基于系统方法论的企业知识管理实施研究
|
摘要
面对即将全面到来的知识经济时代,许多企业纷纷将实施知识管理作为一项构建组织持续竞争力的重要举措提上议事日程。然而目前,在这方面的理论与实践都尚处于探索阶段,缺乏一套被普遍认可和接受的知识管理实施理论。针对这一不足,本文尝试运用系统方法论,对企业知识管理的实施过程、内容和方法进行了理论上的规划和设计,旨在构建一套能根据企业实际情况形成有特殊针对性的企业知识管理实施方法理论,并在具体企业的实践中予以检验并充实,结果亦证明了该实施理论的有效性。本文的主要工作和成果如下:
1.通过对国内外知识管理相关理论文献的研究和分析,重新定义知识管理涵义,并在此基础上整合出一个较为完整的通用企业知识管理内容框架,其内容主要包括知识人员、知识资产、知识管理流程、知识管理技术和知识管理环境五大要素,企业可以根据自身的情况加以剪裁。
2.通过分析Nonaka关于知识的分类研究以及在此基础上的知识创新SECI模式所存在的不足,本文提出了新的关于隐性知识与显性知识的分类标准,并以此为基础提出了新的知识创造机制模型。
3.通过对国内外与系统方法论相关理论文献的研究和分析,本文将全面系统干预、软系统方法论和硬系统方法论融合在一起,提出了综合系统方法论(ISM)模型。该方法论是针对处理人主导的组织这个包含软,硬系统要素的复杂巨系统问题所设计的,因此,被用作本文规划和推行企业知识管理实施的指导方法论基础。
4.以综合系统方法论(ISM)为指导方法论,结合前面提出的通用的企业知识管理内容框架模型,整理出一套完整的企业知识管理总体实施过程框架。该框架包括四个模块的内容:需求调研与分析模块;战略、策略与目标设定模块;方案制定与实施模块;实施评估与改进模块,四个模块之间是按序循环往复的。
5.将上述理论方法直接用于S企业的知识管理项目实践,开拓性地实施了包括应用AHP法对各个利益群体的期望进行调整、构建针对S企业的知识管理实施内容框架模型、对S企业现有知识状况进行评估和审计、构建出基于内部业务导向的知识管理流程、运用博弈论分析S企业激励机制等内容,丰富和完善了前面提出的企业知识管理总体实施过程框架。
On the imminent arrival of a comprehensive knowledge economy era, many enterprises are going to implement knowledge management as an important strategy to construct the sustainable competitiveness. Currently, however, the related empirical studies are insufficient and actual applications are still at the exploratory stage and there is no a complete set of knowledge management theory available and acceptable within the whole business community. In response to this shortage, in this paper we will employ the systems methodology to program and design the implementation process, content and method for enterprise knowledge management in theory and aim to develop an approach to implementing enterprise knowledge management based on particular business's specifics.The approach will be verified and enhanced through its applications in a specific business enterprise. The main results derived from the study are as follows:
1. Based on the related research and analysis from the domestic and international knowledge management literatures, KM had been re-defined and a more comprehensive framework of enterprise knowledge management based on it had been applied. The main factors within the framework include: knowledge personnel, intellectual capital, knowledge management flows, knowledge management technologies and knowledge management environment. Enterprises can focus on the factors only applicable to their business environment.
2. By analyzing knowledge classification by Nonaka and identifying its SECI model’s existing deficiencies, we developed a new classification standard of the tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge and created a new knowledge creation mechanism model based on the new standard.
3. We also combined total systems intervention, soft systems methodology and hardware systems methodology together and establish the integrated systems methodology model(ISM). This model was designed to deal with the issue of human organization about a giant complex system which included the hard and soft system elements. Therefore, it was used as a direct methodology for planning and implementing enterprise knowledge management.
4. Based on the model of ISM and the comprehensive content framework of enterprise knowledge management, a complete set of the overall implementation process framework for enterprise knowledge management was then produced in the paper. The framework consisted of four modules: demand investigation and analysis module; strategies, tactics and goal setting; program development and implementation module; the assessment and improvement module, and the four modules should be applied in order.
5. By applying innovatively the theoretical method set up above on S company’s knowledge management projects operation, we had adjusted the expectation level of different groups who had different profit interest based on AHP; constructed content framework model directly explaining the implementation of knowledge management in S company; evaluated and audited the existing state of knowledge in s company; modified internal business-oriented processes; analyzed incentive mechanism in S company based on game theory etc. All of the above actions had been taken to eliminate the limitation of the knowledge management theory proposed above and improve the application of actual performance.
1.通过对国内外知识管理相关理论文献的研究和分析,重新定义知识管理涵义,并在此基础上整合出一个较为完整的通用企业知识管理内容框架,其内容主要包括知识人员、知识资产、知识管理流程、知识管理技术和知识管理环境五大要素,企业可以根据自身的情况加以剪裁。
2.通过分析Nonaka关于知识的分类研究以及在此基础上的知识创新SECI模式所存在的不足,本文提出了新的关于隐性知识与显性知识的分类标准,并以此为基础提出了新的知识创造机制模型。
3.通过对国内外与系统方法论相关理论文献的研究和分析,本文将全面系统干预、软系统方法论和硬系统方法论融合在一起,提出了综合系统方法论(ISM)模型。该方法论是针对处理人主导的组织这个包含软,硬系统要素的复杂巨系统问题所设计的,因此,被用作本文规划和推行企业知识管理实施的指导方法论基础。
4.以综合系统方法论(ISM)为指导方法论,结合前面提出的通用的企业知识管理内容框架模型,整理出一套完整的企业知识管理总体实施过程框架。该框架包括四个模块的内容:需求调研与分析模块;战略、策略与目标设定模块;方案制定与实施模块;实施评估与改进模块,四个模块之间是按序循环往复的。
5.将上述理论方法直接用于S企业的知识管理项目实践,开拓性地实施了包括应用AHP法对各个利益群体的期望进行调整、构建针对S企业的知识管理实施内容框架模型、对S企业现有知识状况进行评估和审计、构建出基于内部业务导向的知识管理流程、运用博弈论分析S企业激励机制等内容,丰富和完善了前面提出的企业知识管理总体实施过程框架。
On the imminent arrival of a comprehensive knowledge economy era, many enterprises are going to implement knowledge management as an important strategy to construct the sustainable competitiveness. Currently, however, the related empirical studies are insufficient and actual applications are still at the exploratory stage and there is no a complete set of knowledge management theory available and acceptable within the whole business community. In response to this shortage, in this paper we will employ the systems methodology to program and design the implementation process, content and method for enterprise knowledge management in theory and aim to develop an approach to implementing enterprise knowledge management based on particular business's specifics.The approach will be verified and enhanced through its applications in a specific business enterprise. The main results derived from the study are as follows:
1. Based on the related research and analysis from the domestic and international knowledge management literatures, KM had been re-defined and a more comprehensive framework of enterprise knowledge management based on it had been applied. The main factors within the framework include: knowledge personnel, intellectual capital, knowledge management flows, knowledge management technologies and knowledge management environment. Enterprises can focus on the factors only applicable to their business environment.
