中国服务贸易国际竞争力研究
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摘要
随着经济全球化趋势及世界经济结构调整步伐的加快,世界的经济格局发生了重大变化,逐渐由以产品为基础的竞争转向了以服务为基础的竞争。这标志着世界经济已经步入了服务经济时期。在世界服务贸易迅速发展的趋势下,中国服务贸易发展也不断加快,但是由于中国的服务贸易本身基础薄弱,总量和结构在国际上都缺乏竞争优势。因此,研究中国服务贸易竞争力,有助于指导我国服务贸易的发展,从而不断增强我国服务贸易的竞争优势。
以“钻石模型”为核心的服务贸易竞争力理论是研究我国服务贸易竞争力现状的理论基础。通过对我国近年来服务贸易竞争力的净出口指标、出口市场占有率、贸易竞争力指数以及显示性优势指数的评估,得出我国比较有发展潜力的服务项目有旅游、建筑、其它商业服务和计算机信息等传统优势项目;缺乏竞争优势的服务项目有金融、保险和咨询等知识密集型项目。而创新研究在于以迪尔多夫的服务贸易分类为依据,采取定量模型分析法进一步探究了影响我国服务贸易竞争力的宏观因素以及微观因素。并且通过将两种因素进行整合,指出了货物贸易出口、服务业自身的发展、外商在华投资以及服务企业的人才、产品和品牌竞争力水平都是影响我国服务贸易竞争力的主要因素。而针对这些影响因素,也相应提出了优化服务业结构、提高外资利用率、增强品牌竞争力、促进各服务企业战略合作等与之相对应的对策。
服务贸易国际竞争力已成为衡量一国国际竞争力的重要指标。而对其所进行的定量研究不但可以为政府制定宏观政策提供依据,而且还可以指导各服务行业或企业进行一些有针对性的实践。这样会更加有助于提高我国服务贸易在国际上的竞争力,促使我国服务贸易更快的发展。
With the accelerated pace of economic globalization and the adjustment of world economic structure, the structure of world economic has changed a lot: the competition based on products has been transforming gradually into that on services. Trade in services is playing a more and more important part in national economic development, which means that world economy has stepped into economy in trade. However, China has been weak in trade in services not only from the general but also from the concert perspectives. Therefore, it is helpful in leading the national development and improving the competition power in trade in services to analyze the competition power of trade in services in China.
Under such a circumstance, the paper is to analyze the national competition power of the trade in services based on the core services trade competitiveness Diamond Model theory. In particular, after detailed analysis of the service trade competitiveness indicators of net exports, the export market share, trade competitiveness index and the showed advantage index in recent years, and through evaluating these indicators, the practical result of lacking competitive advantage in international trade in services is learned. And through a combination of several index data, a detailed analysis of China’s more potential traditional projects, such as tourism, construction, other business services and computer information, as long as knowledge-intensive projects which lack competitive advantages, such as finance, insurance and consulting is studied in further step. It will provide a certain base for the future development of China’s trade in services. Also, the paper will pay special attention on A. Deardorf concept on the trade in services to do further research on the influential factors and analyze the macro as well as the micro factors that influence the competition power of the national trade in services. In this process, the paper will also adopt the way of aggregation emerging pattern. With integrating of two factors , the paper point out that the export trade in goods, the development of service industry, foreign investment in China’s and personnel, products and brands of service industry are main factors affecting China’s service trade competitiveness. The method of optimizing service structure, raising the utilization of foreign investment, enhancing brand competitiveness, and promoting the strategic cooperative enterprise services is proposed correspondingly.
The power in service trade has become a important sign in international competition. These researches will not only helpful for the government’s policy, and can guide the service industry or enterprise. This will help to improve the competitiveness of China’s international trade in services and promote the rapid development of trade in services.
