor rural residents reducing their level of poverty. As the level of poverty declines, the income gap between urban and rural areas becomes lesser. Namely the financial development reducing the poverty effect will decrease Urban-rural income disparity.
Then, we develop specific Empirical Analysis of the three major effects on the financial impact of the income gap between urban and rural areas. (1) using 1978-2004's and the inter-provincial panel data, we have made an empirical analysis of financial threshold effects and the income gap between urban and rural areas. The results showed that financial threshold effects are significantly expanding China's urban-rural income gap, independent of the characteristics of the economic structure. Meanwhile, the so-called Kuznets phenomenon does not exist. (2) selecting 1978-2004's economic and social factors such as the non-financial indicators, the registered unemployment rate in urban areas, open economic indicators index and the income gap between urban and rural areas, we can build a common measurement indicator analysis model which shows that the financial urban-rural non-equilibrium effects have significantly broadened the income gap between China's urban and rural areas. Meanwhile, using the years of 1978-2004, and sub-provincial panel data, we also made an empirical analysis of financial non-equilibrium effects and the income gap between urban and rural areas, and the results showed the financial non-equilibrium effects have significantly expanded China's urban-rural income gap.(3)based on China's 1978-2004 financial data, we draw a post-mortem from the financial indirect channels of reducing poverty, that is: financial development and rural finance development have separately decreased the Engel's coefficient and rural Engel coefficient. And it also indirectly bears that financial development and rural finance development have separately decreased the overall poverty level and rural poverty level. Meanwhile, based on micro-credit related data of China's 1994-2004, through analysis of time series and cross-section analysis it indicates: financial direct channels for reducing poverty works significantly. Thus, it has exactly proved the existence of the three effects financial impacts on the urban-rural income gap. In addition, as to the situation of China's current financial development not highly developed, the financial threshold effects and non-equilibrium effects are also occupying a dominant position, while the reducing poverty effects is still in a minority position. So the financial development, at this stage, is expanding the income gap between urban and rural areas.
Finally, in the current financial environment, financial development has widened the income gap between the urban and rural areas. In the process of building a harmonious society, this gives us the implication of the policy that finance should mostly serve the poor and rural residents.
接着，本文具体实证分析了金融发展的三大效应对城乡收入差距的影响。(一)利用1978—2004年以及分年段的省际面板数据，对金融发展的门槛效应与城乡收入差距进行经验分析，结果显示金融发展的门槛效应显著扩大了我国的城乡收入差距，而且不依赖于经济结构的特点。同时，总体来说，所谓的库兹涅茨现象并不存在。(二)选取1978—2004年全国金融发展非均衡指标、城镇登记失业率、经济开放程度指标以及城乡收入差距指标等经济和社会因素指标共同构建VAR计量模型进行分析表明金融发展的城乡非均衡效应显著扩大了我国的城乡收入差距。同时，利用1978—2004年以及分年段的省际面板数据，对金融发展的地区非均衡效应与城乡收入差距进行经验分析，结果显示金融发展的地区非均衡效应显著扩大了我国的城乡收入差距。(三)利用1978—2004年中国的数据对金融发展的降低贫困效应的间接渠道进行检验得出：金融发展和农村金融发展分别降低城乡恩格尔系数的平均值和农村恩格尔系数，也间接证明了金融发展和农村金融发展分别降低整体贫困水平和农村内部的贫困水平。同时，基于中国1994—2004年小额信贷的相关数据，通过时间序列分析和截面分析均表明：金融发展的降低贫困效应的直接渠道显著降低贫困程度。从而，基于中国的现实证明了金融发展影响城乡收入差距的三大效应的存在。需要补充的是，在我国目前金融发展还不是高度发达的情况下，金融发展的门槛效应和金融发展的非均衡效应还占据着主导的地位，金融发展的降低贫困效应还处于一种次要的境地，所以，在目前阶段，金融发展扩大了城乡收入差距。
最后，在中国目前金融经济环境中，金融发展扩大了城乡收入差距。在构建和谐社会的进程中，本文带给我们的政策含义是金融应该更多为穷人服务、为农村居民服务。
Based on the features of China's current financial development and the literature reviewed, this paper presents three effects that the development of the financial has impacted on the income gap between urban and rural areas: threshold effects, non-equilibrium effects and the effects of reducing poverty, and then makes a theoretical analysis on each mechanism of the three effects above.(1)Based on the Galor-Zeira model, in the theoretical model of this paper we make an assumption of increasing the collateral. As showed by the results of the model, the presumption of credit bound is rightly the key to the dynamic path transition of wealth, so it brings out the threshold effects of financial development. In this paper, we do not make a direct analysis of the financial threshold effects on the income gap between urban and rural areas under the premise of imperfections of the financial markets, but we can make derivations as follows: in developing countries, there exists typical dual structure between urban and rural areas, and the urban residents' overall level of income and inheritance will be better than those rural residents. So we have the reason to regard the poor and the rich in the parties of this paper as similar to urban communities and rural residents groups, thus, under the imperfections of the financial markets the financial threshold effects will have an impact on the rural-urban income gap. (2)As the development of finance, it means that the control of interest rate deregulates, and the efficiency of financial sector and the allocation of capital have improved. The three departments model that financial sector included shows: the financial non-equilibrium effects between urban and rural areas have impacts on the savings rate, productive capital investment yield, efficiency savings into investment, capital labor and equipment rate and its growth rate between the agricultural and industrial sectors. However, these factors also affect the comparison between the income gap between urban and rural areas. Thus, the financial non-equilibrium effects between urban and rural areas have impact on the income gap between urban and rural areas. In addition, in the process of economic restructuring, districts A has a comparative advantage because of the comparative industrial development advantages, and therefore non-state-owned industrial sector develops faster in the region. The development of the non-state-owned industrial sector will not only bring about the rise in urban income levels, but also create more job opportunities for rural residents and the corresponding income; But for A, B, no comparative advantage in agriculture with the industrial development of the comparative advantages, Non-state-owned industrial sector and therefore are not fully developed, and the performance of its urban-rural income gap is still mainly brought out between agricultural sector and state-owned industrial sector. Moreover, due to market forces playing a greater role, large capital flows from the region B to A, which will further widen the gap between the economic and financial area, so that it will further widen the income gap between urban and rural areas. Namely the financial development local non-balanced effect will expand Urban-rural income disparity. (3) There are two ways of the indirect channels and direct channels reducing poverty in the financial development, one is to promote economic growth which can reduce poverty levels, while Micro-finance is another effect of reducing poverty. Through the development of micro-credit, it can provide financial services for the urban and rural poor people, especially poor rural residents reducing their level of poverty. As the level of poverty declines, the income gap between urban and rural areas becomes lesser. Namely the financial development reducing the poverty effect will decrease Urban-rural income disparity.
Then, we develop specific Empirical Analysis of the three major effects on the financial impact of the income gap between urban and rural areas. (1) using 1978-2004's and the inter-provincial panel data, we have made an empirical analysis of financial threshold effects and the income gap between urban and rural areas. The results showed that financial threshold effects are significantly expanding China's urban-rural income gap, independent of the characteristics of the economic structure. Meanwhile, the so-called Kuznets phenomenon does not exist. (2) selecting 1978-2004's economic and social factors such as the non-financial indicators, the registered unemployment rate in urban areas, open economic indicators index and the income gap between urban and rural areas, we can build a common measurement indicator analysis model which shows that the financial urban-rural non-equilibrium effects have significantly broadened the income gap between China's urban and rural areas. Meanwhile, using the years of 1978-2004, and sub-provincial panel data, we also made an empirical analysis of financial non-equilibrium effects and the income gap between urban and rural areas, and the results showed the financial non-equilibrium effects have significantly expanded China's urban-rural income gap.(3)based on China's 1978-2004 financial data, we draw a post-mortem from the financial indirect channels of reducing poverty, that is: financial development and rural finance development have separately decreased the Engel's coefficient and rural Engel coefficient. And it also indirectly bears that financial development and rural finance development have separately decreased the overall poverty level and rural poverty level. Meanwhile, based on micro-credit related data of China's 1994-2004, through analysis of time series and cross-section analysis it indicates: financial direct channels for reducing poverty works significantly. Thus, it has exactly proved the existence of the three effects financial impacts on the urban-rural income gap. In addition, as to the situation of China's current financial development not highly developed, the financial threshold effects and non-equilibrium effects are also occupying a dominant position, while the reducing poverty effects is still in a minority position. So the financial development, at this stage, is expanding the income gap between urban and rural areas.