2. By analyzing knowledge classification by Nonaka and identifying its SECI model’s existing deficiencies, we developed a new classification standard of the tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge and created a new knowledge creation mechanism model based on the new standard.
3. We also combined total systems intervention, soft systems methodology and hardware systems methodology together and establish the integrated systems methodology model(ISM). This model was designed to deal with the issue of human organization about a giant complex system which included the hard and soft system elements. Therefore, it was used as a direct methodology for planning and implementing enterprise knowledge management.
4. Based on the model of ISM and the comprehensive content framework of enterprise knowledge management, a complete set of the overall implementation process framework for enterprise knowledge management was then produced in the paper. The framework consisted of four modules: demand investigation and analysis module; strategies, tactics and goal setting; program development and implementation module; the assessment and improvement module, and the four modules should be applied in order.
5. By applying innovatively the theoretical method set up above on S company’s knowledge management projects operation, we had adjusted the expectation level of different groups who had different profit interest based on AHP; constructed content framework model directly explaining the implementation of knowledge management in S company; evaluated and audited the existing state of knowledge in s company; modified internal business-oriented processes; analyzed incentive mechanism in S company based on game theory etc. All of the above actions had been taken to eliminate the limitation of the knowledge management theory proposed above and improve the application of actual performance.
引文
[1] 风笑天, 社会学研究方法, 第 1 版, 北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 2001
[2] 李怀祖, 管理研究方法论, 第 1 版, 西安: 西安交通大学出版社, 2000
[3] Dateware Technologies Inc., Seven steps to implementing knowledge management in your organization, Corporate Executive Briefing, http://www.dateware.com, 1998
[4] Gao F, Li M et al, Systems thinking on knowledge and its management: systems methodology for knowledge management, Journal of Knowledge Management, 2002,6(1):7-17
[5] Rubinstein-Montano B, Liebowitz J et al, SMART vision: a knowledge management methodology, Journal of Knowledge Management, 2001,5(4):300-310
[6] Liebowitz J, Beckman T, Knowledge Organizations: What Every Manager Should Know?, St. Lucie/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1998
[7] Junnarkar B, Creating fertile ground for knowledge management at Monsanto, Perspectives on Business Innovation, http://www.businessinnovation.ey.com/journal/issue/features/creati/loader.html, 1999
[8] Papargyris A, Poulymenakou A et al, Knowledge Processes Embedded in Task Structures: implications for the Design of a Technial and Organizational Solution, Fourth International Conference on Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management, 2002
[9] Wiig K, Perspectives on introducing enterprise knowledge management, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management, 1998
[10] Xerox Corporation, The X5 Methodology Focuses the Power of Xerox Connect’s Knowledge on Your Business, http://www.xeroxconnect.com/companyinfo/MethodologyIE.asp, 1999
[11] Nonaka I, Takeuchi H, The Knowledge Creating Companies, Harvard Business Review, 1995, 5(1):32-43
[12] Tom Steward, Knowledge Capital in Knowledge Economy Era, Fortune, 1994:89-102
[13] Peter Drucker, Organizational Bebavior: Concepts, Controversies, and Application, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990
[14] 查尔斯·德普雷,(法)丹尼尔·肖维尔主编, 刘庆林译, 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2004:4
[15] Wiig K M, Knowledge management: where did it come and where will it do?, Expert Systems With Applications, 1997, 13(1):1-14
[16] Junnarkar B, Leveraging collective intellect by building organizational capabilities, Expert Systems with Applications,1997,13(1):28
[17] Skandia Insurance, The Skandia Group, http://www. skandia.se/group, 1999
[18] Liebowitz J, Knowledge management and its link to artificial intelligence, Expert Systems With Applications, 2001, 20:1-6
[19] Heijst G, Spek R, Kruizinga E, Corporate memories as a tool for knowledge management, Expert Systems With Applications, 1997, 13(1):41-54
[20] Saint-Onge H, Knowledge management, Proceedings of the 1998 New York Business Information Technology Conference, TFPL, New York, 1998
[21] Wiig K M, Knowledge Management Foundations, Schema Press, Arlington, TX, 1993
[22] Marquardt M, Building the Learning Organization: A Systems Approach to Quantum Improvement and Global Success, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996