以“钻石模型”为核心的服务贸易竞争力理论是研究我国服务贸易竞争力现状的理论基础。通过对我国近年来服务贸易竞争力的净出口指标、出口市场占有率、贸易竞争力指数以及显示性优势指数的评估,得出我国比较有发展潜力的服务项目有旅游、建筑、其它商业服务和计算机信息等传统优势项目;缺乏竞争优势的服务项目有金融、保险和咨询等知识密集型项目。而创新研究在于以迪尔多夫的服务贸易分类为依据,采取定量模型分析法进一步探究了影响我国服务贸易竞争力的宏观因素以及微观因素。并且通过将两种因素进行整合,指出了货物贸易出口、服务业自身的发展、外商在华投资以及服务企业的人才、产品和品牌竞争力水平都是影响我国服务贸易竞争力的主要因素。而针对这些影响因素,也相应提出了优化服务业结构、提高外资利用率、增强品牌竞争力、促进各服务企业战略合作等与之相对应的对策。
服务贸易国际竞争力已成为衡量一国国际竞争力的重要指标。而对其所进行的定量研究不但可以为政府制定宏观政策提供依据,而且还可以指导各服务行业或企业进行一些有针对性的实践。这样会更加有助于提高我国服务贸易在国际上的竞争力,促使我国服务贸易更快的发展。
With the accelerated pace of economic globalization and the adjustment of world economic structure, the structure of world economic has changed a lot: the competition based on products has been transforming gradually into that on services. Trade in services is playing a more and more important part in national economic development, which means that world economy has stepped into economy in trade. However, China has been weak in trade in services not only from the general but also from the concert perspectives. Therefore, it is helpful in leading the national development and improving the competition power in trade in services to analyze the competition power of trade in services in China.
Under such a circumstance, the paper is to analyze the national competition power of the trade in services based on the core services trade competitiveness Diamond Model theory. In particular, after detailed analysis of the service trade competitiveness indicators of net exports, the export market share, trade competitiveness index and the showed advantage index in recent years, and through evaluating these indicators, the practical result of lacking competitive advantage in international trade in services is learned. And through a combination of several index data, a detailed analysis of China’s more potential traditional projects, such as tourism, construction, other business services and computer information, as long as knowledge-intensive projects which lack competitive advantages, such as finance, insurance and consulting is studied in further step. It will provide a certain base for the future development of China’s trade in services. Also, the paper will pay special attention on A. Deardorf concept on the trade in services to do further research on the influential factors and analyze the macro as well as the micro factors that influence the competition power of the national trade in services. In this process, the paper will also adopt the way of aggregation emerging pattern. With integrating of two factors , the paper point out that the export trade in goods, the development of service industry, foreign investment in China’s and personnel, products and brands of service industry are main factors affecting China’s service trade competitiveness. The method of optimizing service structure, raising the utilization of foreign investment, enhancing brand competitiveness, and promoting the strategic cooperative enterprise services is proposed correspondingly.
The power in service trade has become a important sign in international competition. These researches will not only helpful for the government’s policy, and can guide the service industry or enterprise. This will help to improve the competitiveness of China’s international trade in services and promote the rapid development of trade in services.
