青藏高原“黑土滩”毒杂草的化感作用及其对甘肃马先蒿（Pedicularis kansuensis）的抑制机制
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摘要
青藏高原“黑土滩”次生毒杂草的蔓延严重危害着高寒草地生态和生产功能。如何控制毒杂草是“黑土滩”治理的重要任务。其中甘肃马先蒿Pedicularis kansuensis的入侵和爆发是导致基于“黑土滩”建植的人工草地迅速衰退的重要原因。本研究根据植物化感生态学原理,从“黑土滩”5种主要次生毒杂草(黄花棘显Oxytropis ochrocephala、瑞香狼毒Stellera chamaejasme、黄帚橐吾Ligularia virgaurea、密花香薷Elsholtzia var. densa和南山蒿Artemisia nanschanica)与甘肃马先蒿的种间关系、化感作用和有效化合物鉴别等生物和化学途径,筛选出对人工牧草生长发育影响较小,但能有效抑制甘肃马先蒿的植物种类及其化感物质,为开发甘肃马先蒿的专用生物控制剂提供科学依据。试验方法是分别采用水、有机溶剂(石油醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇)浸泡5种毒草根、茎、叶阴干样品48小时,所得浸提液对甘肃马先蒿种子萌发和幼苗生长进行化感活性测试,并用硅胶色谱柱分离,高分辨质谱检测目标化合物的结构。
主要研究结果有：①青藏高原“黑土滩”主要次生毒杂草群落(铁棒槌Aconitum pendulum、瑞香狼毒、黄帚橐吾、黄花棘豆)的植被组成特征、土壤物理、化学性质没有显著差异。②黄花棘豆、瑞香狼毒、黄帚橐吾、密花香薷和南山蒿5种毒草(根、茎、叶)水溶物随着其室内测试浓度的升高,对甘肃马先蒿及其相邻植物垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感抑制作用增强,但叶和根的浸提液之抑制效果强于茎部。南山蒿的叶部浸提液之浓度为25g/L时,对甘肃马先蒿幼苗生的抑制作用显著大于其他毒草(P<0.05),当浓度升至100g/L时,对其种了萌发和幼苗生长均产生了致死作用。③垂穗披碱草幼苗对南山蒿叶水溶物的抗性较好,因此南山蒿可作为针对防除甘肃马先蒿的生物除草剂源料。④南山蒿地上部分乙酸乙酯浸出物对甘肃马先蒿种子萌发及幼苗生长抑制作用显著(P<0.05)。通过色谱柱分离和质谱检测比对,初步得到3个目标化合物,分别为香橙烯环氧化物(C15H240)、异香橙烯环氧化物(C15H240)和6-(2-(3-羟基-1-丙烯)基)-4,8a-二甲基-1,2,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-八氢-2-萘醇(C15H24O2),属于倍半萜类化合物,3者存在协同化感作用,具有开发为甘肃马先蒿除草剂的潜力。
The poisonous plant spread grassland in Tibetan-plateau is harmful to ecological and produce function, and how to control the poisonous plant is the important task for "black soil land" treatment. The phenomenon of Pedicularis kansuensis intrude sown grassland which is "black soil land" rebuilding grassland ago was the main reason to led to speedy waning of sown grassland. This study based on chemical ecological mechanism of plant allelopathy, by testing the allelopathic relationship between the Pedicularis kansuensis, Oxytropis ochrocephala, Stellera chamaejasme, Ligularia virgaurea, Elsholtzia var. densa and Artemisia nanschanica separately, sieving the species and find effective compounds for control the Pedicularis kansuensis, but the compounds are secure for sown grassland, and provide scientific basic to develop special biological hibicides of Pedicularis kansuensis.
The bioactivity of aqueous extract of the air dried plant (branches, leaves and roots, for 48 hr), organic extracts (branches and leaves) were evaluated on the growth of Pedicularis kansuensis and Elymus nutans. Further analyses and identification of allelochemicals were conducted by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on the most toxic fraction.
Followings were the results:①The vegetation composition characteristics, physical and chemical features of soil in the Aconitum pendulum, Stellera chamaejasme, Ligularia virgaurea, Oxytropis ochrocephala which were widely distributed in Tibetan-plateau had few differences.②With the concentration increasing, the dissolve solutions of Oxytropis ochrocephala, Stellera chamaejasme, Ligularia virgaurea, Elsholtzia var. densa and Artemisia nanschanica had increased allelopathy effects to Pedicularis kansuensis and its neighbor Elymus nutans. The inhibitory effects of leaves and roots dissolve solutions were stronger than the water extraction of stems when the same vegetation was in the same concentration. The leaves of Artemisia nanschanica had stronger inhibitory effects to seedlings of Pedicularis kansuensis than other poisonous plant when the concentration was 25g/L; however, when the concentration was 100 g/L, they had lethal effects to seeds germination and seedling growth of Pedicularis kansuensis.③The seedlings of Elymus nutans G. had better resistance to dissolve solutions of leaves of Artemisia nanschanica, so Artemisia nanschanica could be used as the biological material of herbicides to Pedicularis kansuensis.④The ethyl acetate extracts of the Artemisia nanschanica aerial part had a remarkable effect to seeds germination and seedling growth of Pedicularis kansuensis (P<0.05). Three target compounds aromadendrene oxide (C15H24O), isoaromadendrene epoxide(C15H24O) and 6-(3-hydroxyprop-1-en-2-yl)-4,8a-dimethyl-2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-2-ol(C15H24O2) were obtained by separation of chromatographic column and detection of mass spectrometry, and they were all sesquiterenes, had allelopathy synergistic effects and could be used as the herbicides to Pedicularis kansuensis.