[23] O’Dell C, A Current Review of Knowledge Management Best Practice, Conference on Knowledge Management and the Transfer of Best Practices, Business Intelligence, London, 1996
[24] Holsapple C, Joshi K, Knowledge Management: A Three- Fold Framework, Kentucky Initiative for Knowledge Management, 1997,(7):104
[25] Steier D M, Huffman S B, Kalish D I, AAAI Spring Symposium on AI in Knowledge Management, 1997,(3):12
[26] Ruggles R, Tools for Knowledge Management: An Introduction (Knowledge Management Tools, Butterworth-Heinemann), Boston, 1997
[27] Van der Spek R, de Hoog R, Knowledge Management dealing intelligently with knowledge, in: J. Liebowitz, L. Wilcox Eds., Knowledge Management and Its Integrative Elements, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997
[28] Buckley P J, Carter M J, Managing Cross Border Complementary Knowledge: The Business Process Approach to Knowledge Management in Multinational Firms, Carnegie Bosch Institute, 1998
[29] Ernst & Young, http://www.ey.com/consulting/kbb/k2/work.asp, 1999
[30] Young R, Knowledge Management Overview: From Information to Knowledge, http://www.knowledgeassociates.com/website/km.nsf/notesdocs/Overview/OpenDocument, 1999
[31] Liebowitz J, Building Organizational Intelligence: A Knowledge ManagementPrimer, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2000
[32] Smith B, Personal communication, American Management Systems, 1999,(3):121-135
[33] Arthur Andersen, Business Consulting: Knowledge Strategies, http://www.arthurandersen.com/aabc, 1997
[34] Andersen Consulting, Collaboration and Knowledge Management http://www.ac.com:80/services/knowledge/km_home.html, 2000
[35] Dataware Technologies, Seven Steps to Implementing Knowledge Management in Your Organization, Corporate Executive Briefing, http://www.dataware.com, 1998
[36] Delphi Group, Knowledge Management Onsite Seminar, http://www.delphigroup.com/events/institutes/km-inst.tm, 1999
[37] Ernst&Young, http://www.ey.com/consulting/kbb/k2work.asp, 1999
[38] Hai Zhuge, A knowledge grid model and platform for global knowledge sharing, Expert Systems with Application, 2002,(4):313-320
[39] R.Young, Knowledge Management Overview: From Information to Knowledge, http://www.knowledge-associates.com/website/km.nsf/notesdocs/Overview/OpenDocument, 1999
[40] Wiig K M, The Role of Knowledge Based Systems in Knowledge Management, Workshop on Knowledge Management and AI, U.S. Dept. of Labor, Washington, DC, 1998,10
[41] Soekijad, Maura, Andriessen, Conditions for Knowledge Sharing in Competitive Alliances, European Management Journal, 2003,(5):578-587
[42] Ping Tsemg H, Lin Yu-Cheng, Developing an activity-based knowledge management system for contractors, Automation in Construction, 2004,(6):781-802
[43] Apostolou D, Mentzas G, Managing corporate knowledge: a comparative analysis of experiences in consulting firms, Second International Conference on Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management, Basel, Switzerland, 1998,10: 29-30
[44] Van der spek R, de Hoog R, Knowledge Management Network, U. of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1998
[45] Rubenstein Montano B, Liebowitz J, Buchwalter J, A systems thinking framework for knowledge management, Decision Support Systems, 2001,(31):5-16
[46] Dataware Technologies, Seven Steps to Implementing Knowledge Management in Your Organization, Corporate Executive Briefing, http://www.dataware.com, 1998
[47] Johannessen J A, Olsen B, Olaisen, Aspects of innovation theory based on knowledge-management, International Journal of Information Management, 1999,(19):121-139
[48] Drew S, Building knowledge management into strategy: making sense of a new perspective, Long Range Planning, 1999,32(1):130-136
[49] Shin M, Holden T, Schmidt A, From knowledge theory to management practice: towards an integrated approach, Information Processing and Management, 2001,37:335-355
[50] Liebowitz J, Megbolugbe I, A set of frameworks to aid the project manager in conceptualizing and implementing knowledge management initiatives, International Journal of Project Management, 2003,21:189-198
[51] Liebowitz J, Wright K, Does measuring knowledge make cents?, Expert Systems With Applications, 1999,17:99-103
[52] Wiig K M, Hoog R, Spex R, Supporting knowledge management: a selection of methods and techniques, Expert Systems With Applications, 1997,13(1):15–27
[53] Wielinga B, Sandberg J, Schreiber G, Methods and techniques for knowledge management: what has knowledge engineering to offer?, Expert Systems with Applications, 1997,13 (1)22-25
[54] Wilkins J, Wegen B, Hoog R, Understanding and valuing knowledge assets: overview and method, Expert Systems With Applications, 1997,13(1):55–72
[55] 吴道平, 自然?使然?, 读书, 1995,(12)
[56] Nonaka I, A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation, Organization Science, 1994,(5)
[57] Davenport T, Prusak L, Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, 1998