引文
1 G. Sampson, R. Snape. Identifying the Issues in Trade in Services. The World Economy. 1985, (8):171~182
2 A. Sapir. North-South Issues in Trade Services. The World Economy. 1985,8(1):27~42
3 B. Hindley, A. Smith. Comparative Advantage and Trade in Services. The World Economy. 1984,7(4):369~389
4 A. Deardorf. Comparative Advantage and International Trade and Investment in Service. Trade and Investment in Service. 1985, (3):39~71
5 Tucker, M. Sundberg. International Trade in Services. Rortedge. 1988, (6):76~80
6 R. J. Langhammer. North-South Trade in Services: Some Empirical Evidence. Services in World Economic Growth. 1989, (2):211~322
7 M. E. Porter. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York Free Press, 1990:141~146
8 L. Rubalcaba, D. Gago. Relationship between Services and Competitiveness: The Case of Spanish Trade. Service Industries Journal. 2001, (21):34~61
9 P. Hardwick, W. Dou. The Competitiveness of EU Insurance Industries. Service Industries Journal. 1998, (18):39~53
10 Windrum, Paul, Tomlinson, Mark. Knowledge-Intensive Services and International Competitiveness: A Four Country Comparison. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. 1999, (11):391~408
11 D. Hitchens, P. N. O’Farrell, C. D. Conway. The Competitiveness of Business Services in the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Wales. Environment and Planning A. 1996, (7):1299~1313
12 A. Meyer, R. Chase, A. Roth, C. Voss, K. U. Sperl, L. Menor, K. Blackmon. Service Competitiveness-An International Benchmarking Comparison of Service Practice and Performance in Germany, UK and USA. International Journal of Service Industry Management. 1999, (4):369~379
13庄丽娟.国际服务贸易理论的研究进展及其特征.世界经济研究. 2004,(1):60~66
14张汉林.关于服务业对外开放的两个问题.经济问题探索. 2001, (5):53~55
15王小平.中国服务贸易的特征与竞争力分析.财贸经济. 2004, (8):85~86
16夏晴.论服务贸易的比较优势与竞争优势.国际贸易问题. 2003, (9):31~33 17黎洁,赵西萍.论国际旅游竞争力及其阶段性演进.社会科学家. 1999, (5):20~23
18薛荣久.中国如何应对WTO电信服务自由化.中国科技产业. 2001, (8):17~21
19郑吉昌.基于服务经济的服务业与制造业的关系.数量经济技术经济研究. 2004, (12):110~112
20田洪平.北京服务贸易竞争力研究.江苏商论. 2006, (2):71~72
21郭海虹.竞争优势理论对我国发展国际服务贸易的启示.国际经贸探索. 2002, (3):5~11
22谭小芬.中国服务贸易国际竞争力的国际比较.经济评论. 2005, (2):52~55
23江小涓.服务业与中国经济:相关性和加快增长的潜力.经济研究. 2004, (1):64~66
24李珠峰.中国服务业吸引国际直接投资分析.世界经济研究. 2004, (7):26~29
25郑吉昌,夏晴.服务贸易国际竞争力的相关因素探讨.国际贸易问题. 2004, (12):15~16
26李怀政.关于我国服务贸易国家竞争优势的战略思考.国际贸易问题. 2003, (2):13~16
27沈明其.我国服务贸易开放的国际比较及对策.国际贸易问题. 2004, (1):24~25
28王小平,高钟庭.中国服务贸易竞争力分析与对策研究.经济研究. 2004, (9):60~61
29郑吉昌.服务业革命:中国战略意义与政策取向.中国软科学. 2003, (8):110~112
30姬会英.在GATS框架下我国服务贸易的行业发展策略.特区经济. 2006, (4):340~342
31 S. S. Yi. Free-Trade Areas and Welfare: An Equilibrium Analysis. Review of International Economics. 2000, (2):336~347
32 J. F. Helliwell. Aggregate Productivity and Growth in an InternationalComparative Setting. International Productivity and Competitiveness. Service Industries Journal. 1992, (2):49~79
