无磁发动机材料体系的设计与研究
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摘要
无磁发动机是高磁防护性能要求的机械设备的主要动力装置,对满足特殊环境下的动力需求具有重要意义。材料的优化选择是研制开发无磁发动机的基础,本论文针对无磁发动机材料的研制和优选开展了一些初步研究。
本论文试验了三种新型的Mn-Cu无磁铸铁,以Mn和Cu是主要元素,并添加了Ni、Al等合金元素,采用稀土REMgSiFe蠕化处理和SiFe+Al孕育处理,并进行了合适的热处理强化。新型铸铁的基体组织为奥氏体结构,其上均匀分布着片状、球状或蠕虫状石墨。经蠕化处理的两种铸铁在热处理后的抗拉强度高达376MPa、379MPa,抗压强度达1123MPa、1217MPa,硬度为277HBS、286HBS,具有良好的塑性和冲击韧性,主要机械性能超过发动机常用铸铁HT350的水平,而磁导率仅为8.9μH·m~(-1)和5.9μH·m~(-1),近似于无磁性。这两种新型铸铁可用于无磁发动机缸体、缸盖、机体、机座等零件。
本论文还研究了用于齿轮类零件的奥氏体不锈钢1Cr18Mn12Ni2N的固溶处理工艺及用于轴类零件的无磁模具钢7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo的热处理工艺及强化工艺。研究表明:(1)在950～1200℃固溶处理时,1Cr18Mn12Ni2N钢的强度和硬度随固溶温度呈曲线变化,塑性和韧性变化不明显;磁化率︱χ︱≤1,在外磁场中不易被磁化,磁导率维持在2.6～4.2μH·m~(-1)之间,随温度也呈曲线变化。影响钢的力学及磁学性能的因素主要与组织结构和析出物数量的变化有关。经1050～1100℃固溶处理后1Cr18Mn12Ni2N钢的综合力学性能好,磁导率较低,是最佳的固溶处理温度范围。1Cr18Mn12Ni2N钢的综合机械性能优于20CrV钢,接近20CrMnTi钢的性能水平,可用于中轻载荷的齿轮类零件。(2)热处理工艺对7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo钢的组织和性能具有重要的影响:高温退火可消除锻造应力,改变碳化物颗粒的形状及分布,适于进行粗加工;固溶处理时碳化物逐渐溶入奥氏体基体使其达到过饱和状态,导致随固溶温度的升高强度上升而塑性和韧性则明显下降,硬度降至最低值,最适合钢的加工处理;而进行时效处理后,基体上弥散析出大量碳化物,钢的强度和硬度也显著提高。7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo钢的导磁率较低,磁导率随固溶处理温度呈上升趋势。7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo钢的主要机械性能优于常用轴类材料40Cr、40CrMnA等,可满足中重载荷、耐磨损的轴类零件的要求。
此外,本文还优选了轻金属、陶瓷、复合材料等发动机适用的无磁材料,分析了它们的性能特点及可能应用的零件。总之,本文对发动机无磁材料的研究成果对开发无磁发动机具有一定的帮助。
Non-magnetic engine is the main power of high magnetic-protective mechanical equipment, so it could play an important part in meeting the needs of special environments. A series of non-magnetic materials are developed and chosen in this paper for it is the base for developing non-magnetic engine.
In this paper, three kinds of new Mn-Cu non-magnetic cast irons, whose main alloyed elements are Mn、Cu besides additional alloyed elements Ni and Al, are developed. Meanwhile, REMgSiFe vermicular agent and SiFe+Al inoculant are used to modify the molten iron, and different heat treatments are experimented to perfect these cast irons. After vermicularing treatment, the matrix structure of new cast irons is mainly consist of austenitic on which spherical graphite or vermicular graphite distribute equably. Their mechanical properties are excellent: tensile strength and concrete strength are 376MPa、379MPa and 1123MPa、1217MPa, Brinell hardness are 277HBS and 286HBS, meanwhile their plasticity、toughness and compactness are also very excellent. Generally speaking, their general mechanical properties could exceed the cast iron HT350 used in diesel engine commonly. Moreover these self-produced cast irons are nearly non-magnetic in that the magnetic permeability are merely 8.9μH·m~(-1) and 5.9μH·m~(-1). Because of their excellent properties, we plan to use them in non-magnetic engine components such as cylinder block、cylinder head、engine body、engine bedplate and so on.
The solid solution process of a new stainless steel 1Cr18Mn12Ni2N used as gear materials and the heat treatment process and strengthen process of the non-magnetic mould steel 7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo used in shaft materials are also investigated in this paper. According to the experimental results, some important conclusions are given as follows: (1) The strength and hardness of the steel 1Cr18Mn12Ni2N solution-annealed in the region of 950～1200℃are changed in a curve mode with solution-annealed temperature, meanwhile the plasticity and toughness of the steel remain almost unchanged. Due to magnetic susceptibility︱χ︱?1, the steel is difficult to be magnetized . Moreover, its magnetic permeability maintained in the range of 2.6～4.2μH·m~(-1) is also changed in a curve mode with solution-annealed temperature. Analysis shows that the mechanical properties and the magnetic properties are evidently influenced by the shape of grains and the fraction of precipitations. 1Cr18Mn12Ni2N steel solution-annealed in the region of 1050～1100℃exhibits excellent mechanical properties and low magnetic permeability, so the region of 1050～1100℃is the optimal solution-annealed temperature. Because comprehensive mechanical properties of 1Cr18Mn12Ni2N precede 20CrV and approach 20CrMnTi, so it could be used in gear accessories under low loading. (2) Heat treatment process has important effects on the microstructure and properties of 7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo: High temperature annealing eliminated forging stress and changed the shape and distribution of carbide, so coarse machining is suitable to be undertaken after this process. During solid solution process, the strength increases but the plasticity、toughness and hardness decrease with solution-annealed temperature due to carbide dissolve in matrix to make austenitic structure to supersaturated state, and it’s feasible to pursue the main machining process. However, lots of carbides precipitated in the matrix lead to the strength and hardness increasing evidently during aging treatment. The magnetic permeability of 7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo is low, and it increase with solution-annealing temperature. 7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo could be used in shaft accessories under heavy loading and receive abrasion because its general mechanical properties excelled the common crankshaft materials 40Cr、40CrMnA.
Besides, several materials of non-magnetic engine, including light metals、composites、ceramics and so on are chosen properly. Meanwhile, their characteristics and the potential applications for non-magnetic engine are also discussed in this paper. In conclusion, the experimental result concerning non-magnetic materials could provide some helps to develop non-magnetic engine.
本论文试验了三种新型的Mn-Cu无磁铸铁,以Mn和Cu是主要元素,并添加了Ni、Al等合金元素,采用稀土REMgSiFe蠕化处理和SiFe+Al孕育处理,并进行了合适的热处理强化。新型铸铁的基体组织为奥氏体结构,其上均匀分布着片状、球状或蠕虫状石墨。经蠕化处理的两种铸铁在热处理后的抗拉强度高达376MPa、379MPa,抗压强度达1123MPa、1217MPa,硬度为277HBS、286HBS,具有良好的塑性和冲击韧性,主要机械性能超过发动机常用铸铁HT350的水平,而磁导率仅为8.9μH·m~(-1)和5.9μH·m~(-1),近似于无磁性。这两种新型铸铁可用于无磁发动机缸体、缸盖、机体、机座等零件。
本论文还研究了用于齿轮类零件的奥氏体不锈钢1Cr18Mn12Ni2N的固溶处理工艺及用于轴类零件的无磁模具钢7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo的热处理工艺及强化工艺。研究表明:(1)在950～1200℃固溶处理时,1Cr18Mn12Ni2N钢的强度和硬度随固溶温度呈曲线变化,塑性和韧性变化不明显;磁化率︱χ︱≤1,在外磁场中不易被磁化,磁导率维持在2.6～4.2μH·m~(-1)之间,随温度也呈曲线变化。影响钢的力学及磁学性能的因素主要与组织结构和析出物数量的变化有关。经1050～1100℃固溶处理后1Cr18Mn12Ni2N钢的综合力学性能好,磁导率较低,是最佳的固溶处理温度范围。1Cr18Mn12Ni2N钢的综合机械性能优于20CrV钢,接近20CrMnTi钢的性能水平,可用于中轻载荷的齿轮类零件。(2)热处理工艺对7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo钢的组织和性能具有重要的影响:高温退火可消除锻造应力,改变碳化物颗粒的形状及分布,适于进行粗加工;固溶处理时碳化物逐渐溶入奥氏体基体使其达到过饱和状态,导致随固溶温度的升高强度上升而塑性和韧性则明显下降,硬度降至最低值,最适合钢的加工处理;而进行时效处理后,基体上弥散析出大量碳化物,钢的强度和硬度也显著提高。7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo钢的导磁率较低,磁导率随固溶处理温度呈上升趋势。7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo钢的主要机械性能优于常用轴类材料40Cr、40CrMnA等,可满足中重载荷、耐磨损的轴类零件的要求。
此外,本文还优选了轻金属、陶瓷、复合材料等发动机适用的无磁材料,分析了它们的性能特点及可能应用的零件。总之,本文对发动机无磁材料的研究成果对开发无磁发动机具有一定的帮助。
Non-magnetic engine is the main power of high magnetic-protective mechanical equipment, so it could play an important part in meeting the needs of special environments. A series of non-magnetic materials are developed and chosen in this paper for it is the base for developing non-magnetic engine.
In this paper, three kinds of new Mn-Cu non-magnetic cast irons, whose main alloyed elements are Mn、Cu besides additional alloyed elements Ni and Al, are developed. Meanwhile, REMgSiFe vermicular agent and SiFe+Al inoculant are used to modify the molten iron, and different heat treatments are experimented to perfect these cast irons. After vermicularing treatment, the matrix structure of new cast irons is mainly consist of austenitic on which spherical graphite or vermicular graphite distribute equably. Their mechanical properties are excellent: tensile strength and concrete strength are 376MPa、379MPa and 1123MPa、1217MPa, Brinell hardness are 277HBS and 286HBS, meanwhile their plasticity、toughness and compactness are also very excellent. Generally speaking, their general mechanical properties could exceed the cast iron HT350 used in diesel engine commonly. Moreover these self-produced cast irons are nearly non-magnetic in that the magnetic permeability are merely 8.9μH·m~(-1) and 5.9μH·m~(-1). Because of their excellent properties, we plan to use them in non-magnetic engine components such as cylinder block、cylinder head、engine body、engine bedplate and so on.
The solid solution process of a new stainless steel 1Cr18Mn12Ni2N used as gear materials and the heat treatment process and strengthen process of the non-magnetic mould steel 7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo used in shaft materials are also investigated in this paper. According to the experimental results, some important conclusions are given as follows: (1) The strength and hardness of the steel 1Cr18Mn12Ni2N solution-annealed in the region of 950～1200℃are changed in a curve mode with solution-annealed temperature, meanwhile the plasticity and toughness of the steel remain almost unchanged. Due to magnetic susceptibility︱χ︱?1, the steel is difficult to be magnetized . Moreover, its magnetic permeability maintained in the range of 2.6～4.2μH·m~(-1) is also changed in a curve mode with solution-annealed temperature. Analysis shows that the mechanical properties and the magnetic properties are evidently influenced by the shape of grains and the fraction of precipitations. 1Cr18Mn12Ni2N steel solution-annealed in the region of 1050～1100℃exhibits excellent mechanical properties and low magnetic permeability, so the region of 1050～1100℃is the optimal solution-annealed temperature. Because comprehensive mechanical properties of 1Cr18Mn12Ni2N precede 20CrV and approach 20CrMnTi, so it could be used in gear accessories under low loading. (2) Heat treatment process has important effects on the microstructure and properties of 7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo: High temperature annealing eliminated forging stress and changed the shape and distribution of carbide, so coarse machining is suitable to be undertaken after this process. During solid solution process, the strength increases but the plasticity、toughness and hardness decrease with solution-annealed temperature due to carbide dissolve in matrix to make austenitic structure to supersaturated state, and it’s feasible to pursue the main machining process. However, lots of carbides precipitated in the matrix lead to the strength and hardness increasing evidently during aging treatment. The magnetic permeability of 7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo is low, and it increase with solution-annealing temperature. 7Mn15Cr2Al3V2WMo could be used in shaft accessories under heavy loading and receive abrasion because its general mechanical properties excelled the common crankshaft materials 40Cr、40CrMnA.
Besides, several materials of non-magnetic engine, including light metals、composites、ceramics and so on are chosen properly. Meanwhile, their characteristics and the potential applications for non-magnetic engine are also discussed in this paper. In conclusion, the experimental result concerning non-magnetic materials could provide some helps to develop non-magnetic engine.
引文
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