半刚性基层沥青路面反射裂纹的机理研究及数值模拟
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摘要
反射裂纹是沥青路面主要的早期破损形式之一,道路在交通载荷和温度载荷的反复作用下,基层的微裂纹会不断向面层扩展、增密并贯穿连通形成宏观可见裂纹,破坏了路面结构的整体性和连续性,在一定程度上削弱了路面结构强度。开展沥青道路裂纹形成机理及裂纹扩展行为的研究,理解路面损伤与早期破损的机理,认识沥青路面结构裂纹形成机理及扩展过程,对提高沥青路面结构抗裂性能,改进现有的路面设计方法都是非常必要的,并可为路面工程师提供沥青路面设计与养护指导。
本文所做的工作:
首先,依据粘弹性理论,采用广义Maxwell模型,模拟沥青混合料的粘弹特性;其次,依据传热学理论,建立含贯通裂纹和裂纹扩展过程中的有限元分析模型,分析了大气温度对道路体系应力场的影响;又探讨不同降温速度,降温幅度对裂纹尖端应力强度因子的影响。结果表明,低温环境导致裂纹尖端存在高应力区,在不断的温度载荷作用下,基层裂纹可能会不断扩展直至面层形成可见的表面裂纹;再次,依据道路动力学理论,分析了裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子随行车速度、道路结构体阻尼以及路面结构参数的变化规律。结果表明:车速越快,对裂纹的影响越小;随着阻尼比的增加,I型应力强度因子有所衰减,峰值逐渐后移;应力强度因子对基层模量大小比较敏感,基层模量较大,应力强度因子的数值也较大;最后,结合河南具体工程,采用添加木质素纤维的阻裂方案,并结合室内试验和数值模拟,确定方案的合理性。
通过室内试验和数值模拟的结果表明,添加木质素纤维能够经济有效的抑制反射裂纹的扩展。
Reflective cracking is one of the major modes of damage in asphalt pavement. Under the repeated vehicle load or low temperature, the micro cracks of asphalt pavements propagate, increase, coalesce, and finally form eyeable cracks, which results in structural distresses of asphalt pavements. It is very necessary that study on the mechanism of the pavement damage and early breaking are conducted, and the procedure of cracks propagation are analyzed, which can strengthen the crack resistance of the asphalt pavement structure, improve the present design methods.
In this thesis, the effects of traffic loading and temperature loading on crack in the base of asphalt pavement have been analyzed. Firstly, based on the viscoelastic theory, general Maxwell model was used to simulate the asphalt mixture viscoelastic property. Secondly, according to the theory of heat transfer, the model of FEM which contains through check is created, and the influence of ambient temperature on the stress field of pavement system is analyzed. Moreover, the influences of varied cooling rate and amplitude on the stress intensity factor (DSIF) of crack tip are also discussed. The analysis indicates that the low temperature circumstance will cause that the region of high stress appear in the crack tip. Under repeated temperature load, microcracks in the base maybe propagate to the face, and form the surface crack. Thirdly, the performance of dynamic stress intensity factor was discussed under vertical load with different vehicle velocity, rebound modulus and damping ratio by FEM simulation. The influence of DSIF with both horizontal and vertical load was analyzed. The numerical results show that the value of DSIF decreased with increase of the vehicle velocity and the damping ratios. The value of DSIF increased rapidly with increasing of the base modulus. The peak point of the DSIF increased with both horizontal and vertical load, which would influence the shear stress and tensile stress of the road.
Through comparisons with the results of indoor test and FEM numerical analysis, we found that adding cellulose fiber is a very economic and effective method to suppression propagation of the reflective crack.
