灌溉对作物根区硝酸钾运移影响的研究
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摘要
本文在广泛搜集、查阅国内外研究成果的基础上，采用室内试验与野外试验相结
合，试验研究与模型分析相结合的研究方法，以KNO_3为示踪元素，从土壤养分运移
的角度、研究了畦灌、喷灌两种典型灌水方式，对土壤水分运动、及养分运移的影
响。结合粮食作物小麦的根系吸水、吸养机制，提出了土壤养分分布良好、养分利
用率高的最优灌水指标。它对于提高我国农田化肥利用率、促进粮食生产，减少肥
料流失，保护生态环境，发展灌溉理论等方面具有重要的生产意义和科学价值。本
论文的主要内容是：
1．结合欧共体援建项目，建立了甘肃省秦王川灌区野外大型土柱试验系统，该
系统观测项目齐全，气象资料自动记录数据，水分、盐分、温度采用计算机定时采集
等方面具有先进性，为本项目的研究提供了良好的野外试验基地。
二．影响小麦吸养速率的主要因素有根长密度与土壤养分浓度。据野外试验资料
分析小麦在分蘖期、拨节期的根长密度函数分别为 L_(分蘖)（Z）=98．712Z~(-1.128)，L_(拨节)（Z）
=143.901Z.在小麦的不同生育期，根长密度是不同的，根长密度随深度呈指数
衰减规律。在不同的灌水方式、灌水量条件下，土壤养分剖面也是不同的。从而导
致了小麦吸氮量的差异。
3．上壤颗粒对阳离子有明显的吸附性。据室内外试验研究，灌水方式、灌水量
对K+离子运移的影响小于土壤吸附性对K+离子运移的影响。故本文主要讨论了喷灌、
畦灌条件下NO3离子剖面形状、峰值位置、峰值大小三要素随灌水量、喷灌强度、
弥散度等因素的变化规律。
4．喷灌，畦灌两种不同的灌溉入渗方式下，孔隙水流速度、水动力弥散系数及
弥散度是不同的。从而导致了土壤水分、养分的不同运移特征。本文分别从溶质运移
的对流作用、弥散作用、扩散作用分析了喷灌、畦灌条件下土壤养分运移的差异。从
本质上认识到了喷灌、畦灌对土壤养分运移的区别。喷灌条件下，灌水后土壤养分运
移峰值低、分布广，有利于作物吸收利用。在相同入渗水量下，喷灌强度越小，小麦
瞬态累积吸氮率 Rn、越大。特别是，当喷灌强度小于 0.07mm／min时，Kn随喷
且
灌强度减小而增加的幅度加快，为此，可定义0刀7mm／min为微喷灌与常规喷灌的
临界值。
5．本文还就不同衅灌潮水量对土壤养分运移的影响进行了研究。其结果是：灌
水量越大，NO。离子剖而峰值C；；；。x越小，峰值位置ZS迁移越深，分布越广。结合小
麦根长密度分布规律，经计算小麦在不同生育期，不同灌水量下的瞬态累积吸氮率
值二Rn是不同的。在同一生育则，二民随灌水量的变化呈“蘑菇”状分布。在相同
灌水量下，拔节期的ZK高于分蔡期的二民。在小麦拔节期，适宜的供水、供养可
明显地提高化肥的吸收利用率，提高小麦产量。定义Z民最大所对应的灌水量为最
优灌水量。根据野外试验资料计算可知，小麦在分骏期的最优灌水量是60”／＊，
在拔节期的最优灌水量是67m’／mu。山此进一步分析了节水灌溉的增产原理，及大
水漫灌所产生的不利影响。
6．本文较系统、全面地论述了非饱和土壤水分运动、溶质运移关键参数的测试
原理、方法和结果，它们是：j：壤水分特征曲线、非饱和导水率、扩散率、水动力弥
敝系数等参数。并例 上川饱和上壤水扩“散率测定叶’存在的计算步骤多、汁算工作量大
等问题，提出了用瞬！14剖而法确定非饱和土壤水扩散率的新方法。
Based on review and summarization the national and international solute transport
research result, and take KNO3 as a trace element, the unsaturated soil water
movement and solute transport as affected by sprinkler and tlood irrigation is studied
by means of lab and field column experiment, and model analysis in this paper.
Considering the wheat absorption on soil water and nutrient, the optimized irrigation
amount is present, which has the advantage of high soil nutrient utilization. lt is of
much scientific and productive with the feature of raising the utilization, promoting
wheat production, lowing fertilizer loss, protecting ecological environment from
chemical contamination in our country, as well as developing irrigation theory. The
main result of the study is as follows:
l.Releying on the project aided by European Comlnunity, a large-scale soil
column experimental system is set up in Qinwangchuang irrigation district in Gansu.
The measuring items in this system is enough and the weather data are auto--recorded,
the soil water, salinity and the temperature are timed by computer, which is an
advanced station for field experiment research.
2.The major factor affecting the rate of nutriellt absorptiol1 qualltity of tlle wheat
are root length density and the concentration of the soil nutrient. The field experiment
result show that root length density function of wheat is L tillering (Z) =98.7l2Z-l.128 in
tillering stage, and Ljointing, (Z) =l43.90lZ-1.223 in jointing stage. In diftbrent growth
stages the root length density of wheat is not the same. Therefore, under sprinkler and
flood irrigation pattern and different irrigation amount, the soil nutrient profile is quite
different, which causes wheat absorpt nitrogen differently.
3.The soil participles show adsorbability to positive ion. According to the lab
and field experiments, the influence of irrigation patterns and irrigation amount to K+
transport is much less than that of soil adsorbability. Therefore, this paper mainly
discusses NO3 ion profile shape, peak location and peak value as affected by sprinkler
and flood irrigation and the irrigation amount.
4. That the pore water velocity, hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient, and
dispersion degree are different causes the diftbrent characteristics of soil water
movement and solute transport. From the view ofconvection, dispersion and diffusion
role, this paper mainly analyzes the difference of solute transport under sprinkler and
flood irrigation. It is the distinguish of solute transport as affected by sprinkler and
flood irrigation.Furthermore, this paPer probes into the influence of different sprinkler
intensity to soil solute transport .It is result that with the same infiltration water
amount, the smaller the sprinkler intensity is, the larger tlle spatial acculllulated
nitrogen absorPtion Z R,,. Especially, when tlle sprinkler intensity is less than
0.07mIn/min, the increase extent of Z I(. quickens with the decrease of sprinkler
intensity. Therefore, the critic value can be 0.07mm/min between the micro-sprinkler
and ordinary sprinkler.
5. Meanwhile, this paper studies the influence of different irrigation amount upon
soil solute transport. The result shows that the larger the irrigation amount is, tl1e
lesser NO, ion profile peak value CInax, the deeper the peak location Zs, as well as the
more extensively it distributes. Combining with the distribution law of wheat root
density, it is calculated that the rate of spatial accumulated Nitrogen absorption Z Rn
is different with different irrigation amount in different wheat growth stages. With the
same irrigation amount, Z Rn in jointing stage is higher than that in tillering stage. In
jointing stage, proper supplies of water and nutrient lllake wheat increase the
absorption and utilization rate of fertilizer and tl1en the whcat production is promoted.
At the same growth stage, Z R. is distributed in shape of "mushrooln" with the
variation of the irrigation a
合，试验研究与模型分析相结合的研究方法，以KNO_3为示踪元素，从土壤养分运移
的角度、研究了畦灌、喷灌两种典型灌水方式，对土壤水分运动、及养分运移的影
响。结合粮食作物小麦的根系吸水、吸养机制，提出了土壤养分分布良好、养分利
用率高的最优灌水指标。它对于提高我国农田化肥利用率、促进粮食生产，减少肥
料流失，保护生态环境，发展灌溉理论等方面具有重要的生产意义和科学价值。本
论文的主要内容是：
1．结合欧共体援建项目，建立了甘肃省秦王川灌区野外大型土柱试验系统，该
系统观测项目齐全，气象资料自动记录数据，水分、盐分、温度采用计算机定时采集
等方面具有先进性，为本项目的研究提供了良好的野外试验基地。
二．影响小麦吸养速率的主要因素有根长密度与土壤养分浓度。据野外试验资料
分析小麦在分蘖期、拨节期的根长密度函数分别为 L_(分蘖)（Z）=98．712Z~(-1.128)，L_(拨节)（Z）
=143.901Z.在小麦的不同生育期，根长密度是不同的，根长密度随深度呈指数
衰减规律。在不同的灌水方式、灌水量条件下，土壤养分剖面也是不同的。从而导
致了小麦吸氮量的差异。
3．上壤颗粒对阳离子有明显的吸附性。据室内外试验研究，灌水方式、灌水量
对K+离子运移的影响小于土壤吸附性对K+离子运移的影响。故本文主要讨论了喷灌、
畦灌条件下NO3离子剖面形状、峰值位置、峰值大小三要素随灌水量、喷灌强度、
弥散度等因素的变化规律。
4．喷灌，畦灌两种不同的灌溉入渗方式下，孔隙水流速度、水动力弥散系数及
弥散度是不同的。从而导致了土壤水分、养分的不同运移特征。本文分别从溶质运移
的对流作用、弥散作用、扩散作用分析了喷灌、畦灌条件下土壤养分运移的差异。从
本质上认识到了喷灌、畦灌对土壤养分运移的区别。喷灌条件下，灌水后土壤养分运
移峰值低、分布广，有利于作物吸收利用。在相同入渗水量下，喷灌强度越小，小麦
瞬态累积吸氮率 Rn、越大。特别是，当喷灌强度小于 0.07mm／min时，Kn随喷
且
灌强度减小而增加的幅度加快，为此，可定义0刀7mm／min为微喷灌与常规喷灌的
临界值。
5．本文还就不同衅灌潮水量对土壤养分运移的影响进行了研究。其结果是：灌
水量越大，NO。离子剖而峰值C；；；。x越小，峰值位置ZS迁移越深，分布越广。结合小
麦根长密度分布规律，经计算小麦在不同生育期，不同灌水量下的瞬态累积吸氮率
值二Rn是不同的。在同一生育则，二民随灌水量的变化呈“蘑菇”状分布。在相同
灌水量下，拔节期的ZK高于分蔡期的二民。在小麦拔节期，适宜的供水、供养可
明显地提高化肥的吸收利用率，提高小麦产量。定义Z民最大所对应的灌水量为最
优灌水量。根据野外试验资料计算可知，小麦在分骏期的最优灌水量是60”／＊，
在拔节期的最优灌水量是67m’／mu。山此进一步分析了节水灌溉的增产原理，及大
水漫灌所产生的不利影响。
6．本文较系统、全面地论述了非饱和土壤水分运动、溶质运移关键参数的测试
原理、方法和结果，它们是：j：壤水分特征曲线、非饱和导水率、扩散率、水动力弥
敝系数等参数。并例 上川饱和上壤水扩“散率测定叶’存在的计算步骤多、汁算工作量大
等问题，提出了用瞬！14剖而法确定非饱和土壤水扩散率的新方法。
Based on review and summarization the national and international solute transport
research result, and take KNO3 as a trace element, the unsaturated soil water
movement and solute transport as affected by sprinkler and tlood irrigation is studied
by means of lab and field column experiment, and model analysis in this paper.
Considering the wheat absorption on soil water and nutrient, the optimized irrigation
amount is present, which has the advantage of high soil nutrient utilization. lt is of
much scientific and productive with the feature of raising the utilization, promoting
wheat production, lowing fertilizer loss, protecting ecological environment from
chemical contamination in our country, as well as developing irrigation theory. The
main result of the study is as follows:
l.Releying on the project aided by European Comlnunity, a large-scale soil
column experimental system is set up in Qinwangchuang irrigation district in Gansu.
The measuring items in this system is enough and the weather data are auto--recorded,
the soil water, salinity and the temperature are timed by computer, which is an
advanced station for field experiment research.
2.The major factor affecting the rate of nutriellt absorptiol1 qualltity of tlle wheat
are root length density and the concentration of the soil nutrient. The field experiment
result show that root length density function of wheat is L tillering (Z) =98.7l2Z-l.128 in
tillering stage, and Ljointing, (Z) =l43.90lZ-1.223 in jointing stage. In diftbrent growth
stages the root length density of wheat is not the same. Therefore, under sprinkler and
flood irrigation pattern and different irrigation amount, the soil nutrient profile is quite
different, which causes wheat absorpt nitrogen differently.
3.The soil participles show adsorbability to positive ion. According to the lab
and field experiments, the influence of irrigation patterns and irrigation amount to K+
transport is much less than that of soil adsorbability. Therefore, this paper mainly
discusses NO3 ion profile shape, peak location and peak value as affected by sprinkler
and flood irrigation and the irrigation amount.
4. That the pore water velocity, hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient, and
dispersion degree are different causes the diftbrent characteristics of soil water
movement and solute transport. From the view ofconvection, dispersion and diffusion
role, this paper mainly analyzes the difference of solute transport under sprinkler and
flood irrigation. It is the distinguish of solute transport as affected by sprinkler and
flood irrigation.Furthermore, this paPer probes into the influence of different sprinkler
intensity to soil solute transport .It is result that with the same infiltration water
amount, the smaller the sprinkler intensity is, the larger tlle spatial acculllulated
nitrogen absorPtion Z R,,. Especially, when tlle sprinkler intensity is less than
0.07mIn/min, the increase extent of Z I(. quickens with the decrease of sprinkler
intensity. Therefore, the critic value can be 0.07mm/min between the micro-sprinkler
and ordinary sprinkler.
5. Meanwhile, this paper studies the influence of different irrigation amount upon
soil solute transport. The result shows that the larger the irrigation amount is, tl1e
lesser NO, ion profile peak value CInax, the deeper the peak location Zs, as well as the
more extensively it distributes. Combining with the distribution law of wheat root
density, it is calculated that the rate of spatial accumulated Nitrogen absorption Z Rn
is different with different irrigation amount in different wheat growth stages. With the
same irrigation amount, Z Rn in jointing stage is higher than that in tillering stage. In
jointing stage, proper supplies of water and nutrient lllake wheat increase the
absorption and utilization rate of fertilizer and tl1en the whcat production is promoted.
At the same growth stage, Z R. is distributed in shape of "mushrooln" with the
variation of the irrigation a
引文
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