昭苏马场不同建植年限混播人工草地稳定性研究
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摘要
对严重退化天然草地翻耕,建植混播人工草地,是退化草地生态恢复的有效措施,也是实现草地高产、稳产的有利保证。本研究以昭苏马场不同建植年限混播人工草地为研究对象,该人工草地豆禾牧草比例为紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)20%,红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)30%,红三叶(Trifolium pratense)10%,鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)10%,猫尾草(Phleum pratense)15%,无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)15%,以野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对其主要植物种群分布格局、种间关系、群落特征、土壤种子库、土壤质量和草地质量进行分析,结果表明:
1、随建植年限的延长,主要植物种群红豆草,紫花苜蓿、红三叶、鸭茅、猫尾草、无芒雀麦、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、黄花苜蓿(Medicago falcat)、草原苔草(Carex liparocarpos),委陵菜(Potentilla sp.)、单果鹤虱(Lappula monocarpa)、藜(Chenopodium Alubum)的分布类型,由人工草地建植当年的聚集分布和随机分布,变为3年时的全部集群分布状态;主要种通过种内、种间作用对聚集程度进行了调整,实现了草地建植3年时种间能够共存的暂稳定状态。
2、随建植年限的延长,主要草地植物种对间由全为正联结变为3年时有负联结种对出现的状态,但种间关系整体趋于正相关。主要植物联结程度1年>3年>2年,绝大多数种间关系紧密。总体上,1和2年草地植物种间关系波动较大,3年草地趋于暂稳态。
3、随建植年限的延长,人工草地主要植物返青提前,生育天数延长。地上生物量、高度和密度动态总体呈“慢(初期)-快(中期)-慢(后期)”的S型模式。生物量、高度均逐年增加,密度为建植2年的草地最大。盖度呈“双峰型”变化模式,3年草地的最高;豆、禾草还占优势地位,年际间禾草替代豆草的速率逐渐加快;绝对生长率逐渐增大,相对生长率与其变化相反,生物量积累增多,对资源的竞争趋于平稳。地下生物量3年草地最大,地上、地下生物量积累在空间分配上趋于合理化。3年草地植物多样性最高,多样性与优势度变化呈反比,与均匀度和丰富度呈正比,丰富度对其贡献率较大。物种替代速率以较小的增幅增加,群落相似程度降低。草地群落达到了一个由生产稳定性向生态稳定性过渡的暂稳定状态。
4、随建植年限的延长,草地土壤种子库总储量逐年增加,物种组成和结构上,豆、禾草所占比例上升,物种丰富度、均匀度、多样性指数提高,生态优势度降低,3年草地变化最明显。物种替代速率以较大的增幅逐年加快,土壤植物群落由“中等相似”转化为“中等不相似”,与地上植被的关系由“极不相似”向“中等相似”转化,3年的草地土壤种子库植物与地上植被的相关性显著。以上共同说明,种子库自身稳定性逐年增强的同时,作为潜在种群,在一定程度上也维持了地上植被群落的暂时稳定状态。
5、土壤水分含量和孔隙度年际间各层呈先减后增趋势,容重变化与其相反。有机质含量逐年递减。全氮含量先减后增,全磷和全钾含量呈稳定增加趋势。速效养分不同年际间变化没有很强的规律性。土壤营养含量总体呈逐年减少趋势,土壤出现轻微贫瘠化。
6、随建植年限的延长,人工草产量逐年呈增长趋势。粗蛋白含量和1年>3年>2年,中性洗涤纤维变化相反。营养期,粗蛋白含量高于生殖期。草地建植后,粗脂肪变化较小,营养期3年草地其含量较1年和2年草地有所下降,生殖期变化刚好相反。综合营养价值呈逐年降低趋势,草地质量呈逐年增高趋势。
Severe degraded grasslands were ploughed completely to construct mix-sowed artificial grassland, which is the valid masure for ecology restoring of the degreded grassland, also the advantageous guarantee for realizing high and stable yielding. Taking mix-sowed artificial grassland, the herbage proportion of Legumionosae and Gramineae of which are Dactylis glomerata 10%, Phleum pretense 15%, Bromus inermis 15%, Medicago sativa 20%, Onobrychis viciaefolia 30%, Trifolium pretense 10%, in different consruction years as study materies, we analysed the distribution of main plants populations, the relationship among species, the characteristics of communities, the soil seed bank, the quality of soil and grassland. The results showed:
1、The distribution types of main populations Onobrychis viciaefolia, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pretense, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pretense, Bromus inermis, Poa pratensis, Medicago falcat, Carex liparocarpos, Potentilla sp, Lappula monocarpa, Chenopodium Alubum changed from assemble and random to the state of all assemble distribution with the extending of grassland age. The assemble degree were adjusted with the effect of inner and inter species and realizied the temporary stable state of distribution and degree so that species can coexist.