Finally, in the current financial environment, financial development has widened the income gap between the urban and rural areas. In the process of building a harmonious society, this gives us the implication of the policy that finance should mostly serve the poor and rural residents.
引文
[1]爱德华·肖．经济发展中的金融深化[M]．上海：上海三联书店，1988．
[2]艾路明．小额信贷与缓解贫困[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，2000．
[3]巴曙松等．中小额信贷与农村金融空白的填补[N]．中国经济时报，2005，1(21)．
[4]蔡继明．中国城乡比较生产力与相对收入差距[J]．经济研究，1998，1：11—19．
[5]蔡昉．中国收入差距和贫困研究：我们知道什么，我们应该知道什么?[R]．中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所，2004．
[6]蔡昉，杨涛．城乡收入差距的政治经济学[J]．中国社会科学，2000，4：11—22．
[7]陈宗胜．改革、发展及收入分配[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，1999．
[8]陈宗胜，周云波．再论改革与发展中的收入分配[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，2002．
[9]陈雪飞．农村信用制度：理论与实践[M]．北京：中国经济出版社，2005年版．
[10]戈德史密斯．金融结构和金融发展[M]．上海：上海三联书店，1990．
[11]葛兆强．区域经济差距的金融成因分析与政策选择[J]．金融理论与实践，1997，(8)：3-6．
[12]郭剑雄．人力资本、生育率与城乡收入差距的收敛[J]．中国社会科学，2005，3：27—37．
[13]郭沛．中国贫困农户小额信贷研究[D]．中国农业大学博士论文，1999．
[14]郭沛．2004中国农村非正规金融规模估算[J]．中国农村观察，2004，(2)：21-25．
[15]杜晓山等．小额信贷原理及运作[M]．上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．
[16]杜晓山．孟加拉国的小额信贷及其启示[N]．金融时报，2004，11(2)．
[17]韩廷春．金融发展与经济增长——理论、实证与政策[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[18]韩俊等．小额信贷发展的国际经验[R]．国研网研究报告，2004，11(16)．
[19]赫米斯，伦辛克．金融发展与经济增长[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，2001．
[20]赫尔曼、默多克、斯蒂格利茨．金融约束：一个新的分析框架[M]．北京：中国经济出版社，1998．
[21]何广文，李莉．正规金融机构小额信贷运行机制及其绩效评价[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2005．
[22]何德旭等．我国金融服务业存在的问题与发展之策[N]．中国经济时报，2006，2(21)．
[23]洪远朋．资本论教程简编[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2002．
[24]黄毅．小额信贷问题研究[J]．银行家，2005，(12)：10-14．
[25]胡金焱，卢立．中国非正规金融研究的理论综述[J]．教学与研究，2005，9：75-81．
[26]拉孜克·买买提，张玉民．法人治理结构缺损和体制性腐败：农村信用社案件研究 [J]．金融研究，2002，(6)：118-122．
[27]梁平汉．金融市场不完善性、教育投资与不平等[R]．2005年中国经济学年会入选论文．
[28]李萍，张道宏．金融发展与地区经济差距[J]．统计研究，2004，(12)：18-22．
[29]李鹏飞，郑江淮．金融发展理论的经验证据[J]．经济理论与经济管理，2003，(11)：66-74．
[30]李实，赵人伟．中国居民收入分配再研究[J]．经济研究，1999，(4)：3-17．
[31]李实．中国农村劳动力流动与收入增长和分配[J]．中国社会科学，1999，2：16—33．
[32]李学武、李耀国．规制非正规金融：破解弱热群体融资难的市场化选择[J]．中国金融，2005，(12)：32-34．
[33]李勇等．关于完善农村金融制度加大对三农金融支持若干问题的思考[J]．金融研究，2005，11：1—10．
[34]林伯强．中国的经济增长、贫困减少与政策选择[J]．经济研究，2003，(12)：15-26．
[35]林毅夫，刘培林．中国的经济发展战略与地区收入差距[J]．经济研究，2003，(3)：19-26．
[36]林毅夫，刘明兴．中国的经济增长收敛与收入分配[J]．经济研究，2003，(8)：3—25．
[37]林毅夫、李永军．发展中小金融机构，促进中小企业发展[M]．北京大学中国经济研究中心工作论文，NO．C2000016．
[38]陆铭，陈钊．城市化、城市倾向的经济政策与城乡收入差距[J]．经济研究，2004，(6)：50-58．
[39]卢峰，姚洋．金融压抑下的法治、金融发展和经济增长[J]．中国社会科学，2004，(1)：42-55．
[40]罗纳德·I·麦金农．经济发展中的货币与资本[M]．上海：上海三联书店，1988．
[41]林毅夫，章奇，刘明兴．金融结构与经济增长：以制造业为例[J]．世界经济，2003，(1)：3-22．
[42]蒋学模，张晖明．高级政治经济学——社会主义总论[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2002．
[43]焦瑾璞，阎伟，杨骏．小额信贷及小额信贷组织探讨[N]．金融时报2005，11(17)．
[44]焦瑾璞．小额信贷在探索中成长[N]．金融时报，2005，12(21)．
[45]孔荣．涉农小企业融资问题研究[M]．西安：西北农林科技大学出版社，2003．
[46]马涛，李定胜，张蕾．西部金融市场组织结构及其成长困境分析[J]．经济学家，2005，(2)：83—89．
[47]麦金农．经济发展中的货币与资本[M]．上海：上海三联书店，1988．
[48]青木昌彦．政府在东亚经济中的作用[M]．北京：中国经济出版社，1998．
[49]阮杨等．经济转型中的就业重构和收入分配[J]．管理世界，2002，(11)：50—56．
[50]沈坤荣，张成．金融发展与中国经济增长：基于跨地区动态数据的实证研究[J]．管理世界，2004，(7)：15—21．
[51]世界银行．金融与增长——动荡条件下的政策选择[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，2001．
[52]史晋川，叶敏．制度扭曲环境中的金融安排[J]．经济理论与经济管理，2001，1：63—68．
[53]孙艳艳．小额信贷与个人发展账户的比较研究[J]．山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2005，1：47—51．
[54]孙若梅．小额信贷与农民收入[M]．北京：中国经济出版社，2005．
[55]宋宏谋．中国农村金融发展问题研究[M]．太原：山西经济出版社，2003．
[56]谈儒勇．金融发展理论与中国的金融发展[M]．北京：中国经济出版社，2000a．
[57]谈儒勇．金融发展理论在90年代的发展[J]．中国人民大学学报，2000b，2：60—65．
[58]谈儒勇，吴兴奎．我国各地金融发展的司法解释[J]．财贸经济，2005，(12)：14—17．
[59]田光宁，李建军．农村非正规金融规模及对农村经济影响的调查[J]．调研世界，2005，(4)：23—25．
[60]田鸣．城乡协调发展中的金融资源配置[J]．改革，2006，(4)：32-36．
[61]王小鲁，樊纲．中国地区差距的变动趋势和影响因素[J]．经济研究，2004，(1)：33—44．
[62]王小鲁，樊纲．中国收入差距的走势和影响因素分析[J]．经济研究，2005，(10)：24—36．
[63]王静．涉农经济组织融资信用与金融支持研究[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，2004．
[64]王培刚，周长城．当前中国居民收入差距扩大的实证分析与动态研究[J]．管理世界，2005，11：34—44．
[65]王少国．金融发展与二元经济转型[J]．经济评论，2003，1：112—115．
[66]王永龙．中国农业转型发展的金融支持研究[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，2004．
[67]王一鸣，李敏波．非正规金融市场借贷利率决定行为：一个新分析框架[J]．金融研究，2005，(7)：12—23．
[68]王晓芳．中国金融发展问题研究[M]．北京：中国金融出版社，2000．
[69]汪三贵、朴之水、李莹星．贫困农户信贷资金的供给与需求[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，2001．
[70]温涛，冉光和，熊德平．中国金融发展与农民收入增长[J]．经济研究，2005，(9)：30—43．
[71]文远华．中国经济转型时期信贷配给问题研究[M]．上海：上海三联书店，2005．
[72]William H．Greene．Econometric analysis(4th Edition)[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2001．
[73]吴国宝．中国小额信贷扶贫研究[M]．北京：中国经济出版社，2001．
[74]吴信如．金融发展的福利收益和“门槛效应”[J]．财经研究，2006，2：118—126．
[75]伍柏麟．社会主义市场经济学教程[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000．
[76]伍德里奇．计量经济学导论[J]．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2003．
[77]杨咸月．金融深化理论发展及其微观基础研究[J]．北京：中国金融出版社，2002．
[78]杨宜勇．对扩大中等收入者比重的十点认识[N]．中国经济时报，2003，8(24)．
[79]姚耀军．金融发展与城乡收入差距的经验分析[J]．财经研究，2005，(2)：49—59．
[80]姚耀军．转型中的我国农村金融发展研究[D]．浙江大学博士论文，2005．
[81]姚先国．中国劳资关系的城乡户籍差异[J]．经济研究，2004，7：82—90．
[82]尹恒，龚六堂，邹恒甫．当代收入分配理论的新进展[J]．经济研究，2002，(8)：83—91．
[83]尹希果等，我国金融发展与地区经济收敛[J]．当代经济科学，2005，(5)：18—25．
[84]闫永夫．中国农村金融业[M]．北京：中国金融出版社，2004．
[85]赵红．中国地区间财富分配趋同分析[J]．统计研究，2005，(8)：16—21．
[86]赵人伟，李实．中国居民收入差距的扩大及其原因[J]．经济研究，1997，(9)：19—28．
[87]赵群．乡镇企业融资困难的成因与对策[J]．乡镇经济，2004，(11)：17—18．
[88]章奇，刘明兴，陶然，Vincent，Chen．中国的金融中介增长与城乡收入差距[J]．中国金融学，2003，(11)：71—99．
[89]张立军．金融发展与收入分配关系研究综述[J]．经济学动态，2005，(3)：101—104．
[90]张立军等．金融发展影响城乡收入差距的三大效应及其检验[J]．数量经济技术经济研究，2006，(12)：73—81．
[91]张立军．金融发展与收入差距关系研究的新进展[J]．教学与研究，2006，(6)：88—94．
[92]张立军等．我国农村金融发展对城乡收入差距的影响[J]．财经科学，2006，(4)：53—60．
[93]张立军等．金融发展与降低贫困———基于1994—2004年中国小额信贷的分析[J]．当代经济科学，2006，(6)：36—42．
[94]张立军等．我国金融发展与城镇居民收入差距的关系[J]．中国人民大学书报资料中心金融与保险，2005，(5)：47—50．