[58] Verna Allee, 知识的进化, 流民慧, 第 1 版, 珠海: 珠海出版社, 1998:113
[59] Nonaka I, Konno N, The Concept Of “Ba”: Building a Foundation for Knowledge Creation, California Management Review, 1998,(40):40-54
[60] OECD, 以知识为基础的经济, 1996
[61] Spiro R J et al., Knowledge Representation, Context Specification, and the Development of Skill in Situation-specific Knowledge Assembly: Some constructivist Issues as They Relate to Cognitive Flexibility Theory and Hypertext, In Duffy, Jonassen D H(Eds), Constructivism and the Technology of Instruction: A Conversation, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., 1991:121-128
[62] 慕继丰, 陈方丽, 基于知识的企业理论, 经济管理?新管理, 2002,(2)
[63] 郭睦庚, 知识的分类及其管理, 决策借鉴, 2001, 14(2):11-14
[64] 肖暮雨, 学习型组织, http://www.allnetcn.com/zxzy/zzsz/083004656.htm, 2002
[65] Nonaka I, Toyama R et al, 组织知识创新的理论:了解知识创新的能动过程, 组织学习与知识创新, 第 1 版, 上海: 上海人民出版社, 2001
[66] 王德禄, 知识管理——竞争力之源, 第一版, 南京: 江苏人民出版社, 1999
[67] 迈诺尔夫·迪尔克斯, 阿里安娜·贝图安·安拖尔, 约翰·蔡尔德, 野中郁次郎, 张新华,组织学习与知识创新, 上海社会科学院知识与信息课题组译, 上海: 上海人民出版社, 2001:382
[68] Holsapple C W, Singh M, The knowledge chain model: activities for competitiveness, Expert Systems with Applications, 2001,20:77-98
[69] 江文年 , 杨建梅 , 浅谈企业知识管理的体系与方法 , 中国科技论坛 , 2003:93-95
[70] 和金生, 知识管理与知识发酵, 科学学与科学技术管理, 2002,23(3):63-66
[71] Gopal C et al, knowledge, information, learning and the IS manager, Computerworld, 1995,1(5)
[72] Quintas P, Knowledge Management: a Strategic Agenda, Long Range Planning, 1997,30(3):385-391
[73] Bassi L, Harnessing the Power of Intellectual Capital, Training & Development, 1997,51(12)
[74] Sveiby K, The New Organizational Wealth: Managing & Measuring Knowledge-Based Assert, N. Y: Berrett-Koehnler Publication, 1997
[75] Stewart T A, Intellectual capital: the new wealth of organizations, Currency/Doubleday, 1997
[76] Masie E, Knowledge management takes industry’s center stage, Computer Reseller News, 1998:776
[77] Abecker A, Knowledge networking: a holistic solution for leveraging corporate knowledge, Journal of Knowledge Management, 2001,(5)
[78] 刘冀生, 吴金希, 论基于知识的企业核心竞争力与企业知识链管理, 清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2002,17
[79] 左美云, 国内外企业知识管理研究综述, 科学决策, 2000
[80] 刘常勇, 知识管理学习网站, http://www.cme.org.tw//know/, 2000
[81] 江文年, 孙丽娟, 企业知识管理实战宝典, 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2006
[82] 陈锐, 公司知识管理, 山西: 山西经济出版社, 2000
[83] 和金生, 熊德勇, 知识管理应当研究什么?, 科学学研究, 2004,22(1):73
[84] Senge Peter M, The Fifth Discipline: The Art & Practice of the Learning Organization, New York: Currency Doubleday, 1990
[85] Argyris C, On Organizational Learning, 1992
[86] Amy Edmondson, Bertrand Moingeon, From Organizational Learning toLearning Organization, Management Learning, 1998,29(1):5-20.
[87] Claudia Harris, Omer Gokcekus, Learning in action: A guide to putting the learning organization to work, The Academy of Management Executive, 2000
[88] 达莫达兰 A, 投资评估——评估任何资产价值的工具和技术, 北京: 清华大学出版社, 1999
[89] 王江, 金占明, 基于模糊综合评判的企业智力资本评价模型, 科技管理研究, 2005,(11):56-58
[90] Rodov I, Leliaeft P, FiMIAM: Financial method of intangible assets measurement, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2002,3(3):323-336
[91] Stephen Chen, Valuing intellectual capital using game theory, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2003:191-201
[92] Alberto, Carneiro, How does knowledge management influence innovation and competitiveness?, Journal of knowledge management, 2000,4(2): 87-98
[93] 钱亚东, 李晓, 隐性知识管理及基于网络的交流平台的研究, 科研管理, 2005,26(1):94-98
[94] 袁庆宏, 企业智力资本管理, 北京: 经济管理出版社, 2001
[95] 张庆普, 李志超, 试论企业隐性知识管理, 学习与探索, 2002(4):86-89
[96] 韩丽川 , 陈忠 , 基于软系统方法论的有效知识获取研究 , 情报杂志 , 2004(11):17-18
[97] 韦于莉, 知识获取研究, 情报杂志, 2004:(4)
[98] Wilbert O G, The Essential Guide to User Interface Design: An Introduction to GUI Design Principles and Techniques, 2nd Edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2002
[99] 吴正龙, 熊范纶, 滕明贵, 一个智能知识获取界面的设计与实现, 中国科学技术大学学报, 2003,33(2):227-231
[100] Indra A beysekera, “A Framework to Audit Intellectual Capital”, Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 2001,8
[101] Bernar Marr, “Measuring Knowledge Assets”, At: http://www.som.cranfield.ac.uk/som/cbp/knowledgeassets.htm
[102] Amrit Tiwana, “Knowledge Management Toolkit, the Practical Techniques for Building a Knowledge Management System”, 2ed, Prentice Hall P ress, 2001
[103] 冯静, 知识管理实施的第一步——知识审计, 情报科学, 2004,22(5):598-602
[104] Grey D, “Knowledge mapping : a practical overview”, SWS Journal, available at: http://smithweaversmith.com/knowledg2.htm, 1999,3
[105] Bontis N, “Managing Organizational Knowledge by Diagnosing Intellectual Capital”, in Morey,D. Maybury, M and Thuraisingham, B(eds.), Knowledge Management, MIT press, 2002:375-402
[106] 张钢, 倪旭东从知识分类到知识地图: 一个面向组织现实的分析, 自然辩证法通讯, 2005,27(1):59-68
[107] Bukh P N, Larsen H T, Mouritsen, Constructing intellectual capital statements, Scandinavian Journal of management, 2001,(17):87-108
[108] Wiig K, Establish, Govern and Renew the Enterprise’s Knowledge Practices, Schema Press, 1999