本文所做的工作:
首先,依据粘弹性理论,采用广义Maxwell模型,模拟沥青混合料的粘弹特性;其次,依据传热学理论,建立含贯通裂纹和裂纹扩展过程中的有限元分析模型,分析了大气温度对道路体系应力场的影响;又探讨不同降温速度,降温幅度对裂纹尖端应力强度因子的影响。结果表明,低温环境导致裂纹尖端存在高应力区,在不断的温度载荷作用下,基层裂纹可能会不断扩展直至面层形成可见的表面裂纹;再次,依据道路动力学理论,分析了裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子随行车速度、道路结构体阻尼以及路面结构参数的变化规律。结果表明:车速越快,对裂纹的影响越小;随着阻尼比的增加,I型应力强度因子有所衰减,峰值逐渐后移;应力强度因子对基层模量大小比较敏感,基层模量较大,应力强度因子的数值也较大;最后,结合河南具体工程,采用添加木质素纤维的阻裂方案,并结合室内试验和数值模拟,确定方案的合理性。
通过室内试验和数值模拟的结果表明,添加木质素纤维能够经济有效的抑制反射裂纹的扩展。
Reflective cracking is one of the major modes of damage in asphalt pavement. Under the repeated vehicle load or low temperature, the micro cracks of asphalt pavements propagate, increase, coalesce, and finally form eyeable cracks, which results in structural distresses of asphalt pavements. It is very necessary that study on the mechanism of the pavement damage and early breaking are conducted, and the procedure of cracks propagation are analyzed, which can strengthen the crack resistance of the asphalt pavement structure, improve the present design methods.
In this thesis, the effects of traffic loading and temperature loading on crack in the base of asphalt pavement have been analyzed. Firstly, based on the viscoelastic theory, general Maxwell model was used to simulate the asphalt mixture viscoelastic property. Secondly, according to the theory of heat transfer, the model of FEM which contains through check is created, and the influence of ambient temperature on the stress field of pavement system is analyzed. Moreover, the influences of varied cooling rate and amplitude on the stress intensity factor (DSIF) of crack tip are also discussed. The analysis indicates that the low temperature circumstance will cause that the region of high stress appear in the crack tip. Under repeated temperature load, microcracks in the base maybe propagate to the face, and form the surface crack. Thirdly, the performance of dynamic stress intensity factor was discussed under vertical load with different vehicle velocity, rebound modulus and damping ratio by FEM simulation. The influence of DSIF with both horizontal and vertical load was analyzed. The numerical results show that the value of DSIF decreased with increase of the vehicle velocity and the damping ratios. The value of DSIF increased rapidly with increasing of the base modulus. The peak point of the DSIF increased with both horizontal and vertical load, which would influence the shear stress and tensile stress of the road.
Through comparisons with the results of indoor test and FEM numerical analysis, we found that adding cellulose fiber is a very economic and effective method to suppression propagation of the reflective crack.
引文
[1] Zubeck H K, Vinson T S. Prediction of low-temperature cracking of asphalt concrete mixtures with thermal stress restrained specimen test results. Transportation Research Record, 1996, 1545(7): 50-58
[2] Kim J. Three-dimensional finite element modeling of multi-layered systems comprehensive nonlinear analysis of rigid pavement systems [PhD Thesis]. Chicago: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1999