主要研究结果有：①青藏高原“黑土滩”主要次生毒杂草群落(铁棒槌Aconitum pendulum、瑞香狼毒、黄帚橐吾、黄花棘豆)的植被组成特征、土壤物理、化学性质没有显著差异。②黄花棘豆、瑞香狼毒、黄帚橐吾、密花香薷和南山蒿5种毒草(根、茎、叶)水溶物随着其室内测试浓度的升高,对甘肃马先蒿及其相邻植物垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感抑制作用增强,但叶和根的浸提液之抑制效果强于茎部。南山蒿的叶部浸提液之浓度为25g/L时,对甘肃马先蒿幼苗生的抑制作用显著大于其他毒草(P<0.05),当浓度升至100g/L时,对其种了萌发和幼苗生长均产生了致死作用。③垂穗披碱草幼苗对南山蒿叶水溶物的抗性较好,因此南山蒿可作为针对防除甘肃马先蒿的生物除草剂源料。④南山蒿地上部分乙酸乙酯浸出物对甘肃马先蒿种子萌发及幼苗生长抑制作用显著(P<0.05)。通过色谱柱分离和质谱检测比对,初步得到3个目标化合物,分别为香橙烯环氧化物(C15H240)、异香橙烯环氧化物(C15H240)和6-(2-(3-羟基-1-丙烯)基)-4,8a-二甲基-1,2,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-八氢-2-萘醇(C15H24O2),属于倍半萜类化合物,3者存在协同化感作用,具有开发为甘肃马先蒿除草剂的潜力。
The poisonous plant spread grassland in Tibetan-plateau is harmful to ecological and produce function, and how to control the poisonous plant is the important task for "black soil land" treatment. The phenomenon of Pedicularis kansuensis intrude sown grassland which is "black soil land" rebuilding grassland ago was the main reason to led to speedy waning of sown grassland. This study based on chemical ecological mechanism of plant allelopathy, by testing the allelopathic relationship between the Pedicularis kansuensis, Oxytropis ochrocephala, Stellera chamaejasme, Ligularia virgaurea, Elsholtzia var. densa and Artemisia nanschanica separately, sieving the species and find effective compounds for control the Pedicularis kansuensis, but the compounds are secure for sown grassland, and provide scientific basic to develop special biological hibicides of Pedicularis kansuensis.
The bioactivity of aqueous extract of the air dried plant (branches, leaves and roots, for 48 hr), organic extracts (branches and leaves) were evaluated on the growth of Pedicularis kansuensis and Elymus nutans. Further analyses and identification of allelochemicals were conducted by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on the most toxic fraction.
Followings were the results:①The vegetation composition characteristics, physical and chemical features of soil in the Aconitum pendulum, Stellera chamaejasme, Ligularia virgaurea, Oxytropis ochrocephala which were widely distributed in Tibetan-plateau had few differences.②With the concentration increasing, the dissolve solutions of Oxytropis ochrocephala, Stellera chamaejasme, Ligularia virgaurea, Elsholtzia var. densa and Artemisia nanschanica had increased allelopathy effects to Pedicularis kansuensis and its neighbor Elymus nutans. The inhibitory effects of leaves and roots dissolve solutions were stronger than the water extraction of stems when the same vegetation was in the same concentration. The leaves of Artemisia nanschanica had stronger inhibitory effects to seedlings of Pedicularis kansuensis than other poisonous plant when the concentration was 25g/L; however, when the concentration was 100 g/L, they had lethal effects to seeds germination and seedling growth of Pedicularis kansuensis.③The seedlings of Elymus nutans G. had better resistance to dissolve solutions of leaves of Artemisia nanschanica, so Artemisia nanschanica could be used as the biological material of herbicides to Pedicularis kansuensis.④The ethyl acetate extracts of the Artemisia nanschanica aerial part had a remarkable effect to seeds germination and seedling growth of Pedicularis kansuensis (P<0.05). Three target compounds aromadendrene oxide (C15H24O), isoaromadendrene epoxide(C15H24O) and 6-(3-hydroxyprop-1-en-2-yl)-4,8a-dimethyl-2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-2-ol(C15H24O2) were obtained by separation of chromatographic column and detection of mass spectrometry, and they were all sesquiterenes, had allelopathy synergistic effects and could be used as the herbicides to Pedicularis kansuensis.
引文
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