[109] 应力, 钱省三, 企业知识管理:战略与方法, 中国矿业大学学报(社会科学版), 2002:55-60
[110] Spek R V D, Hofer-Alfeis J et al, The knowledge strategy process, Handbook on Knowledge Management, Springer-Verlag, Heidalberg, 2002
[111] 云冠平, 胡军, 管理学, 广州: 暨南大学出版社, 1990
[112] Checkland P, Systems Thinking, System Practice, Chichester: John Wily & Sons,1981
[113] Flood R, Jackson M, Critical Systems Thinking: Directed Reading, Chichester: Wiley, 1991,153-189
[114] 杨自俭, 小谈方法论, 外语与外语教学, 2002(02):1-4
[115] Ethridge D, 应用经济学研究方法论, 朱刚译, 第 1 版, 北京: 经济科学出版社, 1998
[116] 彭文钊, 隐喻——认知与阐释, 解放军外国语学院学报, 1999(1)
[117] 李晓丽, 郝如莉, 浅论隐喻和转喻与词汇意义的发展, 山西煤炭管理干部学院学报, 2004,(03):21-23
[118] 江文年, 杨建梅, 企业知识管理方法论研究, 北京: 科学出版社,2006
[119] 杨建梅, 利益协调软系统方法论——立论依据与逻辑步骤, 控制理论与应用, 1999(1):52-61
[120] Jackson M, Keys P, Towards a System of Systems Methodologies, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 1984,35
[121] 杨建梅, 系统隐喻、系统方法论的系统体系及全面系统干预, 系统工程, 2000,18(2):7-12
[122] 张文泉, 系统科学方法及其新进展, 现代电力, 1999,16(1):93-99
[123] Checkland P B, The Origins and Nature of “Hard” Systems Thinking, J Appl Syst Anal, 1978,5(2):99-110
[124] Churchmam C W, The Systems Approach, 2nded, New York:Dell, 1979,78-97
[125] Ackoff R L, Redesigning the Futur, New York:John Wiley, 1974,32-68
[126] 高军, 赵黎明, 系统方法论研究的现状分析与展望, 系统辩证学学报, 2003,11(3):33-36
[127] Flood R L, Liberating systemsTheory, New York:Plenum Press, 1990,93-135
[128] 贝克尔 G S, 人类行为的经济分析, 王也宇等译, 上海: 三联书店, 1993
[129] 西蒙 H A, 现代决策理论的基石, 杨砾等译, 北京: 北京经济学院出版社, 1991
[130] 爱克斯罗德 L, 合作的进化, 吴坚忠译, 上海:上海人民出版社, 1996
[131] 杨春学, 经济人的理论价值及其经验基础, 经济研究, 1996,(7):67-72
[132] 王国成, 现代经济博弈论, 北京: 经济科学出版社, 1996
[133] 张雄, 市场经济中的非理性世界, 上海: 立信会计出版社, 1995
[134] 张宇燕, 经济发展与制度选择, 北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 1992
[135] Chauvel D, Despres C, Knowledge Management and the Management Development Function in European Business, The European Center for Knowledge Management, 2002:4-11
[136] 邱进冬, 顾新建, 制造企业知识管理实施方法的探讨, 成组技术和生产现代化, 2002,19(2):18-25
[137] 左美云, 许珂等, 企业知识管理的内容框架研究, 中国人民大学学报, 2003(5)
[138] 杜程, 知识管理与知识工作者, IBM 技术交流演示文件, 2003
[139] Kai Mertins, Peter Heisig, Jens Vorbeck, 知识管理——原理及最佳实践, 第二版, 赵海涛, 彭瑞梅译, 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2004
[140] Nonaka I, Takeuchi H, The Knowledge-creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995:28-32
[141] 竹内弘高, 野中郁次郎, 知识创造的螺旋——知识管理理论与案例研究, 李萌,译, 北京:知识产权出版社, 2006:30-31
[142] Nonaka, Umenoto, Senoo, From information processing to knowledge creation: A paradigm shift in business management, Technology In Society, 1996,18 (2):203-218
[143] Nonaka, Ikjurio, The concept of “Ba”: Building a foundation for knowledge creation, California Management Review, 1998,40(3):40-54
[144] Alavi M, Leidner D, Knowledge Management System: Issues, Challenges, and Benefits, Communications of the AIS, 1999,1(1)
[145] Bobbitt L, ImplementingKnowledge management solutions, International Knowledge Management Summit, San Diego, CA, 1999
[146] 高飞 , 李萌等 , 对知识与知识管理的系统思考 : 知识管理方法论 , http://www.chinakm.com/share/list.asp?id=1972, 2002
[147] 栗莉, 猎人与猎狗, 青年参考, 2003,(10)h
[148] Senge P M, 第五项修炼——学习型组织的艺术与实务, 郭进隆译, 第 2 版, 上海:三联书店, 1998
[149] Rob van der spek, Josef Hofer-Alfeis et al, The Knowledge Strategy Process, Handbook on Knowledge Management, Springer-Verlag, Heidalberg, 2002
[150] 杨建梅等, 管理系统方法论讲义, 华南理工大学, 1999
[151] Abraham S, Exploratory Action Research for Manager Development, Brisbane, Australia: ALARPM Association Inc., 1997
[2] 李怀祖, 管理研究方法论, 第 1 版, 西安: 西安交通大学出版社, 2000
[3] Dateware Technologies Inc., Seven steps to implementing knowledge management in your organization, Corporate Executive Briefing, http://www.dateware.com, 1998
[4] Gao F, Li M et al, Systems thinking on knowledge and its management: systems methodology for knowledge management, Journal of Knowledge Management, 2002,6(1):7-17
[5] Rubinstein-Montano B, Liebowitz J et al, SMART vision: a knowledge management methodology, Journal of Knowledge Management, 2001,5(4):300-310
[6] Liebowitz J, Beckman T, Knowledge Organizations: What Every Manager Should Know?, St. Lucie/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1998
[7] Junnarkar B, Creating fertile ground for knowledge management at Monsanto, Perspectives on Business Innovation, http://www.businessinnovation.ey.com/journal/issue/features/creati/loader.html, 1999
[8] Papargyris A, Poulymenakou A et al, Knowledge Processes Embedded in Task Structures: implications for the Design of a Technial and Organizational Solution, Fourth International Conference on Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management, 2002
[9] Wiig K, Perspectives on introducing enterprise knowledge management, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management, 1998
[10] Xerox Corporation, The X5 Methodology Focuses the Power of Xerox Connect’s Knowledge on Your Business, http://www.xeroxconnect.com/companyinfo/MethodologyIE.asp, 1999