[3] Bozkurt D. Three dimensional finite element analysis to evaluate reflective cracking potential in asphalt concrete overlays [PhD Thesis]. Chicago: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2002
[4] Lu Y, Wright P J. Temperature related visco-elastoplastic properties of asphalt mixtures. Transportation Engineering, 2000, 126(1): 58-65
[5]周富杰.防治反射裂纹的措施及其分析[博士学位论文].上海:同济大学, 1998
[6]郑健龙,周志刚等.沥青路面抗裂设计理论与方法.北京:人民交通出版社, 2003
[7]郑健龙,关宏信.温缩型反射裂纹的热粘弹性有限元分析.中国公路学报, 2001, 14(3): 1-5
[8]钱国平,郭忠印,郑健龙等.环境条件下沥青路面热粘弹性温度应力计算.同济济大学学报(自然科学版): 2003, 31(2): 150-155
[9]吴赣昌.半刚性路面温度应力分析.北京:科学出版社, 1995
[10]孙雅珍,赵颖华,王金昌.含表面裂缝沥青路面粘弹性损伤分析.东北公路, 2003, 26(4): 6-8
[11] Timoshenko S. Method of analysis of statical and dynamical stress in rail. Proc 2nd Congress for Appl Mech. Zurich, Swizerland, 1926: 407-418
[12] Steele C R. The finite beam with a moving load. Journal of Applied Mechanics. 1967, 35(4): 111-119
[13] Eason G. The stresses produced in a semi-infinite solid by a moving surface force.International Journal of Engineering Science, 1965, 2: 581-609
[14] Sneddon I N. Fourier Transforms. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951
[15] Cole J D, Huth J H. Stresses produced in a half plane by moving loads [PhD thesis]. Illinois: University of Illinois, 1962
[16] Baron M L, Bleich H H. Ground shock due to rayleigh waves from sonic booms. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1967, 93(5): 137-162
[17] Miles J W. On the response of an elastic half-space to moving blast wave. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1960, 27(4): 710-716
[18] Payton R G. An application of the dynamic betti-rayleigh reciprocal ehtorem to moving point loads in elastic media. Applied Mechanics, 1964, 299-313
[19]叶开沉,马国林.行动荷载作用下的连续梁的横向振动问题.应用数学和力学, 1985, (4): 347-355
[20]成祥生.弹性地基板由运动载荷引起的动力反应.应用数学和力学, 1987, (4): 347-355
[21]孙璐,邓学钧,顾文钧. Kirchoff板与Bernoulli梁对运动随机源的响应.交通运输, 1998 (1): 32-36
[22]钟阳,王哲人,郭大智.求解多层弹性半空间轴对称问题的传递矩阵法.土木工程学报, 1992, 25(6): 37-43
[23]钟阳,孙林,黄永根.轴对称半空间层状弹性体系动态反映的理论解.中国公路学报, 1998, 11(2): 24-29
[24]黄晓明,邓学均.文克勒地基板在动荷下的挠度计算方法.东南大学学报, 1989, 19(6): 55-60
[25]黄晓明.路面结构在动荷作用下的力学分析[硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学, 1990
[26]邓学钧,黄晓明,沈伟新.弹性层状体系的动力响应分析.土木工程学报, 1995, 28(3): 9-16
[27] Yang N C. Design of Functional Pavements. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,1972
[28] Gillespie T D, Karamihass M, Sayersm W et al. Effects of heavy vehicle characteristics on pavement response and performance. National Cooperative Highway Research Program Rep. No. 353, Transportation Research Board, 1993
[29] Scarpas A, Al-khoury R, Vacngurp C et al. Finite element simulation of damaged evelopment in asphalt concrete pavements. Proceedings of 8th ICAP, Washington, 1997
[30] Uddin W, Pan Z, Noppakunwijaip et al. Finite-element dynamic analysis of distressed asphalt pavements. Proceedings of 8th ICAP, Washington, 1997
[31]王金昌,朱向荣.软土地基上含反射裂纹沥青道路的动力响应分析.中国公路学报, 2004, 1(17): 1-6
[32]王金昌,朱向荣.软土地基上沥青混凝土路面动力分析.公路, 3: 6-11
[33]王金昌,朱向荣,叶俊能等.动荷载作用下闭合裂缝公路结构体的应力强度因子.振动工程学报, 2003, 16(1): 114-118
[34]黄志义,王金昌,朱向荣.动荷载下含反射裂纹沥青路面结构黏弹性分析.浙江大学学报(工学版), 2007, 41(1): 114-119
[35]张兴强,闫澎旺,邓卫东.交通荷载作用下加筋道路机理分析.岩土工程学报, 2001, 23(1): 94-98
[36]任瑞波,钟阳,殷建华.路面结构在动荷载上路表弯沉的求解.岩土工程学报, 2000, 22(6): 738-740
[37]杨挺青,罗文波,徐平等.黏弹性理论与应用.北京:科学出版社, 2004
[38]杨挺青.粘弹性力学.武汉:华中理工大学出版社, 1990
[39]郭大智,任瑞波.层状粘弹性体系力学.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 2001
[40]刘立新.沥青混合料粘弹性力学及材料学原理.北京:人民交通出版社, 2006
[41]张肖宁.沥青与沥青混合料的粘弹力学原理及应用.北京:人民交通出版社, 2006
[42]姚仲鹏,王瑞君.传热学(第二版).北京:北京理工大学出版社, 2003
[43]陶文铨.数值传热学(第二版).西安:西安交通大学出版社, 2001
[44]周生金.沥青路面荷载与温度藕合作用疲劳特性研究[硕士学位论文].长安大学, 2005
[45]王国强.实用工程数值模拟技术及其在ANSYS上的实践.西安:西北工业大学出版社, 1999, 120-129
[46]叶裕明,刘春山等. ANSYS土木工程应用实例.北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2005
[47] Moaven S. Finite Element Analysis Theory and Application with ANSYS.欧阳宇译,北京:电子工业出版社, 2003
[48]马宏伟,吴斌.弹性动力学及其数值方法.北京:中国建材工业出版社, 2000
[49]范天佑.断裂理论基础.北京:科学出版社, 2003
[50]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路沥青路面设计规范(JTG D50-2006).北京:人民交通出版社, 2006
[51]黄仰贤.路面分析与设计.北京:人民交通出版社, 1998
[52]钱国平,郭忠印,郑健龙等.环境条件下沥青路面热粘弹性温度应力计算.同济济大学学报(自然科学版), 2003, 31(2): 150-155
[53]城市道路与桥梁设计规范.北京:中国计划出版社,中国建筑工业出版社, 2003
[54]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路工程沥青及沥青混合料试验规程(JTJ 052-2000).北京:人民交通出版社, 2000
[55]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路工程集料试验规程(JTG E42-2005).北京:人民交通出版社, 2005
[56]刘铁山.外掺纤维沥青混合料路用性能的综合评价[硕士学位论文].长安大学, 2005
[2] Kim J. Three-dimensional finite element modeling of multi-layered systems comprehensive nonlinear analysis of rigid pavement systems [PhD Thesis]. Chicago: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1999
[3] Bozkurt D. Three dimensional finite element analysis to evaluate reflective cracking potential in asphalt concrete overlays [PhD Thesis]. Chicago: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2002
[4] Lu Y, Wright P J. Temperature related visco-elastoplastic properties of asphalt mixtures. Transportation Engineering, 2000, 126(1): 58-65
[5]周富杰.防治反射裂纹的措施及其分析[博士学位论文].上海:同济大学, 1998
[6]郑健龙,周志刚等.沥青路面抗裂设计理论与方法.北京:人民交通出版社, 2003
[7]郑健龙,关宏信.温缩型反射裂纹的热粘弹性有限元分析.中国公路学报, 2001, 14(3): 1-5
[8]钱国平,郭忠印,郑健龙等.环境条件下沥青路面热粘弹性温度应力计算.同济济大学学报(自然科学版): 2003, 31(2): 150-155
[9]吴赣昌.半刚性路面温度应力分析.北京:科学出版社, 1995
[10]孙雅珍,赵颖华,王金昌.含表面裂缝沥青路面粘弹性损伤分析.东北公路, 2003, 26(4): 6-8
[11] Timoshenko S. Method of analysis of statical and dynamical stress in rail. Proc 2nd Congress for Appl Mech. Zurich, Swizerland, 1926: 407-418
[12] Steele C R. The finite beam with a moving load. Journal of Applied Mechanics. 1967, 35(4): 111-119
[13] Eason G. The stresses produced in a semi-infinite solid by a moving surface force.International Journal of Engineering Science, 1965, 2: 581-609
[14] Sneddon I N. Fourier Transforms. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951
[15] Cole J D, Huth J H. Stresses produced in a half plane by moving loads [PhD thesis]. Illinois: University of Illinois, 1962
[16] Baron M L, Bleich H H. Ground shock due to rayleigh waves from sonic booms. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1967, 93(5): 137-162
[17] Miles J W. On the response of an elastic half-space to moving blast wave. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1960, 27(4): 710-716
[18] Payton R G. An application of the dynamic betti-rayleigh reciprocal ehtorem to moving point loads in elastic media. Applied Mechanics, 1964, 299-313
[19]叶开沉,马国林.行动荷载作用下的连续梁的横向振动问题.应用数学和力学, 1985, (4): 347-355
[20]成祥生.弹性地基板由运动载荷引起的动力反应.应用数学和力学, 1987, (4): 347-355
[21]孙璐,邓学钧,顾文钧. Kirchoff板与Bernoulli梁对运动随机源的响应.交通运输, 1998 (1): 32-36
[22]钟阳,王哲人,郭大智.求解多层弹性半空间轴对称问题的传递矩阵法.土木工程学报, 1992, 25(6): 37-43
[23]钟阳,孙林,黄永根.轴对称半空间层状弹性体系动态反映的理论解.中国公路学报, 1998, 11(2): 24-29
[24]黄晓明,邓学均.文克勒地基板在动荷下的挠度计算方法.东南大学学报, 1989, 19(6): 55-60
[25]黄晓明.路面结构在动荷作用下的力学分析[硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学, 1990
[26]邓学钧,黄晓明,沈伟新.弹性层状体系的动力响应分析.土木工程学报, 1995, 28(3): 9-16
[27] Yang N C. Design of Functional Pavements. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,1972
[28] Gillespie T D, Karamihass M, Sayersm W et al. Effects of heavy vehicle characteristics on pavement response and performance. National Cooperative Highway Research Program Rep. No. 353, Transportation Research Board, 1993
[29] Scarpas A, Al-khoury R, Vacngurp C et al. Finite element simulation of damaged evelopment in asphalt concrete pavements. Proceedings of 8th ICAP, Washington, 1997
[30] Uddin W, Pan Z, Noppakunwijaip et al. Finite-element dynamic analysis of distressed asphalt pavements. Proceedings of 8th ICAP, Washington, 1997
[31]王金昌,朱向荣.软土地基上含反射裂纹沥青道路的动力响应分析.中国公路学报, 2004, 1(17): 1-6
[32]王金昌,朱向荣.软土地基上沥青混凝土路面动力分析.公路, 3: 6-11
[33]王金昌,朱向荣,叶俊能等.动荷载作用下闭合裂缝公路结构体的应力强度因子.振动工程学报, 2003, 16(1): 114-118
[34]黄志义,王金昌,朱向荣.动荷载下含反射裂纹沥青路面结构黏弹性分析.浙江大学学报(工学版), 2007, 41(1): 114-119
[35]张兴强,闫澎旺,邓卫东.交通荷载作用下加筋道路机理分析.岩土工程学报, 2001, 23(1): 94-98
[36]任瑞波,钟阳,殷建华.路面结构在动荷载上路表弯沉的求解.岩土工程学报, 2000, 22(6): 738-740
[37]杨挺青,罗文波,徐平等.黏弹性理论与应用.北京:科学出版社, 2004
[38]杨挺青.粘弹性力学.武汉:华中理工大学出版社, 1990
[39]郭大智,任瑞波.层状粘弹性体系力学.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 2001
[40]刘立新.沥青混合料粘弹性力学及材料学原理.北京:人民交通出版社, 2006
[41]张肖宁.沥青与沥青混合料的粘弹力学原理及应用.北京:人民交通出版社, 2006
[42]姚仲鹏,王瑞君.传热学(第二版).北京:北京理工大学出版社, 2003
[43]陶文铨.数值传热学(第二版).西安:西安交通大学出版社, 2001
[44]周生金.沥青路面荷载与温度藕合作用疲劳特性研究[硕士学位论文].长安大学, 2005
[45]王国强.实用工程数值模拟技术及其在ANSYS上的实践.西安:西北工业大学出版社, 1999, 120-129
[46]叶裕明,刘春山等. ANSYS土木工程应用实例.北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2005
[47] Moaven S. Finite Element Analysis Theory and Application with ANSYS.欧阳宇译,北京:电子工业出版社, 2003
[48]马宏伟,吴斌.弹性动力学及其数值方法.北京:中国建材工业出版社, 2000
[49]范天佑.断裂理论基础.北京:科学出版社, 2003
[50]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路沥青路面设计规范(JTG D50-2006).北京:人民交通出版社, 2006
[51]黄仰贤.路面分析与设计.北京:人民交通出版社, 1998
[52]钱国平,郭忠印,郑健龙等.环境条件下沥青路面热粘弹性温度应力计算.同济济大学学报(自然科学版), 2003, 31(2): 150-155
[53]城市道路与桥梁设计规范.北京:中国计划出版社,中国建筑工业出版社, 2003
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