[95]张立军．二元金融阻碍地区和谐共进[J]．中国国情国力，2006，(10)：25—27．
[96]张立军等．小额信贷降低贫困效应的国际经验及启示[J]．新金融，2006，(11)：45—48．
[97]张军，金煜．中国的政府支出、银行信贷与经济效率：兼论分税制为什么扩大了地区经济的不平衡?[R]，2005年中国经济学年会入选论文．
[98]张军．改革后中国农村的非正规金融部门：温州案例[J]．中国社会科学季刊 1997，秋季卷，(20)．
[99]张捷．结构转换期的中小企业金融研究[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，2003．
[100]张杰．中国农村金融制度：结构、变迁与政策[M]．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2003．
[101]张元红．农民的金融需求与农村的金融深化——以湖北汉川福星村为例[J]．中国农村观察，1999，(1)：43—51．
[102]中国人民银行货币政策分析小组．2005年中国区域金融运行报告[R]．中国人民银行网站，2006，5(25)．
[103]张勇．小额信贷扶贫的创新研究[D]．中国社会科学院农业经济系硕士论文，2003．
[104]张余文．中国农村金融发展问题研究[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，2005．
[105]周立．中国各地区金融发展与经济增长[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2004．
[106]周立，胡鞍钢．中国金融发展的地区差距状况分析(1978—1999)[J]．清华大学学报：哲学社会科学版，2002，(2)：60—74．
[107]Acemoglu and Robinson. The Political Economy of the Kuznets Curve[J]. Review of Development Economics, 2002, 6(2): 183-203.
[108]Aghion, Philippe, Patrick Bolton. A Theory of Trickle-Down Growth and Development[J]. The Review of Economic Studies, 1997, 64, (219): 151-172.
[109]Ahluwalia, Montek, N, G.. Carter and Hollis Chenery. Growth and Poverty in Developing Countries[J]. Journal of Development Economics, 1976, 6: 299-341.
[110]Akerlof. G.. The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1970, 84: 488-500.
[111]Aryeetey E. Informal Finance for Private Sector Development in Africa[R]. A Background Paper Prepared for the African Development Report, 1998.
[112]Banerjee, Abhijit V., Andrew F. Newman. Occupational Choice and the Process of Development[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1993, 101 (2): 274-298.
[113]Banerjee, Abhijit V. and Esther Duflo. A Reassessment of the Relationship Between Inequality and Growth[R]. Comment, (December). Manuscript, MIT, 2000.
[114]Barr. Microfinance and Financial Development[J]. Michigan Journal of International Law, 2005, 26: 271-296.
[115]Barro R J. Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries[J]. Journal of Economic growth. 2000, 5: 5 -32.
[116]Beck, T .and Levine, R. Stock Markets, Banks, and Growth: Panel Evidence[J]. Journal of Banking & Finance, 2004, 28: 423—442.
[117]Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Ross Levine. A New Database on Financial Development and Structure[R].World Bank Working Papers wps2146,1999.
[118]Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Ross Levine. Finance, Inequality, and Poverty: Cross-Country Evidence[R]. NBER Working Paper w3338,2004
[119]Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Ross Levine. SMEs, Growth, and Poverty[R]. NBER Working Paper wl 1224,2005.
[120]BesleyT.,Stephen Coate,ang Glenn Lour.The Economics of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations[J].the American Economics Review,1993 .83,(4):792-810.
[121]Bencivenga, Valerie and Bruth Smith.Financial Intermediation and Endogenous Growth[J]. Review of Economic Studies, 1991, 58.
[122]Berger,A.N.,and G.F.Udell. Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit in Small Firm Finance[J] Journal of Business,1995,68:351-382.
[123]Berthelemy & Varoudakis. Economic Growth, Convergence Clubs and the Role of Financial Development[R].Oxford Economic Papers, 1996,48(2) :300-28.
[124]Bernanke.The Determinants of Investment: Another Look[J].Amerrican Economic Review,1983,73(2):71-75.
[125]Blank, Rebecca M., Alan S. Blinder. Income Distribution, and Poverty, Macroeconomics[R]. NBER Working Paper wl567,1985.
[126]Bourguignon, Franois. The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle[R]. paper prepared for a Conference on Poverty, Inequality and Growth, Agence Franaise de Dveloppement / EU Development Network, Paris, 2003, November 13.
[127]Calderon & Liu. The Direction of Causality Between Financial Development and Economic Growth[J] Journal of Development Economics,2003,72(1):321-334.
[128]Clarke, George, Lixin Colin Xu, Heng-fu Zou. Finance and Income Inequality: Test of Alternative Theories[R].World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2984,2003
[129]Coleman. The Impact of Group Lending in Northeast Thailand[J]. Journal of Development Economics, 1999,60:105-141.
[130]Dayal-Gulati A,Husain A M. Centripetal Forces in China's Economic Take-off[R]. IMF Working Paper ,WP/00/86,2000.
[131]De Gregorio.Borrowing Constraints, Human Capital Accumulation, and Growth [J] Journal of Monetary Economics, 1996,37(1): 49-71.
[132]Deininger, Klausand Lyn Squire. A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality [J]. World Bank Economic Review, 1996,10(3):565-91.
[133]Demetriades, P.O. & Hussein, K.Does Financial Development Cause Economic Growth? Time-series Evidence From 16 Countries[J]Journal of Development Economics, 1996 51:387-411
[134]Diamond, D. W. Financial Intermediation and Delegated Monitoring[J].Review of Economic Studies,1984, 51: 393-414.
[135] Diamond, Douglas and Dybvig, Philip D.Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance and Liquidity [J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1983,91:401-19
[136]Dollar & Kraay.Growth is Good for the Poor[R]. World Bank Development Economics Research Group,2001.
[137]Enders W.Applied Econometric Time Series[M] John Wiley&Sons.Inc,1995.
[138]Fama. What' s Different About Banks?[J].Journal of Monetary Economics, 1985, 15:29-40.
[139]Favara. An Empirical Reassessment of the Relationship Between Finance and Growth[R].IMF Working Paper, wp/03/123,2003.
[140]Fry, M. J. Money and Capital or Financial Deepening in Economic Development? [J]. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 1978, 10, (4):464-475.
