物体视觉记忆的背景效应及其位置特效性
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摘要
本研究采用迫选的再认任务对物体视觉记忆的背景效应及其位置特效性进行考察。整个研究共分为三个部分,研究一采用点线索追随范式和普通的迫选再认范式对自然场景背景和物体序列背景对物体视觉记忆的影响在间隔不同时间的情况下进行测量,考察两种背景条件下物体视觉记忆的保持。研究二考察自然场景背景及其两个成分,大的轮廓背景和邻近物体背景对物体视觉记忆作用的位置特效性。研究三考察在再认图片角度变化的情况下,自然场景背景及其两个成分对物体视觉记忆的作用及其位置特效性的特征是否发生变化,并考察背景的结构参照性。在三项子研究的基础上得出以下结论:
1.物体视觉记忆存在背景效应,即视觉再认时,物体置于原来的背景中的再认成绩好于置于空白的灰背景中的再认成绩。
2.背景类型的效应显著,呈现在自然场景图片中物体的视觉记忆成绩好于呈现在物体序列图片中的物体视觉记忆成绩。
3.间隔物体数效应显著,间隔0个物体时视觉记忆的成绩最好,并且显著地高于间隔1、2、4、7个物体的情况,后四种情况下的物体视觉记忆成绩差异不显著。间隔图片数对物体的记忆成绩不存在显著作用。
4.自然场景中,物体视觉记忆的背景效应存在位置特效性,在整体背景条件下物体呈现在原位置的视觉再认成绩高于呈现在变化位置的视觉再认成绩;灰背景条件下位置的作用不显著。
5.无论是在背景效应还是在背景效应的位置特效性上,大的轮廓背景与整体背景的作用方式都是非常相似的。
6.自然场景中,大轮廓背景条件下位置的作用显著,物体呈现在原位置条件的视觉再认成绩高于变化位置条件;邻近物体背景条件下位置的作用不显著。
7.场景对物体视觉记忆的作用参照于相对的物理位置,而不是参照于观察者的绝对物理视线。
The force choice recognition task was used to investigate the context effect and position specificity on visual memory for objects. Three parts were included in this study, in the first part, the following-the-dot paradigm and the traditional force choice recognition task were used to examine the effect of object arrays and natural scenes on the visual memory of objects. In the second part, the position specificity of context effect of scenes and its two components, the large scale context and the local objects context, ware examined. In the third part, by rotating the angle of the recognition picture, the reference of the context effect was examined. The results showed: (1) Memory performance of visual form of object was more accurate when the test object alternatives were displayed within the original scene context than they were displayed in isolation. (2)Memory performance was more accurate when the objects displayed in the nature scenes than they displayed in the objects arrays. (3)Memory performance was more accurate for the recently fixated objects than the condition of 1,2,4,7 intervening objects, but the performance was not significant between the different intervening pictures. (4) Memory performance was more accurate when the test alternatives were displayed within the scene at the same position originally occupied by the target than they were displayed at a different position. (5) For natural scenes, the memory performance was more accurate when the objects displayed in the original scene context and the large scale context than they displayed in isolation. (6)For natural scenes, the position specificity was exited for the large scale context effect, but not for the local object context effect. (7) The context effect and position specificity was reference to the relative location of scenes, but not to the absolute physical location.
1.物体视觉记忆存在背景效应,即视觉再认时,物体置于原来的背景中的再认成绩好于置于空白的灰背景中的再认成绩。
2.背景类型的效应显著,呈现在自然场景图片中物体的视觉记忆成绩好于呈现在物体序列图片中的物体视觉记忆成绩。
3.间隔物体数效应显著,间隔0个物体时视觉记忆的成绩最好,并且显著地高于间隔1、2、4、7个物体的情况,后四种情况下的物体视觉记忆成绩差异不显著。间隔图片数对物体的记忆成绩不存在显著作用。
4.自然场景中,物体视觉记忆的背景效应存在位置特效性,在整体背景条件下物体呈现在原位置的视觉再认成绩高于呈现在变化位置的视觉再认成绩;灰背景条件下位置的作用不显著。
5.无论是在背景效应还是在背景效应的位置特效性上,大的轮廓背景与整体背景的作用方式都是非常相似的。
6.自然场景中,大轮廓背景条件下位置的作用显著,物体呈现在原位置条件的视觉再认成绩高于变化位置条件;邻近物体背景条件下位置的作用不显著。
7.场景对物体视觉记忆的作用参照于相对的物理位置,而不是参照于观察者的绝对物理视线。
The force choice recognition task was used to investigate the context effect and position specificity on visual memory for objects. Three parts were included in this study, in the first part, the following-the-dot paradigm and the traditional force choice recognition task were used to examine the effect of object arrays and natural scenes on the visual memory of objects. In the second part, the position specificity of context effect of scenes and its two components, the large scale context and the local objects context, ware examined. In the third part, by rotating the angle of the recognition picture, the reference of the context effect was examined. The results showed: (1) Memory performance of visual form of object was more accurate when the test object alternatives were displayed within the original scene context than they were displayed in isolation. (2)Memory performance was more accurate when the objects displayed in the nature scenes than they displayed in the objects arrays. (3)Memory performance was more accurate for the recently fixated objects than the condition of 1,2,4,7 intervening objects, but the performance was not significant between the different intervening pictures. (4) Memory performance was more accurate when the test alternatives were displayed within the scene at the same position originally occupied by the target than they were displayed at a different position. (5) For natural scenes, the memory performance was more accurate when the objects displayed in the original scene context and the large scale context than they displayed in isolation. (6)For natural scenes, the position specificity was exited for the large scale context effect, but not for the local object context effect. (7) The context effect and position specificity was reference to the relative location of scenes, but not to the absolute physical location.