[11] Nonaka I, Takeuchi H, The Knowledge Creating Companies, Harvard Business Review, 1995, 5(1):32-43
[12] Tom Steward, Knowledge Capital in Knowledge Economy Era, Fortune, 1994:89-102
[13] Peter Drucker, Organizational Bebavior: Concepts, Controversies, and Application, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990
[14] 查尔斯·德普雷,(法)丹尼尔·肖维尔主编, 刘庆林译, 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2004:4
[15] Wiig K M, Knowledge management: where did it come and where will it do?, Expert Systems With Applications, 1997, 13(1):1-14
[16] Junnarkar B, Leveraging collective intellect by building organizational capabilities, Expert Systems with Applications,1997,13(1):28
[17] Skandia Insurance, The Skandia Group, http://www. skandia.se/group, 1999
[18] Liebowitz J, Knowledge management and its link to artificial intelligence, Expert Systems With Applications, 2001, 20:1-6
[19] Heijst G, Spek R, Kruizinga E, Corporate memories as a tool for knowledge management, Expert Systems With Applications, 1997, 13(1):41-54
[20] Saint-Onge H, Knowledge management, Proceedings of the 1998 New York Business Information Technology Conference, TFPL, New York, 1998
[21] Wiig K M, Knowledge Management Foundations, Schema Press, Arlington, TX, 1993
[22] Marquardt M, Building the Learning Organization: A Systems Approach to Quantum Improvement and Global Success, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996
[23] O’Dell C, A Current Review of Knowledge Management Best Practice, Conference on Knowledge Management and the Transfer of Best Practices, Business Intelligence, London, 1996
[24] Holsapple C, Joshi K, Knowledge Management: A Three- Fold Framework, Kentucky Initiative for Knowledge Management, 1997,(7):104
[25] Steier D M, Huffman S B, Kalish D I, AAAI Spring Symposium on AI in Knowledge Management, 1997,(3):12
[26] Ruggles R, Tools for Knowledge Management: An Introduction (Knowledge Management Tools, Butterworth-Heinemann), Boston, 1997
[27] Van der Spek R, de Hoog R, Knowledge Management dealing intelligently with knowledge, in: J. Liebowitz, L. Wilcox Eds., Knowledge Management and Its Integrative Elements, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997
[28] Buckley P J, Carter M J, Managing Cross Border Complementary Knowledge: The Business Process Approach to Knowledge Management in Multinational Firms, Carnegie Bosch Institute, 1998
[29] Ernst & Young, http://www.ey.com/consulting/kbb/k2/work.asp, 1999
[30] Young R, Knowledge Management Overview: From Information to Knowledge, http://www.knowledgeassociates.com/website/km.nsf/notesdocs/Overview/OpenDocument, 1999
[31] Liebowitz J, Building Organizational Intelligence: A Knowledge ManagementPrimer, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2000
[32] Smith B, Personal communication, American Management Systems, 1999,(3):121-135
[33] Arthur Andersen, Business Consulting: Knowledge Strategies, http://www.arthurandersen.com/aabc, 1997
[34] Andersen Consulting, Collaboration and Knowledge Management http://www.ac.com:80/services/knowledge/km_home.html, 2000
[35] Dataware Technologies, Seven Steps to Implementing Knowledge Management in Your Organization, Corporate Executive Briefing, http://www.dataware.com, 1998
[36] Delphi Group, Knowledge Management Onsite Seminar, http://www.delphigroup.com/events/institutes/km-inst.tm, 1999
[37] Ernst&Young, http://www.ey.com/consulting/kbb/k2work.asp, 1999
[38] Hai Zhuge, A knowledge grid model and platform for global knowledge sharing, Expert Systems with Application, 2002,(4):313-320
[39] R.Young, Knowledge Management Overview: From Information to Knowledge, http://www.knowledge-associates.com/website/km.nsf/notesdocs/Overview/OpenDocument, 1999
[40] Wiig K M, The Role of Knowledge Based Systems in Knowledge Management, Workshop on Knowledge Management and AI, U.S. Dept. of Labor, Washington, DC, 1998,10
[41] Soekijad, Maura, Andriessen, Conditions for Knowledge Sharing in Competitive Alliances, European Management Journal, 2003,(5):578-587
[42] Ping Tsemg H, Lin Yu-Cheng, Developing an activity-based knowledge management system for contractors, Automation in Construction, 2004,(6):781-802
[43] Apostolou D, Mentzas G, Managing corporate knowledge: a comparative analysis of experiences in consulting firms, Second International Conference on Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management, Basel, Switzerland, 1998,10: 29-30
[44] Van der spek R, de Hoog R, Knowledge Management Network, U. of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1998
[45] Rubenstein Montano B, Liebowitz J, Buchwalter J, A systems thinking framework for knowledge management, Decision Support Systems, 2001,(31):5-16
[46] Dataware Technologies, Seven Steps to Implementing Knowledge Management in Your Organization, Corporate Executive Briefing, http://www.dataware.com, 1998