[141]Fry, M. J.Money, Interest and Banking in Economic Development[M] Johns HopKins University Press, 1988.
[142]Galbraith.,Lu. Inequality and Financial Crises[R].Some Early Findings, UTIP Working Paper NO 9,1999.
[143]Galor, Oded, Joseph ZeiraJncome Distribution and Macroeconomics [J].Review of Economic Studies, 1993 ,60, (1) :35-52.
[144]Galbis, V. Financial and Economic Growth in Less-Developed Counties: A Theoretical Approach[J]. Journal of Development Studies, 1977,13 (2) :58-72.
[145]Goldsmith,R. W. Financial Structure and Development [M].New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1969.
[146]Gonzalea-Vega, C.Credit-rationing Behavior of Agricultural Lenders: The Iron Law of Interest Restrictions[M]. Boulder: Westview Press,1984.
[147]Greenwood, Jeremy, Boyan Javanovic. Financial Development, Growth and the Distribution of Income, Journal of Political Economy, 1990,98( 5):1076-l 107.
[148]Gurley, J. G. & Shaw, E. S. Financial Aspects of Economic Development[J] , American Economic Review, 1955,45(September): 516-522.
[149]Gurley, J. G. and Shaw, E. S. Financial Structure and Economic Development[J] . Economic Development and Cultural Change, April, 1967.
[150]Hart,Oliver.Optimal Labor Contracts under Asymmetric Information: An Introduction[J].Review of Economic Studies, 1983,50:3-35.
[151]Hashemi, Syed M., Sidney R. Schuler and Ann P. Riley. Rural Credit Programs and Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh[J],World Development ,1992,24 (4):635-53.
[152]Hellman, T., Murdock, K. and Stiglitz, J. Financial restraint: Towards a newparadigm, Aoki, Masahiko et al. (eds.) The Role of Government in East Asian Economic Development: Comparative Institutional Analysis[M]. Oxford: Clarendon, 1997.
[153]Hicks.A Theory of Economic History[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1996.
[154]Holden & Prokopenko.Financial Development and Poverty Alleviation: Issues and Policy Implications for Developing and Transition Countries[R].IMF Working Paper,wp/01/160,2001.
[155]Honohan, Patrick. Financial Development, Growth and Poverty: How Close Are the Links? [R] .World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3203,2004.
[156]Honohan, P. Financial Sector Policy and the Poor: Selected Findings and Issues[C].World Bank mimeo,2004.
[157]Hossain, Mahabub.Credit for Alleviation of Rural Poverty: The Grameen Bankin Bangladesh[R].IFPRI Research Report . International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington,D.C,1998.
[158]Hussain, A., Lanjouw, P: and Stern, N. Income inequalities in China: evidence from household survey data[J]. World Development, 1994,22, (12) : 1947-57.
[159]Imran Matin.,David Hulme ,Stuart Rutherford. Financial Services for the Poor and Poorest: Deepening Understanding to Improve Provision[R] .Working Paper NO 9, University of Manchester, 1999.
[160]Iyigun, Murat F., Ann L. Owen.Income Inequality, Financial Development, and Macroeconomic Fluctuations [J]. the Economic Journal, 2004,114 (4):352-376.
[161]Jalilian,Hossein, Colin Kirkpatrick.Financial Development and Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries[R],Working Paper No 30,University of Manchester,2001.
[162]Joan Robinson.The Model of an Expanding Economy[J].The Economic Journal,1952,62(245):42-53.
[163]Johnson S. From Fragmentation to Embeddedness:Towards a Framework for the Institutional Analysis of Financial Markets[R].Center for Development Studies in University of Bath, Working Paper Series 2001,29.
[164] Jung,W.Financial Development and Economic Growth: International Evidence [J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change,1986,34(2):333-346.
[165]Kai-yuan, T. Factor decomposition of Chinese rural income inequality: newmethodology, empirical findings, and policy implications [J]. Journal of Comparative Economics, 1998 26:502-28.
[166]Kapur, B. K.Alternative Stabilization Policies for Less-Developed Economics[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1976,84, (4) :777-796.
[167]Khandker, Shahidur R. Fighting Poverty with Microcredit: Experience in Bangladesh[M]. New York, NY: Oxford University Press for the World Bank,1998.
[168]Khandker, S.R. Khality, B. and Khan, Z. Grameen Bank: Performance and Sustainability[R].World Bank Discussion Paper No306,1995.
[169]Khandker, Shahid. Does Micro-finance Really Benefit the Poor? Evidence fromBangladesh[C]. Paper delivered at Asia and Pacific Forum on Poverty: Reforming Policies and Institutions for Poverty Reduction held by the Asian Development Bank. Manila,2001.
[170]King & Levine. Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might be Right[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1993a, 108(3):717-37.
[171]King & Levine. Finance, Entrepreneurship and Growth: Theory and Evidence[J]. Journal of Monetary Economics, 1993b,32(3):513-42.
[172]Knight, J. and Song, L. The spatial contribution to income inequality in rural China[J]. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1993,(17):195-213.
[173]Kuznets,Simon. Economic Growth and Income Inequality [J]. American Economic Review, 1955,45 (1), 1-28.
[174]Leland, H. & Pyle, D.Informational Asymmetries, Financial Structure and Financial Intermediation[J] Journal of Finance, 1977, 32(2).
[175]Levine, R. Bank-Based or Market-Based Financial System: Which Is Better? [R].NBER Working Paper 9138, 2002.
[176]Levine,R. Financial Development and Economic Growth:Views and Agenda[J]. Journal of Economic Literature, 1997,35:688-762.
[177]Levine,Loayza & Beck. Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes[J]. Journal of Monetary Economics, 2000, 46:31-77.
[178]Levine,R. More on Finance and Growth: More Finance, More Growth [J].Federal Reserve Bank of St.Louis Review, 2003,85:31-46.
[179]Levine, Ross. Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence[R]. NBER Working Paper 10766, 2004.
[180]Levonian,M.e.,and J.Soller.Small Banks,Small Loans,Small Business[C]. Mimeo,Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.San Fracisco,CA(December),1995.
[181]Li,Squire,Zou. Explaining International and Intertemporal Variations in Income Inequality[J]. The Economic Journal,1998,108(2):26-43.
[182]Lucas ,R. E. On Efficiency and Distribution[J]. The Economic Journal ,1992,102 (3):233 -247.
[183]Machinnon, Ronald. Money and Capital in Economic Development[M]. Washington DC:Brooking Instituion,1973.
[184]Mathieson.Financial Reform and Stabilization Policy in a Developing Economy [J] Journal of Development Economics,1980,7:363.
[185]Matsuyama, Kiminori. Endogenous Inequality [J].Review of Economic Studies, 2000,67:743-759.
[186]Morduch. Does Microfinance Really Help the Poor? New Evidence on Flagship Programs in Bangladesh[R]. presented at Stanford, UC-Berkeley, University of Washington, AND, University of Toronto, Princeton, and Yale,1998.
[187]Morduch, J.The Role of Subsidies in Microfinance: Evidence from the Grameen Bank[J] Journal of Development Economics .1999,60 (10): 229-248.
[188]Murdock,K. and Stiglitz, J. The Effect of Financial Repression in an Economy with Possitive Real Interest Rates: Theory and Evidence[C].mimeo,Stanford University,Stanford, 1993.
[189]Murphy, Kevin M.,Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny. Income Distribution, Market Size and Industrialization[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1988,August.
[190]Mushtaque, Chowdhury & Mosley (eds.).The Social Impact of Microfinance [J]. Journal of International Development, Special Issue, 2004,16 (3).
[191]Pagano. Financial Markets and Growth[J]. European Economic Review. 1993,37(3):613-622.
[192]Patrick. Financial Development and Economic Growth in Underdeveloped Countries[J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1966,14(2): 174-89.
[193]Patrick hononbar. Financial Development, Growth and Poverty:How Close Are The Links[R].World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3203,February 2004.
[194]Paul Holden & Vassili Prokopenko.Financial Development and Poverty Alleviation: Issues and Policy Implications for Developing and Transition Countries[R].IMF Working Papers 01/160, International Monetary Fund,2001.
[195]Peek,J.,and E.s.Rosengren.Small Business Cedit Availability:How Important is Size of Lender?" in Universal banking: Financial system design reconsidered[M]. Saunders,A.,Waiter,I.(Eds),Irwin Chicago,IL,1996,628-655.