33 R. L. Brinkman, J. E. Brinkman. The New Growth Theories: a Cultural and Social Addendum. International Journal of Social Economics. 2001, (5):506~526
34魏下海.基于“钻石模型”的中国服务贸易国际竞争力分析.经济学动态. 2006, (2):4~8
35王庆颖.中国服务贸易的国际竞争力实证分析.世界经济研究. 2005, (1):10~12
36谢光亚,谢兰兰,孙海燕.中国服务贸易发展的战略研究.中央财经大学学报. 2005, (11):57~66
37郑吉昌,周蕾.中国服务业国际竞争力的指标评价.经济问题. 2005, (11):18~20
38陈怡.我国服务贸易发展的波动性分析.南京师范大学学报. 2006, (1):1~5
39王绍媛.中国服务贸易竞争力分析.世界经济与政治论坛. 2005, (1):23~28
40韩可卫.我国服务贸易国际竞争力分析.统计与决策. 2006, (3):129~131
41 T. Warren, C. Findlay. Competition Policy and International Trade in Air Transport and Telecommunications. The World Economy. 2005, (4):445~456
42孙夏,张静中.中美服务贸易逆差的原因与对策.世界经济与政治论坛. 2006, (4):57~60
43 A. Mattoo. Shaping Future GATS Rules for Trade in Services. World Bank. 2001, (4):98~101
44霍景东.服务业竞争现状与影响因素:一个国际比较.经济问题. 2006, (26):7~19
45杨晓辉.中国对外贸易与经济增长关系的实证分析.价格月刊. 2006, (2):33
46张艺凡.基于提升我国服务贸易国际竞争力的思考.商场现代化. 2006, (46):51~52
47梁秀伶.我国服务出口的国际比较及对策选择.现代财经. 2006, (1):51~54
48蔡文浩,雷兴长.中国对外服务贸易发展的对策建议.社科纵横. 2006, (5):35~37
49陈文芳.实习我国服务贸易的现状及发展对策.财贸经济. 2006, (3):55~56
50 Arnold Tukker, Ursula Tischner. Product-Services as a Research Field: Past,Present and Future. Reflections from a Decade of Research. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2006, (17):1552~1556
51 F. Moshirian. Financial Services: Global Perspectives. Journal of Banking & Finance. 2004, (2):269~276
2 A. Sapir. North-South Issues in Trade Services. The World Economy. 1985,8(1):27~42
3 B. Hindley, A. Smith. Comparative Advantage and Trade in Services. The World Economy. 1984,7(4):369~389
4 A. Deardorf. Comparative Advantage and International Trade and Investment in Service. Trade and Investment in Service. 1985, (3):39~71
5 Tucker, M. Sundberg. International Trade in Services. Rortedge. 1988, (6):76~80
6 R. J. Langhammer. North-South Trade in Services: Some Empirical Evidence. Services in World Economic Growth. 1989, (2):211~322
7 M. E. Porter. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York Free Press, 1990:141~146
8 L. Rubalcaba, D. Gago. Relationship between Services and Competitiveness: The Case of Spanish Trade. Service Industries Journal. 2001, (21):34~61
9 P. Hardwick, W. Dou. The Competitiveness of EU Insurance Industries. Service Industries Journal. 1998, (18):39~53
10 Windrum, Paul, Tomlinson, Mark. Knowledge-Intensive Services and International Competitiveness: A Four Country Comparison. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. 1999, (11):391~408
11 D. Hitchens, P. N. O’Farrell, C. D. Conway. The Competitiveness of Business Services in the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Wales. Environment and Planning A. 1996, (7):1299~1313