[47] Johannessen J A, Olsen B, Olaisen, Aspects of innovation theory based on knowledge-management, International Journal of Information Management, 1999,(19):121-139
[48] Drew S, Building knowledge management into strategy: making sense of a new perspective, Long Range Planning, 1999,32(1):130-136
[49] Shin M, Holden T, Schmidt A, From knowledge theory to management practice: towards an integrated approach, Information Processing and Management, 2001,37:335-355
[50] Liebowitz J, Megbolugbe I, A set of frameworks to aid the project manager in conceptualizing and implementing knowledge management initiatives, International Journal of Project Management, 2003,21:189-198
[51] Liebowitz J, Wright K, Does measuring knowledge make cents?, Expert Systems With Applications, 1999,17:99-103
[52] Wiig K M, Hoog R, Spex R, Supporting knowledge management: a selection of methods and techniques, Expert Systems With Applications, 1997,13(1):15–27
[53] Wielinga B, Sandberg J, Schreiber G, Methods and techniques for knowledge management: what has knowledge engineering to offer?, Expert Systems with Applications, 1997,13 (1)22-25
[54] Wilkins J, Wegen B, Hoog R, Understanding and valuing knowledge assets: overview and method, Expert Systems With Applications, 1997,13(1):55–72
[55] 吴道平, 自然?使然?, 读书, 1995,(12)
[56] Nonaka I, A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation, Organization Science, 1994,(5)
[57] Davenport T, Prusak L, Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, 1998
[58] Verna Allee, 知识的进化, 流民慧, 第 1 版, 珠海: 珠海出版社, 1998:113
[59] Nonaka I, Konno N, The Concept Of “Ba”: Building a Foundation for Knowledge Creation, California Management Review, 1998,(40):40-54
[60] OECD, 以知识为基础的经济, 1996
[61] Spiro R J et al., Knowledge Representation, Context Specification, and the Development of Skill in Situation-specific Knowledge Assembly: Some constructivist Issues as They Relate to Cognitive Flexibility Theory and Hypertext, In Duffy, Jonassen D H(Eds), Constructivism and the Technology of Instruction: A Conversation, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., 1991:121-128
[62] 慕继丰, 陈方丽, 基于知识的企业理论, 经济管理?新管理, 2002,(2)
[63] 郭睦庚, 知识的分类及其管理, 决策借鉴, 2001, 14(2):11-14
[64] 肖暮雨, 学习型组织, http://www.allnetcn.com/zxzy/zzsz/083004656.htm, 2002
[65] Nonaka I, Toyama R et al, 组织知识创新的理论:了解知识创新的能动过程, 组织学习与知识创新, 第 1 版, 上海: 上海人民出版社, 2001
[66] 王德禄, 知识管理——竞争力之源, 第一版, 南京: 江苏人民出版社, 1999
[67] 迈诺尔夫·迪尔克斯, 阿里安娜·贝图安·安拖尔, 约翰·蔡尔德, 野中郁次郎, 张新华,组织学习与知识创新, 上海社会科学院知识与信息课题组译, 上海: 上海人民出版社, 2001:382
[68] Holsapple C W, Singh M, The knowledge chain model: activities for competitiveness, Expert Systems with Applications, 2001,20:77-98
[69] 江文年 , 杨建梅 , 浅谈企业知识管理的体系与方法 , 中国科技论坛 , 2003:93-95
[70] 和金生, 知识管理与知识发酵, 科学学与科学技术管理, 2002,23(3):63-66
[71] Gopal C et al, knowledge, information, learning and the IS manager, Computerworld, 1995,1(5)
[72] Quintas P, Knowledge Management: a Strategic Agenda, Long Range Planning, 1997,30(3):385-391
[73] Bassi L, Harnessing the Power of Intellectual Capital, Training & Development, 1997,51(12)
[74] Sveiby K, The New Organizational Wealth: Managing & Measuring Knowledge-Based Assert, N. Y: Berrett-Koehnler Publication, 1997
[75] Stewart T A, Intellectual capital: the new wealth of organizations, Currency/Doubleday, 1997
[76] Masie E, Knowledge management takes industry’s center stage, Computer Reseller News, 1998:776
[77] Abecker A, Knowledge networking: a holistic solution for leveraging corporate knowledge, Journal of Knowledge Management, 2001,(5)
[78] 刘冀生, 吴金希, 论基于知识的企业核心竞争力与企业知识链管理, 清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2002,17
[79] 左美云, 国内外企业知识管理研究综述, 科学决策, 2000
[80] 刘常勇, 知识管理学习网站, http://www.cme.org.tw//know/, 2000
[81] 江文年, 孙丽娟, 企业知识管理实战宝典, 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2006
[82] 陈锐, 公司知识管理, 山西: 山西经济出版社, 2000
[83] 和金生, 熊德勇, 知识管理应当研究什么?, 科学学研究, 2004,22(1):73
[84] Senge Peter M, The Fifth Discipline: The Art & Practice of the Learning Organization, New York: Currency Doubleday, 1990
[85] Argyris C, On Organizational Learning, 1992
[86] Amy Edmondson, Bertrand Moingeon, From Organizational Learning toLearning Organization, Management Learning, 1998,29(1):5-20.
[87] Claudia Harris, Omer Gokcekus, Learning in action: A guide to putting the learning organization to work, The Academy of Management Executive, 2000
[88] 达莫达兰 A, 投资评估——评估任何资产价值的工具和技术, 北京: 清华大学出版社, 1999
[89] 王江, 金占明, 基于模糊综合评判的企业智力资本评价模型, 科技管理研究, 2005,(11):56-58
[90] Rodov I, Leliaeft P, FiMIAM: Financial method of intangible assets measurement, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2002,3(3):323-336
[91] Stephen Chen, Valuing intellectual capital using game theory, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2003:191-201
[92] Alberto, Carneiro, How does knowledge management influence innovation and competitiveness?, Journal of knowledge management, 2000,4(2): 87-98
[93] 钱亚东, 李晓, 隐性知识管理及基于网络的交流平台的研究, 科研管理, 2005,26(1):94-98
[94] 袁庆宏, 企业智力资本管理, 北京: 经济管理出版社, 2001
[95] 张庆普, 李志超, 试论企业隐性知识管理, 学习与探索, 2002(4):86-89
[96] 韩丽川 , 陈忠 , 基于软系统方法论的有效知识获取研究 , 情报杂志 , 2004(11):17-18
[97] 韦于莉, 知识获取研究, 情报杂志, 2004:(4)
[98] Wilbert O G, The Essential Guide to User Interface Design: An Introduction to GUI Design Principles and Techniques, 2nd Edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2002
[99] 吴正龙, 熊范纶, 滕明贵, 一个智能知识获取界面的设计与实现, 中国科学技术大学学报, 2003,33(2):227-231
[100] Indra A beysekera, “A Framework to Audit Intellectual Capital”, Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 2001,8
[101] Bernar Marr, “Measuring Knowledge Assets”, At: http://www.som.cranfield.ac.uk/som/cbp/knowledgeassets.htm
[102] Amrit Tiwana, “Knowledge Management Toolkit, the Practical Techniques for Building a Knowledge Management System”, 2ed, Prentice Hall P ress, 2001
[103] 冯静, 知识管理实施的第一步——知识审计, 情报科学, 2004,22(5):598-602
[104] Grey D, “Knowledge mapping : a practical overview”, SWS Journal, available at: http://smithweaversmith.com/knowledg2.htm, 1999,3
[105] Bontis N, “Managing Organizational Knowledge by Diagnosing Intellectual Capital”, in Morey,D. Maybury, M and Thuraisingham, B(eds.), Knowledge Management, MIT press, 2002:375-402
[106] 张钢, 倪旭东从知识分类到知识地图: 一个面向组织现实的分析, 自然辩证法通讯, 2005,27(1):59-68
[107] Bukh P N, Larsen H T, Mouritsen, Constructing intellectual capital statements, Scandinavian Journal of management, 2001,(17):87-108
[108] Wiig K, Establish, Govern and Renew the Enterprise’s Knowledge Practices, Schema Press, 1999
[109] 应力, 钱省三, 企业知识管理:战略与方法, 中国矿业大学学报(社会科学版), 2002:55-60
[110] Spek R V D, Hofer-Alfeis J et al, The knowledge strategy process, Handbook on Knowledge Management, Springer-Verlag, Heidalberg, 2002
[111] 云冠平, 胡军, 管理学, 广州: 暨南大学出版社, 1990
[112] Checkland P, Systems Thinking, System Practice, Chichester: John Wily & Sons,1981
[113] Flood R, Jackson M, Critical Systems Thinking: Directed Reading, Chichester: Wiley, 1991,153-189
[114] 杨自俭, 小谈方法论, 外语与外语教学, 2002(02):1-4
[115] Ethridge D, 应用经济学研究方法论, 朱刚译, 第 1 版, 北京: 经济科学出版社, 1998
[116] 彭文钊, 隐喻——认知与阐释, 解放军外国语学院学报, 1999(1)
[117] 李晓丽, 郝如莉, 浅论隐喻和转喻与词汇意义的发展, 山西煤炭管理干部学院学报, 2004,(03):21-23
[118] 江文年, 杨建梅, 企业知识管理方法论研究, 北京: 科学出版社,2006
[119] 杨建梅, 利益协调软系统方法论——立论依据与逻辑步骤, 控制理论与应用, 1999(1):52-61
[120] Jackson M, Keys P, Towards a System of Systems Methodologies, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 1984,35
[121] 杨建梅, 系统隐喻、系统方法论的系统体系及全面系统干预, 系统工程, 2000,18(2):7-12
[122] 张文泉, 系统科学方法及其新进展, 现代电力, 1999,16(1):93-99
[123] Checkland P B, The Origins and Nature of “Hard” Systems Thinking, J Appl Syst Anal, 1978,5(2):99-110
[124] Churchmam C W, The Systems Approach, 2nded, New York:Dell, 1979,78-97
[125] Ackoff R L, Redesigning the Futur, New York:John Wiley, 1974,32-68
[126] 高军, 赵黎明, 系统方法论研究的现状分析与展望, 系统辩证学学报, 2003,11(3):33-36
[127] Flood R L, Liberating systemsTheory, New York:Plenum Press, 1990,93-135
[128] 贝克尔 G S, 人类行为的经济分析, 王也宇等译, 上海: 三联书店, 1993
[129] 西蒙 H A, 现代决策理论的基石, 杨砾等译, 北京: 北京经济学院出版社, 1991
[130] 爱克斯罗德 L, 合作的进化, 吴坚忠译, 上海:上海人民出版社, 1996
[131] 杨春学, 经济人的理论价值及其经验基础, 经济研究, 1996,(7):67-72
[132] 王国成, 现代经济博弈论, 北京: 经济科学出版社, 1996
[133] 张雄, 市场经济中的非理性世界, 上海: 立信会计出版社, 1995
[134] 张宇燕, 经济发展与制度选择, 北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 1992
[135] Chauvel D, Despres C, Knowledge Management and the Management Development Function in European Business, The European Center for Knowledge Management, 2002:4-11
[136] 邱进冬, 顾新建, 制造企业知识管理实施方法的探讨, 成组技术和生产现代化, 2002,19(2):18-25
[137] 左美云, 许珂等, 企业知识管理的内容框架研究, 中国人民大学学报, 2003(5)
[138] 杜程, 知识管理与知识工作者, IBM 技术交流演示文件, 2003
[139] Kai Mertins, Peter Heisig, Jens Vorbeck, 知识管理——原理及最佳实践, 第二版, 赵海涛, 彭瑞梅译, 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2004
[140] Nonaka I, Takeuchi H, The Knowledge-creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995:28-32
[141] 竹内弘高, 野中郁次郎, 知识创造的螺旋——知识管理理论与案例研究, 李萌,译, 北京:知识产权出版社, 2006:30-31
[142] Nonaka, Umenoto, Senoo, From information processing to knowledge creation: A paradigm shift in business management, Technology In Society, 1996,18 (2):203-218
[143] Nonaka, Ikjurio, The concept of “Ba”: Building a foundation for knowledge creation, California Management Review, 1998,40(3):40-54
[144] Alavi M, Leidner D, Knowledge Management System: Issues, Challenges, and Benefits, Communications of the AIS, 1999,1(1)
[145] Bobbitt L, ImplementingKnowledge management solutions, International Knowledge Management Summit, San Diego, CA, 1999
[146] 高飞 , 李萌等 , 对知识与知识管理的系统思考 : 知识管理方法论 , http://www.chinakm.com/share/list.asp?id=1972, 2002
[147] 栗莉, 猎人与猎狗, 青年参考, 2003,(10)h
[148] Senge P M, 第五项修炼——学习型组织的艺术与实务, 郭进隆译, 第 2 版, 上海:三联书店, 1998
[149] Rob van der spek, Josef Hofer-Alfeis et al, The Knowledge Strategy Process, Handbook on Knowledge Management, Springer-Verlag, Heidalberg, 2002
[150] 杨建梅等, 管理系统方法论讲义, 华南理工大学, 1999
[151] Abraham S, Exploratory Action Research for Manager Development, Brisbane, Australia: ALARPM Association Inc., 1997
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |