LTE物理动态传输切换模式对MIMO散射信道性能评估关键技术研究
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摘要
标准化的LTE技术满足了持续增长的高速数据速率需求并能提供高可靠的传输。其应用前景关键在于下行传输采用正交频分复用接入(OFDMA)技术,上行传输采用单载波频域复用接入(SC-FDMA)技术,并结合多输入多输出(MIMO)天线系统、正交空时块码(OSTBC)、空间复用和波束赋形技术。LTE技术与之前的GSM和3G技术一样,是一种基于空口MIMO天线系统的电波传输技术。根据性能估计的需要,信道建模在其系统分析中起着关键作用。因此无线MIMO信道的建模必须能够精确模拟真实世界状态。此外,MIMO信道一般被认为是空域、时域、频域相关的信道,其信道模型应当能够描述这三重属性。
然而,准确建立MIMO信道模型仍然存在挑战,一般基于空时频选择性几何信道建模,通常存在不完备、不可操作及高复杂度等缺点。此外,实际通信环境下,小天线间距及散射环境产生MIMO信道的空间相关性,降低了信道的自由度和分集特性,进而影响LTE通信链路的可靠性。为了增加信道的非相关性,一般传统的方法是增加天线间距,但受制于有限空间平台(如基站和移动台)的大小。其他途径可以采取预编码系统的方法,这类方案却不能提供与非相关信道类似的性能,反而增加了系统复杂度。
LTE系统的另一个挑战是MIMO信道质量估计,如信道质量指示、等级指示(RI)及从移动终端到eNodeB (enhanced Node B)的相位矩阵指示(PMI)所反馈的品质因数。在时域快速变化的MIMO信道中,准确反馈动态瞬时信道状态信息(CSI)几乎不可实现。但一般平均信道估计或局部时空相关的信道站具有确定性,能够在eNodeB一侧得到吞吐量传输的优化。在LTE/LTE-A的R9中,物理层被映射成多路传输模式(TM1, TM2…TM8)。根据于空时相关性的级别,基站一侧能够即时选择相应传输模式用来传输数据。因此,通过允许在最优的传输模式间切换以匹配MIMO信道的变化,使LTE网络达到既定传输目标。然而,3GPP对这种自适应的MIMO模式切换并没有做出规定,相应的复杂度也有所增加,除了信噪比(SNR)的计算,还需要对移动用户速度及信道间相关性的计算。针对上述信道建模的缺点和挑战,论文完成的主要工作和创新成果如下：
1.在单环散射环境下,论文假设从传输端到接收端多次反射,提出了一种宽带时域色散信道模型。传统基于指数衰减的频域选择性信道模型在散射域难以实现,而该模型则展现了良好的物理可实现性、灵活性。
2.通过分析空间相关系数之间的交互影响,论文提出在散射环境参数和天线参数间智能折中的策略以降低信道相关性,不使用任何预编码系统,避免了额外复杂度。
3.论文扩展了所提出的频率选择性信道模型,考虑用户移动(时域)和环境(散射或者空域)影响并公式推导了全空时频域的信道建模方法,称为多环散射信道建模(MRSC)。该建模严格考虑了不同大小多散射环的用户运动。论文还推导了两种假设不同概率分布函数散射环的MRSC模型。一种均匀分布概率密度函数模型称为簇模型。在蜂窝环境中,一般假设无限数量的散射环,高斯分布较适合来描述此类参数模型,由此提出了一种基于高斯概率密度函数的信道建模方法,这两种信道建模法均用于LTE系统性能分析。
4.通过研究多样性复用与空间相关性之间的交互影响,论文利用高斯概率密度函数的MRSC信道模型,提出了一种考虑了空时相关性变化的MIMO模式自适应切换方案,以选择LTE最优传输模式。上述工作均被仿真结果所验证。
5.论文研究了关于千兆无线通信系统的毫米波技术问题,提出了MIMO小天线的概念,研究结果表明相比现有微波通信系统,设计多元素小天线系统能够提供更高的空间分集特性,并且适合于小平台空间的要求。
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is standardized particularly to satisfy the growing demand on high data rate while providing also a high reliability in transmission. The main keys of this promising technology are particularly OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access) in the downlink transmission and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiplexing Access) for uplink transmission, combined with MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna systems associated with space-time codes as Orthogonal Space-Time Blocks Code (OSTBC), Spatial Multiplexing and Beamforming techniques. LTE network as well as previous wireless communications GSM and further3G technologies, is an air interface-based propagation of waves transmitted from MIMO antenna systems. Since it is often required for performances estimation, channel modeling plays a vital role in wireless systems analysis. Therefore, wireless MIMO channel must be carefully investigated and modeled accurately as real world dictates. MIMO channels are known to be spatially, temporal and frequency correlated channel and then should be designed to translate those triple characteristics.
However, challenges remain in modeling accurately MIMO channels and existent space-time and frequency selective geometrical-based channel models in the literature are usually pointed for their lacks, impracticability and complexities. Moreover, MIMO channel spatial correlations ('relation with') known to be generated from small antenna spacing and scattering environments, decrease the degree of freedom and diversity. This 'relation with' may affect the reliability of the link of communication for LTE deployment. In order to approach the uncorrelated channel case, a conventional and known alternative is to increase the antenna spacing, but this cannot be done easily for limited space platforms such as the base station as well as the mobile station. Others methods commonly known as precoding system can be used; however such alternatives cannot improve the performance of space-time codes up to that over uncorrelated channel and increase often complexities in implementation.
Another challenge in LTE systems, is the estimation of its MIMO channel required for the functionality of quality factors such as channel quality indicator (CQI), rank indicator (RI) and phase matrix indicator (PMI) feedback from the mobile to the eNodeB (enhanced Node B).For a MIMO rapidly time-varying channels, it is practically impossible for a dynamic instantaneous feedback of channel state information (CSI) to work accurately. At least, a deterministic averaged channel estimation or partial channel station in terms of spatial-temporal correlations should be available at the eNodeB for throughput transmission optimization.
In LTE/LTE-Advanced, the physical layer in Release9is mapped into multiple transmission modes(TM) TM1, TM2... TM8. Depending on the spatial-temporal correlations level, each TM can be selected instantaneously at the base station for data transmission. Therefore, LTE network can be performing and reaches its targets if only a mechanism with respect to the variation of MIMO channel, allows an optimal switching between TM. However the3GPP is silent about the implementing of an adaptive MIMO switching between those TM and complexities increase since, besides the usual computation of the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), the computation of the velocity of the mobile and the channel correlations are required. In this work, I propose practical methods and alternatives to overcome all the above mentioned impairments and challenges:
1. On the basis of the well-known single bounce one-ring scattering environment, I propose a wideband or time dispersive channel model by assuming multiple bounces of waves.The proposed MIMO wideband channel is shown realistic, physically satisfactory and more flexible compared with the well-known exponent decay ing-based frequency selective channel assumption that I show physically unrealistic in scattering domain if a suitable Probability Density Function (PDF) of multi path delays, is not investigated.
2. By analyzing the interaction which exists between spatial correlation factors, I have proposed a strategy, a wise trade-off between scattering environments parameters and antenna spacing for minimizing correlation without any need of precoding systems, avoiding then complexities.
3. I extend the proposed frequency selective (wideband) channel by formulating a full space-time and frequency channel model taking into account the impact of the mobile motion (time domain) on multiple scattering rings within the cell.The model termed as Multi Ring Scattering Channel (MRSC) is strictly elaborated by considering the motion of the user (mobile station) through multiple scattering ring with different size of beamwidth seen at the base station. Especially, I formulate two models of MRSC by assuming different probability distribution function (PDF) of scattering rings. A uniform probability density function has been considered to formulate what I call as a Cluster model. However, in the cell environment, an infinite number of scattering rings can be assumed; in this case, a Gaussian distribution is suitable to describe the statistic characteristic of parameters. Hence, another model is elaborated by applying a Gaussian PDF. Both MRSC channel models can be used for LTE system performances analysis.
4. By studying the interaction between the diversity-multiplexing and spatial correlations in MIMO systems, I further adopt the proposed MRSC channel with Gaussian PDF to propose an implementation of an adaptive MIMO switching for LTE optimal transmission selection in regard with the variation of the spatial-temporal correlations. All proposals have been shown improving by simulation results corroborating my studies.
5. A special topic on millimeter wave technologies is also foreseen for future gigabit LTE wireless communications systems in this work. I propose the concept of MIMO small antenna demonstrating the possibility of designing multi element small antenna systems extremely exhibiting a high spatial diversity compared to actual microwave communication systems. The proposed MIMO small antenna is also shown to very suitable for required small place platforms.
然而,准确建立MIMO信道模型仍然存在挑战,一般基于空时频选择性几何信道建模,通常存在不完备、不可操作及高复杂度等缺点。此外,实际通信环境下,小天线间距及散射环境产生MIMO信道的空间相关性,降低了信道的自由度和分集特性,进而影响LTE通信链路的可靠性。为了增加信道的非相关性,一般传统的方法是增加天线间距,但受制于有限空间平台(如基站和移动台)的大小。其他途径可以采取预编码系统的方法,这类方案却不能提供与非相关信道类似的性能,反而增加了系统复杂度。
LTE系统的另一个挑战是MIMO信道质量估计,如信道质量指示、等级指示(RI)及从移动终端到eNodeB (enhanced Node B)的相位矩阵指示(PMI)所反馈的品质因数。在时域快速变化的MIMO信道中,准确反馈动态瞬时信道状态信息(CSI)几乎不可实现。但一般平均信道估计或局部时空相关的信道站具有确定性,能够在eNodeB一侧得到吞吐量传输的优化。在LTE/LTE-A的R9中,物理层被映射成多路传输模式(TM1, TM2…TM8)。根据于空时相关性的级别,基站一侧能够即时选择相应传输模式用来传输数据。因此,通过允许在最优的传输模式间切换以匹配MIMO信道的变化,使LTE网络达到既定传输目标。然而,3GPP对这种自适应的MIMO模式切换并没有做出规定,相应的复杂度也有所增加,除了信噪比(SNR)的计算,还需要对移动用户速度及信道间相关性的计算。针对上述信道建模的缺点和挑战,论文完成的主要工作和创新成果如下：
1.在单环散射环境下,论文假设从传输端到接收端多次反射,提出了一种宽带时域色散信道模型。传统基于指数衰减的频域选择性信道模型在散射域难以实现,而该模型则展现了良好的物理可实现性、灵活性。
2.通过分析空间相关系数之间的交互影响,论文提出在散射环境参数和天线参数间智能折中的策略以降低信道相关性,不使用任何预编码系统,避免了额外复杂度。
3.论文扩展了所提出的频率选择性信道模型,考虑用户移动(时域)和环境(散射或者空域)影响并公式推导了全空时频域的信道建模方法,称为多环散射信道建模(MRSC)。该建模严格考虑了不同大小多散射环的用户运动。论文还推导了两种假设不同概率分布函数散射环的MRSC模型。一种均匀分布概率密度函数模型称为簇模型。在蜂窝环境中,一般假设无限数量的散射环,高斯分布较适合来描述此类参数模型,由此提出了一种基于高斯概率密度函数的信道建模方法,这两种信道建模法均用于LTE系统性能分析。
4.通过研究多样性复用与空间相关性之间的交互影响,论文利用高斯概率密度函数的MRSC信道模型,提出了一种考虑了空时相关性变化的MIMO模式自适应切换方案,以选择LTE最优传输模式。上述工作均被仿真结果所验证。
5.论文研究了关于千兆无线通信系统的毫米波技术问题,提出了MIMO小天线的概念,研究结果表明相比现有微波通信系统,设计多元素小天线系统能够提供更高的空间分集特性,并且适合于小平台空间的要求。
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is standardized particularly to satisfy the growing demand on high data rate while providing also a high reliability in transmission. The main keys of this promising technology are particularly OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access) in the downlink transmission and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiplexing Access) for uplink transmission, combined with MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna systems associated with space-time codes as Orthogonal Space-Time Blocks Code (OSTBC), Spatial Multiplexing and Beamforming techniques. LTE network as well as previous wireless communications GSM and further3G technologies, is an air interface-based propagation of waves transmitted from MIMO antenna systems. Since it is often required for performances estimation, channel modeling plays a vital role in wireless systems analysis. Therefore, wireless MIMO channel must be carefully investigated and modeled accurately as real world dictates. MIMO channels are known to be spatially, temporal and frequency correlated channel and then should be designed to translate those triple characteristics.
However, challenges remain in modeling accurately MIMO channels and existent space-time and frequency selective geometrical-based channel models in the literature are usually pointed for their lacks, impracticability and complexities. Moreover, MIMO channel spatial correlations ('relation with') known to be generated from small antenna spacing and scattering environments, decrease the degree of freedom and diversity. This 'relation with' may affect the reliability of the link of communication for LTE deployment. In order to approach the uncorrelated channel case, a conventional and known alternative is to increase the antenna spacing, but this cannot be done easily for limited space platforms such as the base station as well as the mobile station. Others methods commonly known as precoding system can be used; however such alternatives cannot improve the performance of space-time codes up to that over uncorrelated channel and increase often complexities in implementation.
Another challenge in LTE systems, is the estimation of its MIMO channel required for the functionality of quality factors such as channel quality indicator (CQI), rank indicator (RI) and phase matrix indicator (PMI) feedback from the mobile to the eNodeB (enhanced Node B).For a MIMO rapidly time-varying channels, it is practically impossible for a dynamic instantaneous feedback of channel state information (CSI) to work accurately. At least, a deterministic averaged channel estimation or partial channel station in terms of spatial-temporal correlations should be available at the eNodeB for throughput transmission optimization.
In LTE/LTE-Advanced, the physical layer in Release9is mapped into multiple transmission modes(TM) TM1, TM2... TM8. Depending on the spatial-temporal correlations level, each TM can be selected instantaneously at the base station for data transmission. Therefore, LTE network can be performing and reaches its targets if only a mechanism with respect to the variation of MIMO channel, allows an optimal switching between TM. However the3GPP is silent about the implementing of an adaptive MIMO switching between those TM and complexities increase since, besides the usual computation of the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), the computation of the velocity of the mobile and the channel correlations are required. In this work, I propose practical methods and alternatives to overcome all the above mentioned impairments and challenges:
1. On the basis of the well-known single bounce one-ring scattering environment, I propose a wideband or time dispersive channel model by assuming multiple bounces of waves.The proposed MIMO wideband channel is shown realistic, physically satisfactory and more flexible compared with the well-known exponent decay ing-based frequency selective channel assumption that I show physically unrealistic in scattering domain if a suitable Probability Density Function (PDF) of multi path delays, is not investigated.
2. By analyzing the interaction which exists between spatial correlation factors, I have proposed a strategy, a wise trade-off between scattering environments parameters and antenna spacing for minimizing correlation without any need of precoding systems, avoiding then complexities.
3. I extend the proposed frequency selective (wideband) channel by formulating a full space-time and frequency channel model taking into account the impact of the mobile motion (time domain) on multiple scattering rings within the cell.The model termed as Multi Ring Scattering Channel (MRSC) is strictly elaborated by considering the motion of the user (mobile station) through multiple scattering ring with different size of beamwidth seen at the base station. Especially, I formulate two models of MRSC by assuming different probability distribution function (PDF) of scattering rings. A uniform probability density function has been considered to formulate what I call as a Cluster model. However, in the cell environment, an infinite number of scattering rings can be assumed; in this case, a Gaussian distribution is suitable to describe the statistic characteristic of parameters. Hence, another model is elaborated by applying a Gaussian PDF. Both MRSC channel models can be used for LTE system performances analysis.
4. By studying the interaction between the diversity-multiplexing and spatial correlations in MIMO systems, I further adopt the proposed MRSC channel with Gaussian PDF to propose an implementation of an adaptive MIMO switching for LTE optimal transmission selection in regard with the variation of the spatial-temporal correlations. All proposals have been shown improving by simulation results corroborating my studies.
5. A special topic on millimeter wave technologies is also foreseen for future gigabit LTE wireless communications systems in this work. I propose the concept of MIMO small antenna demonstrating the possibility of designing multi element small antenna systems extremely exhibiting a high spatial diversity compared to actual microwave communication systems. The proposed MIMO small antenna is also shown to very suitable for required small place platforms.
引文
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