12 A. Meyer, R. Chase, A. Roth, C. Voss, K. U. Sperl, L. Menor, K. Blackmon. Service Competitiveness-An International Benchmarking Comparison of Service Practice and Performance in Germany, UK and USA. International Journal of Service Industry Management. 1999, (4):369~379
13庄丽娟.国际服务贸易理论的研究进展及其特征.世界经济研究. 2004,(1):60~66
14张汉林.关于服务业对外开放的两个问题.经济问题探索. 2001, (5):53~55
15王小平.中国服务贸易的特征与竞争力分析.财贸经济. 2004, (8):85~86
16夏晴.论服务贸易的比较优势与竞争优势.国际贸易问题. 2003, (9):31~33 17黎洁,赵西萍.论国际旅游竞争力及其阶段性演进.社会科学家. 1999, (5):20~23
18薛荣久.中国如何应对WTO电信服务自由化.中国科技产业. 2001, (8):17~21
19郑吉昌.基于服务经济的服务业与制造业的关系.数量经济技术经济研究. 2004, (12):110~112
20田洪平.北京服务贸易竞争力研究.江苏商论. 2006, (2):71~72
21郭海虹.竞争优势理论对我国发展国际服务贸易的启示.国际经贸探索. 2002, (3):5~11
22谭小芬.中国服务贸易国际竞争力的国际比较.经济评论. 2005, (2):52~55
23江小涓.服务业与中国经济:相关性和加快增长的潜力.经济研究. 2004, (1):64~66
24李珠峰.中国服务业吸引国际直接投资分析.世界经济研究. 2004, (7):26~29
25郑吉昌,夏晴.服务贸易国际竞争力的相关因素探讨.国际贸易问题. 2004, (12):15~16
26李怀政.关于我国服务贸易国家竞争优势的战略思考.国际贸易问题. 2003, (2):13~16
27沈明其.我国服务贸易开放的国际比较及对策.国际贸易问题. 2004, (1):24~25
28王小平,高钟庭.中国服务贸易竞争力分析与对策研究.经济研究. 2004, (9):60~61
29郑吉昌.服务业革命:中国战略意义与政策取向.中国软科学. 2003, (8):110~112
30姬会英.在GATS框架下我国服务贸易的行业发展策略.特区经济. 2006, (4):340~342
31 S. S. Yi. Free-Trade Areas and Welfare: An Equilibrium Analysis. Review of International Economics. 2000, (2):336~347
32 J. F. Helliwell. Aggregate Productivity and Growth in an InternationalComparative Setting. International Productivity and Competitiveness. Service Industries Journal. 1992, (2):49~79
33 R. L. Brinkman, J. E. Brinkman. The New Growth Theories: a Cultural and Social Addendum. International Journal of Social Economics. 2001, (5):506~526
34魏下海.基于“钻石模型”的中国服务贸易国际竞争力分析.经济学动态. 2006, (2):4~8
35王庆颖.中国服务贸易的国际竞争力实证分析.世界经济研究. 2005, (1):10~12
36谢光亚,谢兰兰,孙海燕.中国服务贸易发展的战略研究.中央财经大学学报. 2005, (11):57~66
37郑吉昌,周蕾.中国服务业国际竞争力的指标评价.经济问题. 2005, (11):18~20
38陈怡.我国服务贸易发展的波动性分析.南京师范大学学报. 2006, (1):1~5
39王绍媛.中国服务贸易竞争力分析.世界经济与政治论坛. 2005, (1):23~28
40韩可卫.我国服务贸易国际竞争力分析.统计与决策. 2006, (3):129~131
41 T. Warren, C. Findlay. Competition Policy and International Trade in Air Transport and Telecommunications. The World Economy. 2005, (4):445~456
42孙夏,张静中.中美服务贸易逆差的原因与对策.世界经济与政治论坛. 2006, (4):57~60
43 A. Mattoo. Shaping Future GATS Rules for Trade in Services. World Bank. 2001, (4):98~101
44霍景东.服务业竞争现状与影响因素:一个国际比较.经济问题. 2006, (26):7~19
45杨晓辉.中国对外贸易与经济增长关系的实证分析.价格月刊. 2006, (2):33
46张艺凡.基于提升我国服务贸易国际竞争力的思考.商场现代化. 2006, (46):51~52
47梁秀伶.我国服务出口的国际比较及对策选择.现代财经. 2006, (1):51~54
48蔡文浩,雷兴长.中国对外服务贸易发展的对策建议.社科纵横. 2006, (5):35~37
49陈文芳.实习我国服务贸易的现状及发展对策.财贸经济. 2006, (3):55~56
50 Arnold Tukker, Ursula Tischner. Product-Services as a Research Field: Past,Present and Future. Reflections from a Decade of Research. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2006, (17):1552~1556
51 F. Moshirian. Financial Services: Global Perspectives. Journal of Banking & Finance. 2004, (2):269~276