引文
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2. Albright T D, Stoner G R. Contextual influences on visual processing. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 2002, 25: 339～379
3. Antes J R. The time course of picture viewing. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1974, 103: 62～70
4. Bar M. Visual objects in context. Neuroscience, 2004, 5: 617～629
5. Becker M W, Pashler H. Volatile visual representations: Failing to detect changes in recently processed information. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2002, 9: 744～750
6. Bergboer N, Postma E, Herik J D. Accuracy versus speed in context-based object detection. Elsevier, 2007, 28: 686～694
7. Biederman I, Mezzanotte R J, Rabinowitz J C. Scene perception: detecting and judging objects undergoing relational violations. Cognitive Psychology, 1982, 14: 143～177
8. Boyce S J, Pollatsek A. Identification of objects in scenes: the role of scene background in object naming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1992, 18: 531～543
9. Boyce S J, Pollatsek A, Rayner K. Effect of background information on object identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1989, 15: 556～566
10. Brockmole J R, Castelhano M S, Henderson J M. Contextual cueing in naturalistic scenes: global and local contexts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2006, 32: 699～706
11. Brockmole J R, Henderson J M. Prioritization of new objects in real-world scenes: evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2005, 31: 857～868
12. Brockmole J R, Henderson J M. Object appearance, disappearance, and attention prioritization in real-world scenes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2005, 12: 1061～1067
13. Carlson-Radvansky L A. Memory for relational information across eye movements. Perception & Psychophysics, 1999, 61: 919～934
14. Castelhano M S, Henderson J M. Initial scene representations facilitate eye movement guidance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2007, 33: 753～763
15. Chamizo J M G, Guilló A F, López J A. Image labeling in real conditions. Kybernetes, 2006, 34: 1587～1597
16. Chun M M. Contextual cueing of visual attention. Trends in Cognitive Science, 2000, 4: 170～178
17. Chun M M, Jiang Y H. Contextual cueing: implicit learning and memory of visual context guides spatial attention. Cognitive Psychology, 1998, 36: 28～71
18. Currie C, McConkie G, Carlson-Radvansky L A, et al. The role of the saccade target object in the perception of a visually stable world. Perception & Psychophysics, 2000, 62: 673～683
19. Davenport J L. Consistency effects between objects in scenes. Memory & Cognition, 2007, 35: 393～401
20. Davenport J L, Potter M C. Scene consistency in objects and background perception. Psychology Science, 2004, 15: 559～564
21. De Graef P, Christiaens D, d'Ydewalle G. Perceptual effect of scene context on object identification. Psychology Review, 1990, 52: 317～329
22. Di Lollo V. Temporal integration in visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Gerneral, 1980, 109: 75～97
23. Diwadkar V A, McNamara T P. Transsaccadic memory and integration during real-world object perception. Psychological Science, 1997, 8: 51～55
24. Donnely N, Davidoff J. The mental representations of faces and house: issues concerning parts and wholes. Visual Cognition, 1999, 6: 319～343
25. Easton R D, Sholl M J. Object-array structure, frames of reference, and retrieval of spatial knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1995, 21: 483～500
26. Epstein R, Kanwisher N. A cortical representation of the local visual environment. Nature, 1998, 392: 598～601
27. Friedman A. Framing pictures: the role of knowledge in automatized encoding and memory for gist. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1979, 108: 316～335
28. Gordon R D. Attentional allocation during the perception of scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2004, 30: 760～777
29. Grier J B. Nonparametric indexes for sensitivity and bias: computing formulas. Psychological Bulletin, 1971, 75: 424～429
30. Hassabis D, Maguire. Deconstructing episodic memory with construction. Trends in Cognitive Science, 2007, 11: 299～307
31. Hayhoe M M. Vision using routines: A functional account of vision. Visual Cognition, 2000, 7: 43～64
32. Henderson J M, Antes M D. Effects of object-file review and type priming on visual identification within and across eye fixations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1994, 20: 826～839
33. Henderson J M, Hollingworth A. High-level scene perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 1999, 50: 243～271
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