2、The association of couple of species changed from all positive association to emerge negative association, but overall interspecific relationship inclined to positive correlation.the association degree of main plants appeared 1a>3a>2a grassland, and most interspecific relationship associated inseparately.As a whole, the interspecific relationship of 1a and 2a fluctuated more great than 3a, while inclined to temporary stable.
3、The returning green stage of main plants advanced and the growth period was increased. Overall dynamic trend of the aboveground biomass, height and coverage showed S curve type“slow (beginning stage) - fast(middle stage) - slow(later stage)”.Aboveground biomass and height increased yearly, and 2a has maximum density. Coverage showed bimodal curve, and 3a is the highest. Leguminosae and Gramineae forages still take the dominate position, and the speed of Gramineae replacing the Leguminosae are increasing among years. AGR increased gradually and RGR changed contrarily to it, and the accumulating of biomass increasing, the competition for resources inclined to steadying. The accumulating of aboveground and underground biomass inclined to rationalization at the space distribution, and 3a has the highest underground biomass. 3a grassland maintains the highest diversity, and species diversity changed contrarily to the ecological dominance, and identically to the richness and the evenness, meanwhile the richness makes more contribution to diversity than the evenness.Species replacement become ascendant slowly and community affinity become descendant in neighbor stages. The grassland community has reached a temporary state transiting from manufacture stability to ecology stability.
4、The overall reserves of soil seed bank increased with the extending of grassland age. The proportion of Leguminosae and Gramineae increased at constitute and structure, and the index of species richness, evenness, diversity inreased while ecological dominance decreased, and 3a grassland changed distinctly. Species replacement become ascendant quickly,and soil community changed from“medium similarity”to “medium unsimilarity”, and the relationship with overground vegetation changed from“extremely unsimilarity”to“medium similarity”, and that 3a significant. The above-mentioned jointly explained seed bank stability increased yearly, simultaneously, as potential population, maintained the state of temporary stability of oboveground vegetation to a certain degree.
5、The soil water content and porosity showed the trend of“decreasing - increasing”in every layer in different construction years, while soil bulk density changed contrarily to them. Organic matter decreased yearly, and the content of total Nitrogen showed the trend of“decreasing-increasing”while Kalcium and total Phosphorus showed increasing stably .The chang of soil available nutrients hasn’t strong regularity in different years. Soil nutrition totally decreased year by year, and soil emerged slight leanness.
6、The grassland yield showed increased stably. The content NDF showed 2a>3a>1a contrary to CP, and nutrition period higher than reproduce period. CF changed a bit after natural grassland was reconstructed, and that of 3a decreased compare to 1a and 2a at nutrition stage while reproduce stage changed contrarily to the former. Synthesized nutrition value decreased yearly while the quality of grassland increased.
1、随建植年限的延长,主要植物种群红豆草,紫花苜蓿、红三叶、鸭茅、猫尾草、无芒雀麦、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、黄花苜蓿(Medicago falcat)、草原苔草(Carex liparocarpos),委陵菜(Potentilla sp.)、单果鹤虱(Lappula monocarpa)、藜(Chenopodium Alubum)的分布类型,由人工草地建植当年的聚集分布和随机分布,变为3年时的全部集群分布状态;主要种通过种内、种间作用对聚集程度进行了调整,实现了草地建植3年时种间能够共存的暂稳定状态。
2、随建植年限的延长,主要草地植物种对间由全为正联结变为3年时有负联结种对出现的状态,但种间关系整体趋于正相关。主要植物联结程度1年>3年>2年,绝大多数种间关系紧密。总体上,1和2年草地植物种间关系波动较大,3年草地趋于暂稳态。
3、随建植年限的延长,人工草地主要植物返青提前,生育天数延长。地上生物量、高度和密度动态总体呈“慢(初期)-快(中期)-慢(后期)”的S型模式。生物量、高度均逐年增加,密度为建植2年的草地最大。盖度呈“双峰型”变化模式,3年草地的最高;豆、禾草还占优势地位,年际间禾草替代豆草的速率逐渐加快;绝对生长率逐渐增大,相对生长率与其变化相反,生物量积累增多,对资源的竞争趋于平稳。地下生物量3年草地最大,地上、地下生物量积累在空间分配上趋于合理化。3年草地植物多样性最高,多样性与优势度变化呈反比,与均匀度和丰富度呈正比,丰富度对其贡献率较大。物种替代速率以较小的增幅增加,群落相似程度降低。草地群落达到了一个由生产稳定性向生态稳定性过渡的暂稳定状态。
4、随建植年限的延长,草地土壤种子库总储量逐年增加,物种组成和结构上,豆、禾草所占比例上升,物种丰富度、均匀度、多样性指数提高,生态优势度降低,3年草地变化最明显。物种替代速率以较大的增幅逐年加快,土壤植物群落由“中等相似”转化为“中等不相似”,与地上植被的关系由“极不相似”向“中等相似”转化,3年的草地土壤种子库植物与地上植被的相关性显著。以上共同说明,种子库自身稳定性逐年增强的同时,作为潜在种群,在一定程度上也维持了地上植被群落的暂时稳定状态。
5、土壤水分含量和孔隙度年际间各层呈先减后增趋势,容重变化与其相反。有机质含量逐年递减。全氮含量先减后增,全磷和全钾含量呈稳定增加趋势。速效养分不同年际间变化没有很强的规律性。土壤营养含量总体呈逐年减少趋势,土壤出现轻微贫瘠化。
6、随建植年限的延长,人工草产量逐年呈增长趋势。粗蛋白含量和1年>3年>2年,中性洗涤纤维变化相反。营养期,粗蛋白含量高于生殖期。草地建植后,粗脂肪变化较小,营养期3年草地其含量较1年和2年草地有所下降,生殖期变化刚好相反。综合营养价值呈逐年降低趋势,草地质量呈逐年增高趋势。
Severe degraded grasslands were ploughed completely to construct mix-sowed artificial grassland, which is the valid masure for ecology restoring of the degreded grassland, also the advantageous guarantee for realizing high and stable yielding. Taking mix-sowed artificial grassland, the herbage proportion of Legumionosae and Gramineae of which are Dactylis glomerata 10%, Phleum pretense 15%, Bromus inermis 15%, Medicago sativa 20%, Onobrychis viciaefolia 30%, Trifolium pretense 10%, in different consruction years as study materies, we analysed the distribution of main plants populations, the relationship among species, the characteristics of communities, the soil seed bank, the quality of soil and grassland. The results showed:
1、The distribution types of main populations Onobrychis viciaefolia, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pretense, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pretense, Bromus inermis, Poa pratensis, Medicago falcat, Carex liparocarpos, Potentilla sp, Lappula monocarpa, Chenopodium Alubum changed from assemble and random to the state of all assemble distribution with the extending of grassland age. The assemble degree were adjusted with the effect of inner and inter species and realizied the temporary stable state of distribution and degree so that species can coexist.
2、The association of couple of species changed from all positive association to emerge negative association, but overall interspecific relationship inclined to positive correlation.the association degree of main plants appeared 1a>3a>2a grassland, and most interspecific relationship associated inseparately.As a whole, the interspecific relationship of 1a and 2a fluctuated more great than 3a, while inclined to temporary stable.
3、The returning green stage of main plants advanced and the growth period was increased. Overall dynamic trend of the aboveground biomass, height and coverage showed S curve type“slow (beginning stage) - fast(middle stage) - slow(later stage)”.Aboveground biomass and height increased yearly, and 2a has maximum density. Coverage showed bimodal curve, and 3a is the highest. Leguminosae and Gramineae forages still take the dominate position, and the speed of Gramineae replacing the Leguminosae are increasing among years. AGR increased gradually and RGR changed contrarily to it, and the accumulating of biomass increasing, the competition for resources inclined to steadying. The accumulating of aboveground and underground biomass inclined to rationalization at the space distribution, and 3a has the highest underground biomass. 3a grassland maintains the highest diversity, and species diversity changed contrarily to the ecological dominance, and identically to the richness and the evenness, meanwhile the richness makes more contribution to diversity than the evenness.Species replacement become ascendant slowly and community affinity become descendant in neighbor stages. The grassland community has reached a temporary state transiting from manufacture stability to ecology stability.
4、The overall reserves of soil seed bank increased with the extending of grassland age. The proportion of Leguminosae and Gramineae increased at constitute and structure, and the index of species richness, evenness, diversity inreased while ecological dominance decreased, and 3a grassland changed distinctly. Species replacement become ascendant quickly,and soil community changed from“medium similarity”to “medium unsimilarity”, and the relationship with overground vegetation changed from“extremely unsimilarity”to“medium similarity”, and that 3a significant. The above-mentioned jointly explained seed bank stability increased yearly, simultaneously, as potential population, maintained the state of temporary stability of oboveground vegetation to a certain degree.
5、The soil water content and porosity showed the trend of“decreasing - increasing”in every layer in different construction years, while soil bulk density changed contrarily to them. Organic matter decreased yearly, and the content of total Nitrogen showed the trend of“decreasing-increasing”while Kalcium and total Phosphorus showed increasing stably .The chang of soil available nutrients hasn’t strong regularity in different years. Soil nutrition totally decreased year by year, and soil emerged slight leanness.
6、The grassland yield showed increased stably. The content NDF showed 2a>3a>1a contrary to CP, and nutrition period higher than reproduce period. CF changed a bit after natural grassland was reconstructed, and that of 3a decreased compare to 1a and 2a at nutrition stage while reproduce stage changed contrarily to the former. Synthesized nutrition value decreased yearly while the quality of grassland increased.
引文
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