[196]Philip Arestis.,Asena Caner.Financial Liberalization and Poverty .Channels of INnfluence[R] .Working Paper NO 411,The Levy Economics Institute of Band College,2004.
[197]Piketty, Thomas.The Dynamics of the Wealth Distribution and the Interest Rate with Credit Rationing[J]. Review of Economic Studies, 1997,64:173-189.
[198]Pitt, Mark M. Reply to Jonathan Morduch's Does Microfinance Really Help the Poor? New Evidence from Flagship Programs in Bangladesh[R].(unpublished manuscript), 1999.
[199]Remenyi & Quinones Jr. Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation: Case Studies from Asia and the Pacific[M]. New York: Pinter Publishers Ltd, 2000,79:131-34; 253-64.
[200]Remenyi, J.Microfinance in the Pacific Islands: Adjusting to Aid Dependence and the Dutch Disease, Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation: Case Studies from Asia and the Pacific[M] .Pinter, Continuum Press, London and New York,2000, 220-249.
[201]Robert Lucas.On The Mechanics of Economic Development[J] Journal of Monetary Economics,1988,22(1):3-42.
[202]Robinson.M.S.The Microfinance Revolution :Sustainable Finance for The Poor[M].Washington.D.C.:The World Bank and Open Society Institute,2001.
[203]Rozelle, S.Rural industrialisation and increasing inequality: emerging patterns in China's reforming economy[J] Journal of Comparative Economics, 1994, 19:362-91.
[204]Ryo Horii.,Ryoji Ohdoi.,Kazuhiro Yamamoto.Finance,Technology and Inequality in Economic Development[R].Economics Working Paper Archive at WUSTL,August 1, 2005.
[205]Schumpeter, J. the Theory of Economic Development[M]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1912.
[206]Shaw, E. S. Financial Deepening in Economic Development[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973.
[207]Shang Jin Wei.The Siamese Twins:Do State-owned Banks Favor State-owned Enterprises IN China?[M].China Economic Review,1997,8(1):19-29.
[208]Shankha Chakraborty ,Tridip Ray.Bank-based versus Market-based Financial Systems:A Growth-theoretic Analysis[R].University of Oregon Economics Department Working Papers NO 6,2003a.
[209]Shankha Chakraborty.,Tridip Ray.Inequality,Industrialization and Financial Structure[R]. University of Oregon Economics Department Working Papers NO 2,2003b.
[210]Shi,Xinzheng.Empirical Research on Urban-Rural Income Differentials:The Case of China[J] .Forthing-coming,CCER,Beijing University,2002.
[211]Shujie Yao,Zongyi Zhang,and Gengfu Feng.Rural-urban and regional inequality in output, income and consumption in China under economic reforms [J] Journal of Economic Studies,2005,32 (1).
[212]Simmons,E.C.Credit Control and Monetary Management[J].American Economic Review,1947,9:633-641.
[213]Strahan,P.E.,and J.P.Weston.Small Business Lending and Changging Structure of the Banking Industry [J]. Journal of Banking& Fiance, 1998,22:821-845.
[214]Stigliz,Joseph E.Credit Markets and the Control of Capital[J]. Journal of Money,Credit and Banking,1985,17(2):133-152.
[215]Stigliz, J. and Weiss.a.Credit Rationing inMarket with Imperfect Information[J]. American Economic Review,1981,71:394-410.
[216]Tanzi. Globalization and the Work of Fiscal Termits[J]. Finance & Development, 2001,38(1):34-37.
[217]Townsend, Robert M., and Kenichi Ueda. Transitional Growth with Increasing Inequality and Financial Deepening[R].IMF Working Paper, No. 01/108,2001.
[111]Townsend, Robert M.and Kenichi Ueda. Financial Deepening,Inequality,and Growth:A Model-Based Quantitative Evaluation[R].IMF Working Paper ,2003
[218]Wei,Shang-Jin and Yi Wu.Globalization and Inequality:Evidence from within China[R].NBER Working Paper w8611,2001.
[219]World Bank.A Better Investment Climate for Everyone:World Development Report 2005, the World Bank publication,Oxford University Press,2004.
[220]WIDER. World Income Inequality Database 2000[DB]. United Nations University, 2004.
[221]Williamson.S.D. Costly Monitoring, Loan Contracts, and Equilibrium Credit Rationing[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1987,4:135-145.
[222]Yao, S.Economic growth, income inequality and poverty in China under economic reform[J]. Journal of Development Studies, 1999,35 ( 6):104-30.
[2]艾路明．小额信贷与缓解贫困[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，2000．
[3]巴曙松等．中小额信贷与农村金融空白的填补[N]．中国经济时报，2005，1(21)．
[4]蔡继明．中国城乡比较生产力与相对收入差距[J]．经济研究，1998，1：11—19．
[5]蔡昉．中国收入差距和贫困研究：我们知道什么，我们应该知道什么?[R]．中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所，2004．
[6]蔡昉，杨涛．城乡收入差距的政治经济学[J]．中国社会科学，2000，4：11—22．
[7]陈宗胜．改革、发展及收入分配[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，1999．
[8]陈宗胜，周云波．再论改革与发展中的收入分配[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，2002．
[9]陈雪飞．农村信用制度：理论与实践[M]．北京：中国经济出版社，2005年版．
[10]戈德史密斯．金融结构和金融发展[M]．上海：上海三联书店，1990．
[11]葛兆强．区域经济差距的金融成因分析与政策选择[J]．金融理论与实践，1997，(8)：3-6．
[12]郭剑雄．人力资本、生育率与城乡收入差距的收敛[J]．中国社会科学，2005，3：27—37．
[13]郭沛．中国贫困农户小额信贷研究[D]．中国农业大学博士论文，1999．
[14]郭沛．2004中国农村非正规金融规模估算[J]．中国农村观察，2004，(2)：21-25．
[15]杜晓山等．小额信贷原理及运作[M]．上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．
[16]杜晓山．孟加拉国的小额信贷及其启示[N]．金融时报，2004，11(2)．
[17]韩廷春．金融发展与经济增长——理论、实证与政策[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[18]韩俊等．小额信贷发展的国际经验[R]．国研网研究报告，2004，11(16)．
[19]赫米斯，伦辛克．金融发展与经济增长[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，2001．
[20]赫尔曼、默多克、斯蒂格利茨．金融约束：一个新的分析框架[M]．北京：中国经济出版社，1998．
[21]何广文，李莉．正规金融机构小额信贷运行机制及其绩效评价[M]．北京：中国财政经济出版社，2005．
[22]何德旭等．我国金融服务业存在的问题与发展之策[N]．中国经济时报，2006，2(21)．
[23]洪远朋．资本论教程简编[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2002．
[24]黄毅．小额信贷问题研究[J]．银行家，2005，(12)：10-14．
[25]胡金焱，卢立．中国非正规金融研究的理论综述[J]．教学与研究，2005，9：75-81．
[26]拉孜克·买买提，张玉民．法人治理结构缺损和体制性腐败：农村信用社案件研究 [J]．金融研究，2002，(6)：118-122．
[27]梁平汉．金融市场不完善性、教育投资与不平等[R]．2005年中国经济学年会入选论文．
[28]李萍，张道宏．金融发展与地区经济差距[J]．统计研究，2004，(12)：18-22．
[29]李鹏飞，郑江淮．金融发展理论的经验证据[J]．经济理论与经济管理，2003，(11)：66-74．
[30]李实，赵人伟．中国居民收入分配再研究[J]．经济研究，1999，(4)：3-17．
[31]李实．中国农村劳动力流动与收入增长和分配[J]．中国社会科学，1999，2：16—33．
[32]李学武、李耀国．规制非正规金融：破解弱热群体融资难的市场化选择[J]．中国金融，2005，(12)：32-34．
[33]李勇等．关于完善农村金融制度加大对三农金融支持若干问题的思考[J]．金融研究，2005，11：1—10．
[34]林伯强．中国的经济增长、贫困减少与政策选择[J]．经济研究，2003，(12)：15-26．
[35]林毅夫，刘培林．中国的经济发展战略与地区收入差距[J]．经济研究，2003，(3)：19-26．
[36]林毅夫，刘明兴．中国的经济增长收敛与收入分配[J]．经济研究，2003，(8)：3—25．
[37]林毅夫、李永军．发展中小金融机构，促进中小企业发展[M]．北京大学中国经济研究中心工作论文，NO．C2000016．
[38]陆铭，陈钊．城市化、城市倾向的经济政策与城乡收入差距[J]．经济研究，2004，(6)：50-58．
[39]卢峰，姚洋．金融压抑下的法治、金融发展和经济增长[J]．中国社会科学，2004，(1)：42-55．
[40]罗纳德·I·麦金农．经济发展中的货币与资本[M]．上海：上海三联书店，1988．
[41]林毅夫，章奇，刘明兴．金融结构与经济增长：以制造业为例[J]．世界经济，2003，(1)：3-22．
[42]蒋学模，张晖明．高级政治经济学——社会主义总论[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2002．
[43]焦瑾璞，阎伟，杨骏．小额信贷及小额信贷组织探讨[N]．金融时报2005，11(17)．
[44]焦瑾璞．小额信贷在探索中成长[N]．金融时报，2005，12(21)．
[45]孔荣．涉农小企业融资问题研究[M]．西安：西北农林科技大学出版社，2003．
[46]马涛，李定胜，张蕾．西部金融市场组织结构及其成长困境分析[J]．经济学家，2005，(2)：83—89．
[47]麦金农．经济发展中的货币与资本[M]．上海：上海三联书店，1988．
[48]青木昌彦．政府在东亚经济中的作用[M]．北京：中国经济出版社，1998．
[49]阮杨等．经济转型中的就业重构和收入分配[J]．管理世界，2002，(11)：50—56．
[50]沈坤荣，张成．金融发展与中国经济增长：基于跨地区动态数据的实证研究[J]．管理世界，2004，(7)：15—21．
[51]世界银行．金融与增长——动荡条件下的政策选择[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，2001．
[52]史晋川，叶敏．制度扭曲环境中的金融安排[J]．经济理论与经济管理，2001，1：63—68．
[53]孙艳艳．小额信贷与个人发展账户的比较研究[J]．山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2005，1：47—51．
[54]孙若梅．小额信贷与农民收入[M]．北京：中国经济出版社，2005．
[55]宋宏谋．中国农村金融发展问题研究[M]．太原：山西经济出版社，2003．
[56]谈儒勇．金融发展理论与中国的金融发展[M]．北京：中国经济出版社，2000a．
[57]谈儒勇．金融发展理论在90年代的发展[J]．中国人民大学学报，2000b，2：60—65．
[58]谈儒勇，吴兴奎．我国各地金融发展的司法解释[J]．财贸经济，2005，(12)：14—17．
[59]田光宁，李建军．农村非正规金融规模及对农村经济影响的调查[J]．调研世界，2005，(4)：23—25．
[60]田鸣．城乡协调发展中的金融资源配置[J]．改革，2006，(4)：32-36．
[61]王小鲁，樊纲．中国地区差距的变动趋势和影响因素[J]．经济研究，2004，(1)：33—44．
[62]王小鲁，樊纲．中国收入差距的走势和影响因素分析[J]．经济研究，2005，(10)：24—36．
[63]王静．涉农经济组织融资信用与金融支持研究[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，2004．
[64]王培刚，周长城．当前中国居民收入差距扩大的实证分析与动态研究[J]．管理世界，2005，11：34—44．
[65]王少国．金融发展与二元经济转型[J]．经济评论，2003，1：112—115．
[66]王永龙．中国农业转型发展的金融支持研究[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，2004．
[67]王一鸣，李敏波．非正规金融市场借贷利率决定行为：一个新分析框架[J]．金融研究，2005，(7)：12—23．
[68]王晓芳．中国金融发展问题研究[M]．北京：中国金融出版社，2000．
[69]汪三贵、朴之水、李莹星．贫困农户信贷资金的供给与需求[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，2001．
[70]温涛，冉光和，熊德平．中国金融发展与农民收入增长[J]．经济研究，2005，(9)：30—43．
[71]文远华．中国经济转型时期信贷配给问题研究[M]．上海：上海三联书店，2005．
[72]William H．Greene．Econometric analysis(4th Edition)[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2001．
[73]吴国宝．中国小额信贷扶贫研究[M]．北京：中国经济出版社，2001．
[74]吴信如．金融发展的福利收益和“门槛效应”[J]．财经研究，2006，2：118—126．
[75]伍柏麟．社会主义市场经济学教程[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000．
[76]伍德里奇．计量经济学导论[J]．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2003．
[77]杨咸月．金融深化理论发展及其微观基础研究[J]．北京：中国金融出版社，2002．
[78]杨宜勇．对扩大中等收入者比重的十点认识[N]．中国经济时报，2003，8(24)．
[79]姚耀军．金融发展与城乡收入差距的经验分析[J]．财经研究，2005，(2)：49—59．
[80]姚耀军．转型中的我国农村金融发展研究[D]．浙江大学博士论文，2005．
[81]姚先国．中国劳资关系的城乡户籍差异[J]．经济研究，2004，7：82—90．
[82]尹恒，龚六堂，邹恒甫．当代收入分配理论的新进展[J]．经济研究，2002，(8)：83—91．
[83]尹希果等，我国金融发展与地区经济收敛[J]．当代经济科学，2005，(5)：18—25．
[84]闫永夫．中国农村金融业[M]．北京：中国金融出版社，2004．
[85]赵红．中国地区间财富分配趋同分析[J]．统计研究，2005，(8)：16—21．
[86]赵人伟，李实．中国居民收入差距的扩大及其原因[J]．经济研究，1997，(9)：19—28．
[87]赵群．乡镇企业融资困难的成因与对策[J]．乡镇经济，2004，(11)：17—18．
[88]章奇，刘明兴，陶然，Vincent，Chen．中国的金融中介增长与城乡收入差距[J]．中国金融学，2003，(11)：71—99．
[89]张立军．金融发展与收入分配关系研究综述[J]．经济学动态，2005，(3)：101—104．
[90]张立军等．金融发展影响城乡收入差距的三大效应及其检验[J]．数量经济技术经济研究，2006，(12)：73—81．
[91]张立军．金融发展与收入差距关系研究的新进展[J]．教学与研究，2006，(6)：88—94．
[92]张立军等．我国农村金融发展对城乡收入差距的影响[J]．财经科学，2006，(4)：53—60．
[93]张立军等．金融发展与降低贫困———基于1994—2004年中国小额信贷的分析[J]．当代经济科学，2006，(6)：36—42．
[94]张立军等．我国金融发展与城镇居民收入差距的关系[J]．中国人民大学书报资料中心金融与保险，2005，(5)：47—50．
[95]张立军．二元金融阻碍地区和谐共进[J]．中国国情国力，2006，(10)：25—27．
[96]张立军等．小额信贷降低贫困效应的国际经验及启示[J]．新金融，2006，(11)：45—48．
[97]张军，金煜．中国的政府支出、银行信贷与经济效率：兼论分税制为什么扩大了地区经济的不平衡?[R]，2005年中国经济学年会入选论文．
[98]张军．改革后中国农村的非正规金融部门：温州案例[J]．中国社会科学季刊 1997，秋季卷，(20)．
[99]张捷．结构转换期的中小企业金融研究[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，2003．
[100]张杰．中国农村金融制度：结构、变迁与政策[M]．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2003．
[101]张元红．农民的金融需求与农村的金融深化——以湖北汉川福星村为例[J]．中国农村观察，1999，(1)：43—51．
[102]中国人民银行货币政策分析小组．2005年中国区域金融运行报告[R]．中国人民银行网站，2006，5(25)．
[103]张勇．小额信贷扶贫的创新研究[D]．中国社会科学院农业经济系硕士论文，2003．
[104]张余文．中国农村金融发展问题研究[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，2005．
[105]周立．中国各地区金融发展与经济增长[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2004．
[106]周立，胡鞍钢．中国金融发展的地区差距状况分析(1978—1999)[J]．清华大学学报：哲学社会科学版，2002，(2)：60—74．
[107]Acemoglu and Robinson. The Political Economy of the Kuznets Curve[J]. Review of Development Economics, 2002, 6(2): 183-203.
[108]Aghion, Philippe, Patrick Bolton. A Theory of Trickle-Down Growth and Development[J]. The Review of Economic Studies, 1997, 64, (219): 151-172.
[109]Ahluwalia, Montek, N, G.. Carter and Hollis Chenery. Growth and Poverty in Developing Countries[J]. Journal of Development Economics, 1976, 6: 299-341.
[110]Akerlof. G.. The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1970, 84: 488-500.
[111]Aryeetey E. Informal Finance for Private Sector Development in Africa[R]. A Background Paper Prepared for the African Development Report, 1998.
[112]Banerjee, Abhijit V., Andrew F. Newman. Occupational Choice and the Process of Development[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1993, 101 (2): 274-298.
[113]Banerjee, Abhijit V. and Esther Duflo. A Reassessment of the Relationship Between Inequality and Growth[R]. Comment, (December). Manuscript, MIT, 2000.
[114]Barr. Microfinance and Financial Development[J]. Michigan Journal of International Law, 2005, 26: 271-296.
[115]Barro R J. Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries[J]. Journal of Economic growth. 2000, 5: 5 -32.
[116]Beck, T .and Levine, R. Stock Markets, Banks, and Growth: Panel Evidence[J]. Journal of Banking & Finance, 2004, 28: 423—442.
[117]Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Ross Levine. A New Database on Financial Development and Structure[R].World Bank Working Papers wps2146,1999.
[118]Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Ross Levine. Finance, Inequality, and Poverty: Cross-Country Evidence[R]. NBER Working Paper w3338,2004
[119]Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Ross Levine. SMEs, Growth, and Poverty[R]. NBER Working Paper wl 1224,2005.
[120]BesleyT.,Stephen Coate,ang Glenn Lour.The Economics of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations[J].the American Economics Review,1993 .83,(4):792-810.
[121]Bencivenga, Valerie and Bruth Smith.Financial Intermediation and Endogenous Growth[J]. Review of Economic Studies, 1991, 58.
[122]Berger,A.N.,and G.F.Udell. Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit in Small Firm Finance[J] Journal of Business,1995,68:351-382.
[123]Berthelemy & Varoudakis. Economic Growth, Convergence Clubs and the Role of Financial Development[R].Oxford Economic Papers, 1996,48(2) :300-28.
[124]Bernanke.The Determinants of Investment: Another Look[J].Amerrican Economic Review,1983,73(2):71-75.
[125]Blank, Rebecca M., Alan S. Blinder. Income Distribution, and Poverty, Macroeconomics[R]. NBER Working Paper wl567,1985.
[126]Bourguignon, Franois. The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle[R]. paper prepared for a Conference on Poverty, Inequality and Growth, Agence Franaise de Dveloppement / EU Development Network, Paris, 2003, November 13.
[127]Calderon & Liu. The Direction of Causality Between Financial Development and Economic Growth[J] Journal of Development Economics,2003,72(1):321-334.
[128]Clarke, George, Lixin Colin Xu, Heng-fu Zou. Finance and Income Inequality: Test of Alternative Theories[R].World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2984,2003
[129]Coleman. The Impact of Group Lending in Northeast Thailand[J]. Journal of Development Economics, 1999,60:105-141.
[130]Dayal-Gulati A,Husain A M. Centripetal Forces in China's Economic Take-off[R]. IMF Working Paper ,WP/00/86,2000.
[131]De Gregorio.Borrowing Constraints, Human Capital Accumulation, and Growth [J] Journal of Monetary Economics, 1996,37(1): 49-71.
[132]Deininger, Klausand Lyn Squire. A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality [J]. World Bank Economic Review, 1996,10(3):565-91.
[133]Demetriades, P.O. & Hussein, K.Does Financial Development Cause Economic Growth? Time-series Evidence From 16 Countries[J]Journal of Development Economics, 1996 51:387-411
[134]Diamond, D. W. Financial Intermediation and Delegated Monitoring[J].Review of Economic Studies,1984, 51: 393-414.
[135] Diamond, Douglas and Dybvig, Philip D.Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance and Liquidity [J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1983,91:401-19
[136]Dollar & Kraay.Growth is Good for the Poor[R]. World Bank Development Economics Research Group,2001.
[137]Enders W.Applied Econometric Time Series[M] John Wiley&Sons.Inc,1995.
[138]Fama. What' s Different About Banks?[J].Journal of Monetary Economics, 1985, 15:29-40.
[139]Favara. An Empirical Reassessment of the Relationship Between Finance and Growth[R].IMF Working Paper, wp/03/123,2003.
[140]Fry, M. J. Money and Capital or Financial Deepening in Economic Development? [J]. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 1978, 10, (4):464-475.
[141]Fry, M. J.Money, Interest and Banking in Economic Development[M] Johns HopKins University Press, 1988.
[142]Galbraith.,Lu. Inequality and Financial Crises[R].Some Early Findings, UTIP Working Paper NO 9,1999.
[143]Galor, Oded, Joseph ZeiraJncome Distribution and Macroeconomics [J].Review of Economic Studies, 1993 ,60, (1) :35-52.
[144]Galbis, V. Financial and Economic Growth in Less-Developed Counties: A Theoretical Approach[J]. Journal of Development Studies, 1977,13 (2) :58-72.
[145]Goldsmith,R. W. Financial Structure and Development [M].New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1969.
[146]Gonzalea-Vega, C.Credit-rationing Behavior of Agricultural Lenders: The Iron Law of Interest Restrictions[M]. Boulder: Westview Press,1984.
[147]Greenwood, Jeremy, Boyan Javanovic. Financial Development, Growth and the Distribution of Income, Journal of Political Economy, 1990,98( 5):1076-l 107.
[148]Gurley, J. G. & Shaw, E. S. Financial Aspects of Economic Development[J] , American Economic Review, 1955,45(September): 516-522.
[149]Gurley, J. G. and Shaw, E. S. Financial Structure and Economic Development[J] . Economic Development and Cultural Change, April, 1967.
[150]Hart,Oliver.Optimal Labor Contracts under Asymmetric Information: An Introduction[J].Review of Economic Studies, 1983,50:3-35.
[151]Hashemi, Syed M., Sidney R. Schuler and Ann P. Riley. Rural Credit Programs and Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh[J],World Development ,1992,24 (4):635-53.
[152]Hellman, T., Murdock, K. and Stiglitz, J. Financial restraint: Towards a newparadigm, Aoki, Masahiko et al. (eds.) The Role of Government in East Asian Economic Development: Comparative Institutional Analysis[M]. Oxford: Clarendon, 1997.
[153]Hicks.A Theory of Economic History[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1996.
[154]Holden & Prokopenko.Financial Development and Poverty Alleviation: Issues and Policy Implications for Developing and Transition Countries[R].IMF Working Paper,wp/01/160,2001.
[155]Honohan, Patrick. Financial Development, Growth and Poverty: How Close Are the Links? [R] .World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3203,2004.
[156]Honohan, P. Financial Sector Policy and the Poor: Selected Findings and Issues[C].World Bank mimeo,2004.
[157]Hossain, Mahabub.Credit for Alleviation of Rural Poverty: The Grameen Bankin Bangladesh[R].IFPRI Research Report . International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington,D.C,1998.
[158]Hussain, A., Lanjouw, P: and Stern, N. Income inequalities in China: evidence from household survey data[J]. World Development, 1994,22, (12) : 1947-57.
[159]Imran Matin.,David Hulme ,Stuart Rutherford. Financial Services for the Poor and Poorest: Deepening Understanding to Improve Provision[R] .Working Paper NO 9, University of Manchester, 1999.
[160]Iyigun, Murat F., Ann L. Owen.Income Inequality, Financial Development, and Macroeconomic Fluctuations [J]. the Economic Journal, 2004,114 (4):352-376.
[161]Jalilian,Hossein, Colin Kirkpatrick.Financial Development and Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries[R],Working Paper No 30,University of Manchester,2001.
[162]Joan Robinson.The Model of an Expanding Economy[J].The Economic Journal,1952,62(245):42-53.
[163]Johnson S. From Fragmentation to Embeddedness:Towards a Framework for the Institutional Analysis of Financial Markets[R].Center for Development Studies in University of Bath, Working Paper Series 2001,29.
[164] Jung,W.Financial Development and Economic Growth: International Evidence [J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change,1986,34(2):333-346.
[165]Kai-yuan, T. Factor decomposition of Chinese rural income inequality: newmethodology, empirical findings, and policy implications [J]. Journal of Comparative Economics, 1998 26:502-28.
[166]Kapur, B. K.Alternative Stabilization Policies for Less-Developed Economics[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1976,84, (4) :777-796.
[167]Khandker, Shahidur R. Fighting Poverty with Microcredit: Experience in Bangladesh[M]. New York, NY: Oxford University Press for the World Bank,1998.
[168]Khandker, S.R. Khality, B. and Khan, Z. Grameen Bank: Performance and Sustainability[R].World Bank Discussion Paper No306,1995.
[169]Khandker, Shahid. Does Micro-finance Really Benefit the Poor? Evidence fromBangladesh[C]. Paper delivered at Asia and Pacific Forum on Poverty: Reforming Policies and Institutions for Poverty Reduction held by the Asian Development Bank. Manila,2001.
[170]King & Levine. Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might be Right[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1993a, 108(3):717-37.
[171]King & Levine. Finance, Entrepreneurship and Growth: Theory and Evidence[J]. Journal of Monetary Economics, 1993b,32(3):513-42.
[172]Knight, J. and Song, L. The spatial contribution to income inequality in rural China[J]. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1993,(17):195-213.
[173]Kuznets,Simon. Economic Growth and Income Inequality [J]. American Economic Review, 1955,45 (1), 1-28.
[174]Leland, H. & Pyle, D.Informational Asymmetries, Financial Structure and Financial Intermediation[J] Journal of Finance, 1977, 32(2).
[175]Levine, R. Bank-Based or Market-Based Financial System: Which Is Better? [R].NBER Working Paper 9138, 2002.
[176]Levine,R. Financial Development and Economic Growth:Views and Agenda[J]. Journal of Economic Literature, 1997,35:688-762.
[177]Levine,Loayza & Beck. Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes[J]. Journal of Monetary Economics, 2000, 46:31-77.
[178]Levine,R. More on Finance and Growth: More Finance, More Growth [J].Federal Reserve Bank of St.Louis Review, 2003,85:31-46.
[179]Levine, Ross. Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence[R]. NBER Working Paper 10766, 2004.
[180]Levonian,M.e.,and J.Soller.Small Banks,Small Loans,Small Business[C]. Mimeo,Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.San Fracisco,CA(December),1995.
[181]Li,Squire,Zou. Explaining International and Intertemporal Variations in Income Inequality[J]. The Economic Journal,1998,108(2):26-43.
[182]Lucas ,R. E. On Efficiency and Distribution[J]. The Economic Journal ,1992,102 (3):233 -247.
[183]Machinnon, Ronald. Money and Capital in Economic Development[M]. Washington DC:Brooking Instituion,1973.
[184]Mathieson.Financial Reform and Stabilization Policy in a Developing Economy [J] Journal of Development Economics,1980,7:363.
[185]Matsuyama, Kiminori. Endogenous Inequality [J].Review of Economic Studies, 2000,67:743-759.
[186]Morduch. Does Microfinance Really Help the Poor? New Evidence on Flagship Programs in Bangladesh[R]. presented at Stanford, UC-Berkeley, University of Washington, AND, University of Toronto, Princeton, and Yale,1998.
[187]Morduch, J.The Role of Subsidies in Microfinance: Evidence from the Grameen Bank[J] Journal of Development Economics .1999,60 (10): 229-248.
[188]Murdock,K. and Stiglitz, J. The Effect of Financial Repression in an Economy with Possitive Real Interest Rates: Theory and Evidence[C].mimeo,Stanford University,Stanford, 1993.
[189]Murphy, Kevin M.,Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny. Income Distribution, Market Size and Industrialization[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1988,August.
[190]Mushtaque, Chowdhury & Mosley (eds.).The Social Impact of Microfinance [J]. Journal of International Development, Special Issue, 2004,16 (3).
[191]Pagano. Financial Markets and Growth[J]. European Economic Review. 1993,37(3):613-622.
[192]Patrick. Financial Development and Economic Growth in Underdeveloped Countries[J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1966,14(2): 174-89.
[193]Patrick hononbar. Financial Development, Growth and Poverty:How Close Are The Links[R].World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3203,February 2004.
[194]Paul Holden & Vassili Prokopenko.Financial Development and Poverty Alleviation: Issues and Policy Implications for Developing and Transition Countries[R].IMF Working Papers 01/160, International Monetary Fund,2001.
[195]Peek,J.,and E.s.Rosengren.Small Business Cedit Availability:How Important is Size of Lender?" in Universal banking: Financial system design reconsidered[M]. Saunders,A.,Waiter,I.(Eds),Irwin Chicago,IL,1996,628-655.
[196]Philip Arestis.,Asena Caner.Financial Liberalization and Poverty .Channels of INnfluence[R] .Working Paper NO 411,The Levy Economics Institute of Band College,2004.
[197]Piketty, Thomas.The Dynamics of the Wealth Distribution and the Interest Rate with Credit Rationing[J]. Review of Economic Studies, 1997,64:173-189.
[198]Pitt, Mark M. Reply to Jonathan Morduch's Does Microfinance Really Help the Poor? New Evidence from Flagship Programs in Bangladesh[R].(unpublished manuscript), 1999.
[199]Remenyi & Quinones Jr. Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation: Case Studies from Asia and the Pacific[M]. New York: Pinter Publishers Ltd, 2000,79:131-34; 253-64.
[200]Remenyi, J.Microfinance in the Pacific Islands: Adjusting to Aid Dependence and the Dutch Disease, Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation: Case Studies from Asia and the Pacific[M] .Pinter, Continuum Press, London and New York,2000, 220-249.
[201]Robert Lucas.On The Mechanics of Economic Development[J] Journal of Monetary Economics,1988,22(1):3-42.
[202]Robinson.M.S.The Microfinance Revolution :Sustainable Finance for The Poor[M].Washington.D.C.:The World Bank and Open Society Institute,2001.
[203]Rozelle, S.Rural industrialisation and increasing inequality: emerging patterns in China's reforming economy[J] Journal of Comparative Economics, 1994, 19:362-91.
[204]Ryo Horii.,Ryoji Ohdoi.,Kazuhiro Yamamoto.Finance,Technology and Inequality in Economic Development[R].Economics Working Paper Archive at WUSTL,August 1, 2005.
[205]Schumpeter, J. the Theory of Economic Development[M]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1912.
[206]Shaw, E. S. Financial Deepening in Economic Development[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973.
[207]Shang Jin Wei.The Siamese Twins:Do State-owned Banks Favor State-owned Enterprises IN China?[M].China Economic Review,1997,8(1):19-29.
[208]Shankha Chakraborty ,Tridip Ray.Bank-based versus Market-based Financial Systems:A Growth-theoretic Analysis[R].University of Oregon Economics Department Working Papers NO 6,2003a.
[209]Shankha Chakraborty.,Tridip Ray.Inequality,Industrialization and Financial Structure[R]. University of Oregon Economics Department Working Papers NO 2,2003b.
[210]Shi,Xinzheng.Empirical Research on Urban-Rural Income Differentials:The Case of China[J] .Forthing-coming,CCER,Beijing University,2002.
[211]Shujie Yao,Zongyi Zhang,and Gengfu Feng.Rural-urban and regional inequality in output, income and consumption in China under economic reforms [J] Journal of Economic Studies,2005,32 (1).
[212]Simmons,E.C.Credit Control and Monetary Management[J].American Economic Review,1947,9:633-641.
[213]Strahan,P.E.,and J.P.Weston.Small Business Lending and Changging Structure of the Banking Industry [J]. Journal of Banking& Fiance, 1998,22:821-845.
[214]Stigliz,Joseph E.Credit Markets and the Control of Capital[J]. Journal of Money,Credit and Banking,1985,17(2):133-152.
[215]Stigliz, J. and Weiss.a.Credit Rationing inMarket with Imperfect Information[J]. American Economic Review,1981,71:394-410.
[216]Tanzi. Globalization and the Work of Fiscal Termits[J]. Finance & Development, 2001,38(1):34-37.
[217]Townsend, Robert M., and Kenichi Ueda. Transitional Growth with Increasing Inequality and Financial Deepening[R].IMF Working Paper, No. 01/108,2001.
[111]Townsend, Robert M.and Kenichi Ueda. Financial Deepening,Inequality,and Growth:A Model-Based Quantitative Evaluation[R].IMF Working Paper ,2003
[218]Wei,Shang-Jin and Yi Wu.Globalization and Inequality:Evidence from within China[R].NBER Working Paper w8611,2001.
[219]World Bank.A Better Investment Climate for Everyone:World Development Report 2005, the World Bank publication,Oxford University Press,2004.
[220]WIDER. World Income Inequality Database 2000[DB]. United Nations University, 2004.
[221]Williamson.S.D. Costly Monitoring, Loan Contracts, and Equilibrium Credit Rationing[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1987,4:135-145.
[222]Yao, S.Economic growth, income inequality and poverty in China under economic reform[J]. Journal of Development Studies, 1999,35 ( 6):104-30.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |