塔木察格盆地下白垩统岩性岩相研究
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摘要
本文通过38口井的岩心描述和薄片分析确定了塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷下白垩统的铜钵庙组-大磨拐河组的岩石类型主要有沉积岩、火山碎屑沉积岩、沉积火山碎屑岩、火山碎屑岩和火山熔岩这五大类。在此基础上,辅助粒度分析进行单井相分析,划分了38口井的岩心沉积相,并对沉积相在平面上的展布特征进行了分析。研究区内目的层位共发育冲积扇、扇三角洲、三角洲和湖泊沉积,且研究区内火山碎屑与陆源碎屑的混积现象严重,火山岩以微相的形式存在于沉积相带之中。最后,对研究区内层位的油气显示进行了统计,得知最有利的储集相带是扇三角洲,次为三角洲、冲积扇,而在这些相带中,最有利的沉积微相砂体是:扇三角洲前缘的河口坝、水下河道、远砂坝和席状砂砂体;三角洲前缘的河口坝砂体;冲积扇的扇中-扇尾的辫状河道和泥石流砂体。
South Tamtsag depression is the biggest oil and gas depression in the Tamtsag basin, which has a potential of exploration and development on oil and gas. At the present time, the exploration of south Tamtsag depression is goning on, with 534 exploring wells, 184 oil wells and 8 gas wells in the industrial vaulues. However, the lithology of this region is very complex. This has made the logging interpretation and the reconstruction of sedimentary environments difficult and uncertain, affecting the following exploration. So it is necessary to made exactly the lithology identification and do systemic sedimentary research, to provide advantageous exploration belts and targets.
1. MethoLogy of the Research
Based on the description of well cores, the identification of the thin section and the grain size analysis, we congnised the lithologies of the research area and analyzed sedimentary facies in the wells, while the description of sedimentary features and facies types had been done with the precision to microfacies. Further, with the analysis of the map of sand rate isoline, the preponderant facies was defined to realize the plane distribution feature of sedimentary facies and to analyze the features of sedimentary facies and the directions of provenances.
On the above researches and the related data, some analysis of reservoir rocks were given through doing some statistics on the oil and gas shows in the studied wells, to find out the relation between oil and gas shows and sedimentary facies, especially microfacies for the prediction of advantageous reservoir sands.
2.Research on Types of Rock
The lithology in south Tamtsag depression of Tamtsag Basin is a set of rocks between volcanic lava and normal sedimentary clastic rock, mainly of volcanic lava, pyroclastic rock, sedimentary pyroclastic rock, pyroclastic sedimentary rock, normal sedimentary rock. In the lithology related with volcanic action, abundance of pyroclastic sedimentary occupies the absolute superiority: about 73.24%. The second is pyroclastic rock (19.61%); sedimentary pyroclastic rock occupies 6.84%. Volcanic lava occupies 0.34%, which is the minimum.
3.Particularity in The Growth of Sedimentary Facies and The Types of Sedimentary Facies, Sequence
The research area in that time was located in a part of volcanism– deposition region and deposition region. There are those seriously mixed of volcanic clasts and normal terrigenous clasts. Volcanic rock exists in forms of sedimentary microfacies in normal sedimentary backgrounds.
The particularity of pyroclastics mainly displays in: braided channel of alluvial fan formed by pyroclastic flow, volcanic clast delta in shore-shallow lake.
There are four types of sedimentary facies in the target layers: alluvial fan facies, fan delta facies, delta facies, lacustrine facies. Shallow lake subfacies and deep lake subfacies are developed in lacustrine facies. Sometimes in these two subfacies turbidity current and subaqueous fan can develope.
Influenced by volcanic activities, lithology sequence composed of conglomerate - pyroclastic rocks/sandstone - mudstone (possibly exist pyroclastic rocks) - sandstone (possibly exist conglomerate), displayed in cycles.
4.The Plane Distribution of Sedimentary Facies
The provenance of south Tamtsag depression prograded to the center of lake from south-west, north and north-east during the formation of Tongbomiao, and alluvial fan, fan delta-delta and shallow lake developed.With the tectonic movement, the faulted basin started to subsidence in period of Tongbomiao.
The sedimentary facies belts in Nantun formation distributed in north-east, forming alluvial fan, fan delta, shallow lake and deep lake. The shallow lake was main part, which had the provenance from north-west and north-east. During that period, denudation reduced and settling velocity became faster, entering to the middle of faulted period.. In Damoguaihe formation, delta, shallow lake and deep lake sediments developed in the basin The provenance came from north-northeast. The basin developed to subsidence period, ending the faulted period.
5. Distribution of Advantageous Reservoir Rocks
The statistical result shows that, the oil and gas in the research area concentrates much on the fan-delta and delta firstly, on the alluvial fan secondly, and on lacustrine sediments lastly. The advantageous reservoir rocks are normal sedimentary rock, sedimentary pyroclastic rock, pyroclastic rock and pyroclastic sedimentary rock in sequence. The most advantageous sedimentary microfacies are distributary mouth bar and subaqueous of delta front, distributary mouth bar and subaqueous of fan-delta front, pyroclastic flow and mudflow of alluvial fan.
South Tamtsag depression is the biggest oil and gas depression in the Tamtsag basin, which has a potential of exploration and development on oil and gas. At the present time, the exploration of south Tamtsag depression is goning on, with 534 exploring wells, 184 oil wells and 8 gas wells in the industrial vaulues. However, the lithology of this region is very complex. This has made the logging interpretation and the reconstruction of sedimentary environments difficult and uncertain, affecting the following exploration. So it is necessary to made exactly the lithology identification and do systemic sedimentary research, to provide advantageous exploration belts and targets.
1. MethoLogy of the Research
Based on the description of well cores, the identification of the thin section and the grain size analysis, we congnised the lithologies of the research area and analyzed sedimentary facies in the wells, while the description of sedimentary features and facies types had been done with the precision to microfacies. Further, with the analysis of the map of sand rate isoline, the preponderant facies was defined to realize the plane distribution feature of sedimentary facies and to analyze the features of sedimentary facies and the directions of provenances.
On the above researches and the related data, some analysis of reservoir rocks were given through doing some statistics on the oil and gas shows in the studied wells, to find out the relation between oil and gas shows and sedimentary facies, especially microfacies for the prediction of advantageous reservoir sands.
2.Research on Types of Rock
The lithology in south Tamtsag depression of Tamtsag Basin is a set of rocks between volcanic lava and normal sedimentary clastic rock, mainly of volcanic lava, pyroclastic rock, sedimentary pyroclastic rock, pyroclastic sedimentary rock, normal sedimentary rock. In the lithology related with volcanic action, abundance of pyroclastic sedimentary occupies the absolute superiority: about 73.24%. The second is pyroclastic rock (19.61%); sedimentary pyroclastic rock occupies 6.84%. Volcanic lava occupies 0.34%, which is the minimum.
3.Particularity in The Growth of Sedimentary Facies and The Types of Sedimentary Facies, Sequence
The research area in that time was located in a part of volcanism– deposition region and deposition region. There are those seriously mixed of volcanic clasts and normal terrigenous clasts. Volcanic rock exists in forms of sedimentary microfacies in normal sedimentary backgrounds.
The particularity of pyroclastics mainly displays in: braided channel of alluvial fan formed by pyroclastic flow, volcanic clast delta in shore-shallow lake.
There are four types of sedimentary facies in the target layers: alluvial fan facies, fan delta facies, delta facies, lacustrine facies. Shallow lake subfacies and deep lake subfacies are developed in lacustrine facies. Sometimes in these two subfacies turbidity current and subaqueous fan can develope.
Influenced by volcanic activities, lithology sequence composed of conglomerate - pyroclastic rocks/sandstone - mudstone (possibly exist pyroclastic rocks) - sandstone (possibly exist conglomerate), displayed in cycles.
4.The Plane Distribution of Sedimentary Facies
The provenance of south Tamtsag depression prograded to the center of lake from south-west, north and north-east during the formation of Tongbomiao, and alluvial fan, fan delta-delta and shallow lake developed.With the tectonic movement, the faulted basin started to subsidence in period of Tongbomiao.
