基于GIS技术暨泥沙水下休止角的水库淤积量测算方法研究
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摘要
我国江河大多泥沙量大,所建水库淤积严重,由此带来了一系列问题：库容损失影响水库效益的发挥；淤积上延影响上游地区的生态环境；水库变动回水区的冲淤对航运带来不利影响；坝前泥沙淤积影响枢纽的安全运行。因此,及时而准确地确定淤积量及淤积位置对工程措施的实施非常重要。
本文首先对水库淤积量测量进行了细致的评述,包括经纬仪测记法、SAR法等;然后,对淤积量的计算方法进行了详细的评述,如：基于等深线的计算方法、规则网格镶嵌法、断面法或地形法、基于泰森多边形的计算方法、基于库容曲线的泥沙淤积量计算方法、输沙量平衡法和水力模型法；针对传统库区容量和淤积量测量及计算方法的缺陷,依靠现代高精度的GPS定位技术,提出了GPS-RTK+测深仪法进行水库泥沙淤积量测量,并针对测深时产生的误差设计了初始测深数据预处理系统。随后利用GIS技术中数字高程模型的不规则三角网(TIN)法设计了水库库容和泥沙淤积量计算系统,计算每个三角柱的水柱体积和淤积体积,并对所有三角柱的水柱体积和淤积体积进行叠加,获得库区库容和淤积量的精密计算结果。最后,考虑到生成三角柱时,由于换能器的不水平或者水中悬浮物的影响,观测的水深值失真,在设计系统中,加入泥沙水下休止角的限制条件,达到准确测算淤积量的目的。
文中不仅考虑了水库淤积测量时的种种误差,设计了对原始测深数据模拟修正的子系统,而且考虑了建立水下数字高程模型三角网时,两点连线坡度不能超过泥沙的水下休止角,设计了泥沙淤积量计算时粗差数据的剔除系统。与传统软件相比,该系统能快速而准确的计算库区库容和淤积量。利用此系统对灞河C1#号库区及青岛某水库的已知数据进行计算,与已知结果相吻合,证明本系统可以满足实际应用要求。
Reservoir sedimentation is very serious in China and it would induce a number of problems. Reduction of reservoir storage capacity due to sediment deposition would diminish the benefits of reservoirs. Siltation progressing to areas upstream reservoir would affect ecological environment. Scour and deposit in changeable back water zone would worsen navigation conditions. Sedimentation in front of dams may cause safety problems to reservoir operation. Clear water released from reservoirs would scour down stream channels. Therefore, it is important and necessary for the project of discharging the sediment from the reservoir to determine the amount of sedimentation exactly and timely.
In this paper, firstly, the methods for surveying under water topography, including the method by a theodolite, SAR method and so on, were reviewed exhaustively. Then several methods to calculate the amount of sedimentation in a reservoir, such as the method from isobaths, regular grid, topography of transversal section, DTM based on GIS, Thiessen polygon, elevation capacity curve, sediment balance equation and hydraulic model were evaluated. The traditional method of surveying and calculation of reservoir storage and sedimentation amount can't meet the acquirement of reservoir governor. In order to improve the calculating accuracy, the mount of reservoir storage and sedimentation is measured by GPS-RTK+Echo Sounder, and a preprocessing system for initial bathymetric surveying data is designed to eliminate errors. Furthermore, the system of reservoir storage and sedimentation is designed by TIN in DEM. Computing each of volume of triangular prism above the surface of alluvium and terrene, the sum of each of volume above the surface of alluvium is named water volume. The difference between the sum of each of volume above the surface of terrene and water volume is named sedimentation amount. Finally, having considered when generate the triangular prism, owing to transducer's out-of-level or suspended substance's impact in water, the depth of water is distort,so in designed system, the angle of repose is joined to attain measursing and calculating the sedimentation amount.
A variety of errors on measuring of reservoir sedimentation are considered and the simulation rectification subsystem of original bathymetric data is designed. In establishing underwater DEM triangulation, the gradient of two-spot connection is not allowed to exceed angle of repose of deposit. So system about gross error elimination is designed in the paper. Comparing with the tradition software, the reservoir storage and deposition amount are calculated quickly and accurately by the system. The system is calculated with C1# rubber dam of reservoir in Ba reviver and the reservoir in Qingdao. The computation is accord with the actual surveying. And can meet the actual requirements.
本文首先对水库淤积量测量进行了细致的评述,包括经纬仪测记法、SAR法等;然后,对淤积量的计算方法进行了详细的评述,如：基于等深线的计算方法、规则网格镶嵌法、断面法或地形法、基于泰森多边形的计算方法、基于库容曲线的泥沙淤积量计算方法、输沙量平衡法和水力模型法；针对传统库区容量和淤积量测量及计算方法的缺陷,依靠现代高精度的GPS定位技术,提出了GPS-RTK+测深仪法进行水库泥沙淤积量测量,并针对测深时产生的误差设计了初始测深数据预处理系统。随后利用GIS技术中数字高程模型的不规则三角网(TIN)法设计了水库库容和泥沙淤积量计算系统,计算每个三角柱的水柱体积和淤积体积,并对所有三角柱的水柱体积和淤积体积进行叠加,获得库区库容和淤积量的精密计算结果。最后,考虑到生成三角柱时,由于换能器的不水平或者水中悬浮物的影响,观测的水深值失真,在设计系统中,加入泥沙水下休止角的限制条件,达到准确测算淤积量的目的。
文中不仅考虑了水库淤积测量时的种种误差,设计了对原始测深数据模拟修正的子系统,而且考虑了建立水下数字高程模型三角网时,两点连线坡度不能超过泥沙的水下休止角,设计了泥沙淤积量计算时粗差数据的剔除系统。与传统软件相比,该系统能快速而准确的计算库区库容和淤积量。利用此系统对灞河C1#号库区及青岛某水库的已知数据进行计算,与已知结果相吻合,证明本系统可以满足实际应用要求。
Reservoir sedimentation is very serious in China and it would induce a number of problems. Reduction of reservoir storage capacity due to sediment deposition would diminish the benefits of reservoirs. Siltation progressing to areas upstream reservoir would affect ecological environment. Scour and deposit in changeable back water zone would worsen navigation conditions. Sedimentation in front of dams may cause safety problems to reservoir operation. Clear water released from reservoirs would scour down stream channels. Therefore, it is important and necessary for the project of discharging the sediment from the reservoir to determine the amount of sedimentation exactly and timely.
In this paper, firstly, the methods for surveying under water topography, including the method by a theodolite, SAR method and so on, were reviewed exhaustively. Then several methods to calculate the amount of sedimentation in a reservoir, such as the method from isobaths, regular grid, topography of transversal section, DTM based on GIS, Thiessen polygon, elevation capacity curve, sediment balance equation and hydraulic model were evaluated. The traditional method of surveying and calculation of reservoir storage and sedimentation amount can't meet the acquirement of reservoir governor. In order to improve the calculating accuracy, the mount of reservoir storage and sedimentation is measured by GPS-RTK+Echo Sounder, and a preprocessing system for initial bathymetric surveying data is designed to eliminate errors. Furthermore, the system of reservoir storage and sedimentation is designed by TIN in DEM. Computing each of volume of triangular prism above the surface of alluvium and terrene, the sum of each of volume above the surface of alluvium is named water volume. The difference between the sum of each of volume above the surface of terrene and water volume is named sedimentation amount. Finally, having considered when generate the triangular prism, owing to transducer's out-of-level or suspended substance's impact in water, the depth of water is distort,so in designed system, the angle of repose is joined to attain measursing and calculating the sedimentation amount.
A variety of errors on measuring of reservoir sedimentation are considered and the simulation rectification subsystem of original bathymetric data is designed. In establishing underwater DEM triangulation, the gradient of two-spot connection is not allowed to exceed angle of repose of deposit. So system about gross error elimination is designed in the paper. Comparing with the tradition software, the reservoir storage and deposition amount are calculated quickly and accurately by the system. The system is calculated with C1# rubber dam of reservoir in Ba reviver and the reservoir in Qingdao. The computation is accord with the actual surveying. And can meet the actual requirements.
引文
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[21]于岱峰,李良良等.新旧水下地形测量方法浅析[J].山东建材.2008(2)
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