The sedimentary facies belts in Nantun formation distributed in north-east, forming alluvial fan, fan delta, shallow lake and deep lake. The shallow lake was main part, which had the provenance from north-west and north-east. During that period, denudation reduced and settling velocity became faster, entering to the middle of faulted period.. In Damoguaihe formation, delta, shallow lake and deep lake sediments developed in the basin The provenance came from north-northeast. The basin developed to subsidence period, ending the faulted period.
5. Distribution of Advantageous Reservoir Rocks
The statistical result shows that, the oil and gas in the research area concentrates much on the fan-delta and delta firstly, on the alluvial fan secondly, and on lacustrine sediments lastly. The advantageous reservoir rocks are normal sedimentary rock, sedimentary pyroclastic rock, pyroclastic rock and pyroclastic sedimentary rock in sequence. The most advantageous sedimentary microfacies are distributary mouth bar and subaqueous of delta front, distributary mouth bar and subaqueous of fan-delta front, pyroclastic flow and mudflow of alluvial fan.
引文
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[2]程日辉,王璞珺,刘万洙等.徐家围子断阶带对火山岩体和沉积相带的控制[J].石油天然气地质,2003,24(2):126-129.
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[4]陈建强,周洪瑞.沉积学及古地理学教程[M].北京:地质出版社,2004.12
[5]F.K.诺斯.石油地质学[M].石油工业出版社,1984.
[6]顾家裕.沉积相与油气.北京:石油工业出版社,1994:51-58.
[7]郭振华,王璞珺,印长海等.松辽盆地北部火山岩岩相与测井相关系研究[J].吉林大学学报,2006,36(2):207-214.
[8]韩松,谢朝阳,张浩等.凝灰岩储层压裂液体系的研究与应用[J].
[9]何镜宇,孟祥化.沉积岩和沉积相模式及建造.北京:地质出版社,1987:293-323.
[10]姜在兴.沉积学.北京:石油工业出版社,2003:257-319.
[11]姜在兴.沉积学[M].石油工业出版社,2003.
[12]姜在兴等著. 2003.沉积学[M] .北京:石油工业出版社.
[13]久野久.火山及火山岩[M].地质出版社,1978.
[14]李石,王彤.火山岩[M].地质出版社,1981:95-178..
[15]刘宝珺,曾允孚.岩相古地理基础和工作方法.北京:地质出报社,1985:186-196.
[16]刘宝珺,张锦泉等著.沉积成岩作用[M] .北京:科学出版社. 1992.
[17]刘宝珺.沉积岩石学[M].地质出版社,1980:281-344..
[18]刘立,胡春燕.砂岩中主要碎屑成分的物源区意义[J].岩相古地理,1991,6:48-53.
[19]路凤香,桑隆康.岩石学[M].地质出版社,2001.
[20]邱家骧.岩浆岩石学[M]北京:地质出版社,1990.
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[22]孙善平,刘永顺,钟蓉,白志达,李家振,魏海泉,朱勤文.火山碎屑岩分类评述及火山沉积学研究展望[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2001, 20(3):313- 318.
[23]王德滋,周新民.火山岩岩石学[M].科学出版社,1982:47-119.
[24]王璞珺,迟元林,刘万洙等.松辽盆地火山岩相:类型、特征和储层意义.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2003,33(4):449-455.
[25]W.G.厄恩斯特.岩石学相平衡[M].科学出版社,1985.
[26]西南石油学院学报,1994,16(3):22-27.
[27]肖晨曦,李志忠.粒度分析及其在沉积学中应用研究.新疆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,25(3):118-123.
[28]谢家莹,陶奎元.中国东南大陆中生代火山地质及火山-侵入岩.北京:地质出版社,1996:40-71.
[29]谢家莹.凝灰熔岩—碎斑熔岩—熔结凝灰岩的对比鉴别[J].火山地质与矿产,1995,16(4):93- 94
[30]谢家莹.熔结火山碎屑岩熔结程度的鉴别[J].火山地质与矿产,1995, 16(1):51-52.
[31]谢家莹.熔结凝灰岩碎屑组分中德浆屑与浮岩屑鉴别[J].火山地质与矿产,1994,15(4):62-63.
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[34]徐强,姜烨,董伟良等.中国层序地层研究现状和发展方向.沉积学报,2003,21(1):155- 167.
[35]曾允孚,覃建雄.沉积学发展现状与前瞻.成都理工学院学报,1999,26(1):1-7.
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